Activities Report

August, 2002

PROBIO

1996 - 2002

Project for the Conservation andSustainable Use of

Brazilian Biological Diversity

Federative Republic of BrazilPresident: Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Vice-President: Marco Antônio de Oliveira Maciel

Ministry of the EnvironmentMinister: José Carlos Carvalho

Executive Secretary: Marcus Vinicius Caetano Pestana da Silva

Secretariat of Biodiversity and ForestsSecretary: José Pedro de Oliveira Costa

Director of the National Program for Biodiversity Conservation: Bráulio Ferreira de Souza Dias

Staff of PROBIO – Project for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Brazilian Biological DiversityCoordinator: Bráulio Dias

Director: Daniela América Suárez de OliveiraTechnical Staff: Márcia Noura Paes, Rita de Cássia Condé, Ubiratan Piovezan

Financial Staff: Angélica Cunha, Danilo Pisani de Souza, Dilma de Fátima Queiroz de Menezes, Rosângela Abreu,Nilson Luiz da Silva

Administrative Staff: Edileide Silva, Marinez Lemos Costa

Director of PROBIO within the World Bank: Adriana Moreira

Director of PROBIO within CNPq: Deíza Maria Correa de Lara PintoFinancial Coordinator of PROBIO in CNPq: Jovan Guimarães Gadioli dos Santos

Technical staff that have worked in PROBIOFátima Pires de Almeida Oliveira, João Arthur Soccal Seyffarth, José Carlos Lima, Maurício Azeredo, Rogério

Marcos Magalhães

TextPaul Elliott Little

Graphic designLuiz Daré

SupportGlobal Environment Facility – GEF; World Bank – BIRD; National Council of Scientific and Technological

Development – CNPq, United Nations Program for Development - Project BRA/00/021.

Photographs kindly donated by:Mico-leão-dourado Association; Carlo Leopoldo Francini; Conservation International-Brazil; Cláudio Savaget;Edson Caetano; FNMA/MMA; Gustavo de Mattos Acaccio; Miguel T. Rodrigues; Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui;

Paulo Robson de Souza; Raquel Teixeira de Moura; Sérgio Pamplona; Suzana Guimarães Leitão

Project for the Conservation and Sustainable Useof Brazilian Biological Diversity:Activies Report 1996-2002.

Brasília: Ministry of Environment, 2002. 73 p. il.

1. Biodiversity – Brazil. I. Ministry of Environment.

CDU 504.7

INDEX

I

II

III

IV

V

VIVIIVIII

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY AND PROBIO 5

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

IN THE BIOMES OF BRAZIL 11

INITIAL DEMONSTRATIVE SUBPROJECTS 29

DEMONSTRATIVE SUBPROJECTS

CONCERNING HABITAT FRAGMENTATION 37

SPECIAL STUDIES SUBPROJECTS 55

INFORMATION ABOUT BIODIVERSITY 62

FUTURE ACTIVITIES 64

PROBIO IN NUMBERS 68

APPENDIX I 72

APPENDIX II 73

Photo: Suzana Guimarães Leitão

Alouatta fusca

IBRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITYAND PROBIO

D

biodiversity are necessary for

guaranteeing our survival in the

medium and long term.

The primary formal instrument for

guaranteeing the conservation of

biodiversity is the Convention on

Biological Diversity, which was

adopted and approved during the

United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development held

in Rio de Janeiro in June, 1992. Brazil

was a prime mover in these

negotiations and was the first

signatory of the Convention. This

interest is based in the fact that Brazil

is, by far, the largest holder of

biodiversity on Earth. Furthermore,

Brazil’s biodiversity is dispersed

throughout distinct biomes, with

particular importance with regard to

the Amazon tropical forest, the

Cerrado savanna, the Pantanal

wetlands and the Atlantic tropical

forest.

Given the strategic importance of

biodiversity, Brazil has implemented a

series of programs during the past ten

years designed to conserve its

biological diversity, to use its natural

resources in a sustainable way and to

distribute the benefits of this use. On

December 29, 1994, the Brazilian

government established the National

Program of Biological Diversity

(PRONABIO) as a means of promoting

a partnership between the government

and the society at large in this task.

Biodiversity and its

Importance

During the past two decades, concern

over the conservation of biodiversity

has emerged at both national and

international levels. This has coincided

with a growth in importance of the

concept of sustainable development as

a means of reconciling the processes of

economic development with those of

nature conservation.

The term biodiversity, or biological

diversity, refers to the variability of

live organisms of all origins, including

terrestrial, marine and freshwater

ecosystems and the ecological

complexes that they comprise, the

diversity within and between species

and the diversity of ecosystems.

The importance of biodiversity can be

seen in diverse spheres of human life.

In general terms, biodiversity

represents nothing less than the basis

for the economic, social and cultural

development of the human species.

Economically, biodiversity is the focus

of advanced processes of genetic

manipulation by new biotechnologies

used in making drugs, foods and other

important products. Thus, the

conservation and sustainable use of

6

TThe Project for the Conservation andSustainable Use of Brazilian Biological

Diversity (PROBIO) has as it central

objective the providing of assistance to

the Federal Government of Brazil in

the development of PRONABIO

through the implementation of

demonstrative subprojects, the

production and dissemination of

information and knowledge about

biodiversity, the identification of

priorities for action and the facilitation

of partnerships between the public

and private sectors.

PROBIO is the result of Financial

Agreement TF 28309 between the

Brazilian Government and the Global

Environmental Facility (GEF), signed

on June 5, 1996, and that uses the

World Bank to administer the funds.

PROBIO began operations in 1997

with a budget of US$ 20 million: US$

10 million from GEF and US$ 10

million in counterpart funds from the

Brazilian Government. These

negotiations were also responsible for

the establishment of the Brazilian

Fund for Biodiversity (FUNBIO), such

that PROBIO and FUNBIO are

The Establishment

of PROBIO

complementary projects, in that the

former is a governmental project and

the latter a private one.

PROBIO is coordinated by the

Environmental Ministry (MMA) in

partnership with the National

Council for Scientific and

Technological Development (CNPq),

which functions as a management

agent in the contracting and financing

of the subprojects.

PROBIO is structured in three

components: (A) Identification of

Priorities for the Application of Funds,

the Gathering of Information and the

Dissemination of Results; (B) Support

for Demonstrative Projects for the

7

Photo: Gustavo de Mattos Acaccio

Researcher collecting in pitfall – Biological Reserve of Una,Bahia

Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Brazilian Biological Diversity; and (C)

Administration. It is important to

mention here that 72% of the total cost

of PROBIO is used by Component B,

that is, the funding of demonstrative

projects.

With the signing of the Financial

Agreement, seven subprojects were

contracted: five geared toward the in

situ conservation of biodiversity in

ecosystems suffering from high

human impacts such as the Tabuleiros

region of the Atlantic rainforest, the

riverside forests of the Cerrado

savanna and the high altitude marshes

of the Northeast region; one for the

creation of a Brazilian

Information Network on Biodiversity;

and one for the

execution of a workshop to evaluate

8

the Priority Areas and Actions for the

Conservation of Biodiversity of the

Cerrado savanna and the Pantanal

wetlands. In December of 1997, a

public bid was published for the

financing of subprojects, with funds

from MMA, GEF and CNPq, that

study the diverse aspects of the

fragmentation of ecosystems and that

could present public policy

recommendations to mitigate the

problems of biodiversity loss linked to

this phenomena. The implementation

of these subprojects involved the

participation of scientists,

conservationist and environmental

groups, rural producers and other

users of biological resources and

representatives of federal, state and

municipal governmental agencies.

9

“Serra do Mar” Mountain range

Photo: Russel Mittermeier/CI-Brasil

II CONSERVATION OFBIODIVERSITY IN THEBIOMES OF BRAZIL

TThe existence of innumerable

ecosystems in Brazil, each with its

own floral and faunal composition,

has provided for enormous biological

diversity. These many ecosystems can

be grouped into larger geographical

entities called biomes, which are

defined here as a contiguous set of

ecosystems, of continenta

proportions, that have a certain

degree of homogeneity with regard to

their vegetation and fauna. PROBIO

works with six terrestrial

biomes - Amazon tropical forest,

Cerrado savanna, Pantanal wetlands,

Caatinga semi-arid area, Atlantic

tropical forest and Southern

grasslands - and with the Costal and

Marine Regions that comprise a host

of differentiated biomes.

The primary activity of Component A

(Identification of Priorities for the

Application of Funds, the Gathering of

Information and the Dissemination of

Results) was the execution of five

subprojects between 1998 and 2001 for

the evaluation of priority areas and

actions for the conservation of

biodiversity of the following biomes

Subprojects of Evaluation

of Priority Areas and

Actions for the

Conservation of

Biodiversity at the Level of

Biomes

1 2

Bertholletia excelsa

and regions: (1) Cerrado and Pantanal;

(2) Atlantic Tropical Forest and

Southern Grasslands; (3) Coastal and

Marine Zones; (4) Caatinga; and (5)

Amazon Tropical Forest. Each

subproject was structured around a

workshop, which had as its central

objective the evaluation of the

biological richness of the biome and

the socioeconomic conditions of the

region in an effort to present a global

strategy for the conservation of the

biodiversity contained in the biome as

well as indicating priority areas for

conservation and developing

recommendations for each one. An

important step in this process was the

identification of regional priorities.

Two broad criteria were used to

establish these priorities: the biological

importance of the area and the

urgency of actions for its conservation.

In the medium term, the incorporation

and implementation of these

recommendations into national

environmental policy was sought.

The workshops were organized by

various civil society organizations and

by government agencies and each one

provided for the participation of local

communities, scientists, researchers,

environmental groups and

government and financing agencies,

thereby guaranteeing a broad-based

debate representing diverse points of

view and interests with regard to the

question of biodiversity in each biome.

This participative approach sought to

promote a high degree of commitment

among the different sectors linked to

the use and protection of natural

resources in these respective regions.

The common methodology used in

each of these five subprojects was

comprised of three stages. The first

stage consisted of the gathering of

available information in local

communities, government agencies,

the scientific sphere and electronic

networks. This was followed by the

preparation of base maps and

diagnoses of key topics. The second

stage consisted of the execution of the

workshop with the wide participation

of members of the diverse sectors

involved in the conservation of the

biome under study. The workshop

represented the decisive phase for the

definition of priorities and strategies

for the conservation and sustainable

use of natural resources.

The third stage was of a much longer

duration (at least two years), and was

designed to accompany the process of

implementation of the

recommendations, in which all sectors

of society that had an interest in the

biome participated. The results of the

evaluations are being incorporated in

the environmental policies of the

Environmental Ministry.

The results of the five subprojects are

presented below.

1 3

Photo: Edson Caetano

largest marshland in the world and

contains an unequaled richness of

terrestrial and aquatic biological

diversity. The ecosystems of this biome

are extremely fragile and suffer from

threats due to new economic

development activities. Several

linkages exist between these two

biomes since the headwaters that feed

the Pantanal are located in the Cerrado

and the terrestrial biota of the two

biomes share many similarities. For

these reasons, the Cerrado and the

T

Evaluation of PriorityAreas and Actions for theConservation of Biodiversityof the Cerrado and thePantanal Subproject

The Cerrado is one of the savannas

with the largest amount of

biodiversity in the world, a fact that

has turned it into a world

environmental hotspot, that is, an area

that houses a high number of endemic

species and suffers from extreme

anthropic pressure. The Brazilian

Cerrado has an area of approximately

two million square kilometers and

covers 25% of the national territory. It

is estimated that 40% of its ligneous

plants and 50% of its species of bees

are endemic to this biome. The

Cerrado is currently suffering from

human impacts of unprecedented

proportions through the expansion of

agriculture, the construction of roads

and dams, deforestation and

urbanization. Each one of these

activities results in the loss of

biodiversity in this rich biome. The

largest part of the Cerrado is located in

the Midwest and Northeast regions of

Brazil, though peripheral areas are

located in the states of Amapá, Pará,

Roraima, São Paulo and Paraná.

The Pantanal, with an area of over 110

thousand square kilometers, is the

1 4

Photo: Haroldo Castro/CI-Brazil

Emas National Park

Pantanal were dealt with jointly

within a single subproject.

Within this context of threats to the

integrity of these biomes, the

workshop “Priority Actions for the

Conservation of Biodiversity of the

Cerrado and the Pantanal” was held

from the 23rd to the 27th of March,

1998, and was coordinated by the Pro-

Nature Foundation (FUNATURA) in

partnership with the University of

Brasilia (UnB), Conservation

International of Brazil (CI), the André

Tosello Foundation of Research and

Technology and the Society,

Population and Nature Institute

(ISPN).

Over 200 specialists from diverse

fields participated in the workshop. A

Map of Priority Areas was developed

which identified 87 priority areas for

the conservation of biodiversity. These,

in turn, were divided in the following

categories of biological importance:

extremely high; very high; high; and

insufficient information. Each priority

The Cerrado contains14,425 species of threeorders of insects(Lepidoptera,Hymenoptera, Isoptera),or 47% of the total forall Brazil.

Of the 3000 speciesof fish identified in SouthAmerica, 780 (or 26%)of them can be foundin the Cerrado or thePantanal.

Only 1/3 of the total area ofthe Cerrado is relativelyfree from anthropicpressure.

1 5

area also received one of the following

recommendations for action: creation

of Protected Areas; environmental

management; creation of Protected

Areas together with environmental

management; conducting of

inventories; and establishment of

biological corridors. These priority

areas emerged from a technical-

scientific consensus of ten thematic

groups: non-biotic factors; botany;

invertebrates; aquatic biota; reptiles

and amphibians; birds; mammals;

integrity of vegetal cover; protected

areas; and socioeconomics and

development.

The following six recommendations

were established as a final result of the

Workshop:

1 - Change of focus: explicit

incorporation of the conservation

of biodiversity in all territorial and

environmental policy instruments;

2 - Ecological corridors and regional

protection: Federal, State and

Municipal governments should

create “Biodiversity Corridors”

that combine public and private

lands;

3 - Articulation between policies and

government agencies: integration

of government agencies’

environmental, land tenure,

agricultural, energy, water,

education, and health policies with

regard to the Cerrado and the

Pantanal;

4 - Legislation: implementation and

enforcement of all existing

legislation. Changes in legislation

were also recommended, such as

the inclusion of the Cerrado as a

Natural Heritage Area in the

Federal Constitution;

5 - Consolidation of Protected Areas:

indemnity paid for all lands within

protected areas, hiring of personnel

to manage these areas, incentives

for the creation of large protected

areas, improvement of the Private

Natural Protected Reserves

Program (RPPN);

6 - Inventories, monitoring and

research in biodiversity: creation of

a Scientific Network of

Conservation for the Cerrado and

Pantanal, together with the

implementation of inventories,

support for scientific collection and

monitoring activities.

Another result of the Workshop was

the creation of a Work Group, whose

objective is to develop an Action Plan

for the Cerrado and the Pantanal.

The documents and maps produced

before and during the Workshop are

available at the following Internet site:

www.binbr.org.br/workshop/

cerrado/br

The booklet entitled “Ações

Prioritárias para a Conservação da

Biodiversidade do Cerrado e

Pantanal” has also been published and

contains an executive summary of the

results of the Workshop.

1 6

T

Evaluation of Priority Areasand Actions for theConservation of Biodiversityof the Atlantic Tropical Forestand the SouthernGrasslands Subproject

The Atlantic Tropical Forest and its

associated ecosystems originally

covered an area of 1,360,000 square

kilometers, or nearly 16% of the total

area of Brazil, which is dispersed

throughout 17 Brazilian states. Due to

centuries of environmental

destruction, this biome has been

reduced to less that 8% of its original

extension and today is characterized

by a high degree of habitat

fragmentation and a great loss of its

biodiversity. Notwithstanding, the

Atlantic Tropical Forest still contains a

significant portion of the biological

diversity of Brazil, particularly with

regard to its faunal diversity. At the

same time, the biome has a very high

number of endangered species. Due to

these unique characteristics, this

biome is considered to be a world

hotspot that requires immediate

conservation actions.

The Southern Grasslands biome, that

extends from the southern portion of

the state of São Paulo to the southern

portions of the state of Rio Grande do

Sul, suffers from intense anthropic

pressures on its ecosystems through

1 7

The 340 species of amphibians foundin the Atlantic Tropical Forestcorrespond to nearly 65% of the totalnumber of known Brazilian species.

There are 114 endangered species ofbirds in the Atlantic Tropical Forestand Southern Grasslands biomes.

Photo: Gustavo de Mattos Acaccio

Area of cacao cultivation, Municipality of Una, Bahia

such factors as fires, introduction of

vegetal species for grazing and

extensive ranching activities, which in

some places have provoked situations

of soil loss. This biome is noted for the

richness of its herbaceous species and

other wild plants, including in some

areas environments integrated with

araucaria forests. Together the

Atlantic Tropical Forest and

Southern Grasslands biomes house

71% of the Brazilian population.

From the 10th to the 14th of August,

1999, the Workshop “Evaluation and

Priority Actions for the Conservation

of Biodiversity in the Atlantic Tropical

Forest and Southern Grasslands” was

held in Atibaia, São Paulo. This event

was coordinated by Conservation

International of Brazil (CI) in

partnership with the SOS Atlantic

Forest Foundation, Biodiversitas

Foundation, the Society, Population

and Nature Institute (ISPN), the

Institute of Ecological Research (IPÊ)

and the São Paulo State Secretariat for

the Environment. One hundred ninety

eight specialists, representing eighty

governmental and non-governmental

organizations,

research institutes and private firms,

participated in the workshop.

In the first stage of the workshop, the

participants formed 12 thematic

groups - flora, invertebrates, reptiles

and amphibians, birds, mammals, fish,

non-biotic factors, anthropic pressures,

regional planning, protected areas,

conservation strategies and

environmental education - in order to

delineate the

priority areas in maps and develop

recommendations for each specialty

area. In the second stage, the different

proposals and maps were integrated

into a multidisciplinary analysis, with

the subsequent

establishment of priorities for

conservation. A total of 182 priority

areas for the conservation of

biodiversity were established for the

two biomes, all of which were

presented in a widely distributed

synthesis map. Among the multiple

areas identified as priorities, the

following can be highlighted: the area

north of Ilheus, Bahia, where one of

the highest rates of ligneous plant

diversity in the world is located; the

area of Murici, Alagoas, due to the

diversity of its bird species; the Serra

dos Orgãos mountains of Rio de

Janeiro, with its high diversity of

invertebrates, its endemic species and

its endangered species of mammals,

amphibians and reptiles; the Serra do

Mar mountains of São Paulo, which is

the largest continuous stretch of

Atlantic Forest and maintains a high

degree of

ecological integrity; and the region of

São Pedro, Rio Grande do Sul, with

areas of petrified trees and regions of

paleontological and archeological

importance.

Among the many recommendations

established by the workshop, the

following can be highlighted:

1- Institutional strengthening and

integration: harmonization of

environmental and sectorial

policies within an ambience where

1 8

the government, the private sector,

the academic sector and the civil

society sector work together as

partners;

2- Planning: application of an

approach that integrates the factors

of water, biodiversity and carbon

and provides for the

equitable distribution of costs and

benefits for all of the affected social

groups;

3- Protected areas: creation and

effective implementation of

protected areas and ecological

corridors in various stretches of

these biomes;

4- Research and environmental

education: filling the gaps in

knowledge about biodiversity

through biological inventories and

research on flora and fauna

together with permanent

environmental education activities

based in participative

methodologies;

5- Environmental management:

development of policies of

environmental licensing,

denouncements of environmental

crimes, recovery of degraded areas

and environmental control and

monitoring;

6- Economic and fiscal policies:

strengthening of the environmental

value added tax, establishment of

mechanisms that assure financing

for conservation and the

implementation of incentives for

conservation.

A Commission of Accompaniment,

composed of 13 members, was also

formed. Its principal objectives are the

development of communication strategies

and the dissemination of information

concerning the results of the workshop

and the maintenance of technical dialogue

between the government and different

sectors of society.

The results of this subproject, along

with all of the documents produced by

the workshop, are being disseminated

at the following Internet sites:

www.conservation.org.br/ma and

www.binbr.org.br/workshop/

mata.atlantica/br.

Another result of the subproject was the

publication of the executive summary of

the results of the Workshop in the booklet

entitled “Avaliação e Ações Prioritárias

para a Conservação da Biodiversidade da

Mata Atlântica e Campos Sulinos.”

1 9

Photo: Gustavo de Mattos Acaccio

Area of cacao cultivation, Municipality of Una, Bahia

T

Evaluation of PriorityAreas and Actionsfor the Conservationof Biodiversity of the AmazonTropical Forest Subproject

The Amazon Tropical Forest represents

approximately 30% of all remaining

tropical forests in the world and is a

major site of the Earth’s biodiversity,

including birds, fish, insects,

mammals, reptiles, amphibians and

plants. The biological diversity of the

Amazon Forest is not only expressed

in the high number of its species, but

also in its diversity of ecosystems:

upland forests; seasonal forests;

flooded forests; marshlands;

floodplains; savannas; mountain

refuges; and pioneer formations. The

watershed of the Amazon River covers

a large portion of the South American

continent and holds 20% of the

world’s freshwater. Its importance to

Brazil can be seen in the fact that the

Legal Amazon region represents 57%

of the total land area of the country.

To this portrait of biological richness,

one must add a picture of

environmental destruction and

degradation. Deforestation destroys

millions of square kilometers of forest

each year; mining activities

contaminate rivers; exploitive fishing

practices are diminishing fishing

stocks; soil erosion is a growing

phenomenon; and rapid and

disorderly urbanization is creating

serious sanitation problems among

poor urban dwellers. Thus, the

execution of this subproject took place

in a climate of urgency.

Financial administration of the

subproject was conducted by the

Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA),

which also participated in the

technical execution of the subproject in

partnership with the Institute of Man

and the Environment in the Amazon

(IMAZON), the Institute of

Environmental Research in the

Amazon (IPAM), the Amazonian Work

Group (GTA), Conservation

International of Brazil (CI) and the

Society, Population and Nature

2 0

Photo: FNMA/MMA

Victoria amazonica

of priority areas for conservation

for the following taxonomic

groups (with their respective

number of priority areas

identified in parenthesis): birds

(109); aquatic biota (31);

invertebrates (28); mammals (39);

botany (61); and reptiles and

amphibians (46). Six groups were

given the task of analyzing and

making recommendations

concerning development axes and

poles, environmental functions

and services of ecosystems, new

economic opportunities,

traditional peoples, anthropic

pressures and protected areas. In

the task of integrating biological

and non-biological data, priority

areas for each of the following

regions were identified: Upper

Xingu River; Lower Xingu River;

Guyanas Shield; Juruá River; Negro

River; Tocantins River; and

Floodplains.

The participants of the Workshop

made over 200 specific

recommendations in their diverse

areas of expertise. The following three

basic principles served to orient these

recommendations:

1 - Brazilian sectorial policies should

include an environmental

component and the nation should

invest in a public policy for the

conservation of biodiversity;

2 - The system of conservation in the

region should be conceived so as to

incorporate Indian Lands, federal,

state and municipal protected areas

Institute (ISPN). In the preparatory

stage of the subproject, 23 reports on

distinct areas of knowledge were

produced and 16 thematic maps were

developed, thereby created the

necessary informational base for

conducting the workshop.

The workshop “Evaluation and

Identification of Priority Actions for

the Conservation, Sustainable Use and

Distribution of Benefits of Biodiversity

in the Brazilian Amazon” was held

from the 21st to the 25th of September,

1999, in Macapá, Amapá, with the

participation of 200 researchers,

scientists and representatives of

Amazonian communities. The

participants were divided into 12

thematic groups. Six of these groups

were responsible for the identification

2 1

There are 81 federalprotected areas and 73state protected areas inthe Legal Amazonregion, containing a totalof 61,201,320 hectares.

The Amazon Riverreceives waters fromover 1,100 tributaries, isthe most voluminousriver in the world and isthe longest river in theworld when theApurimac River is takenas its source.

of both direct and indirect use and

strategies for the sustainable use of

natural resources;

3 - Due to the enormous gaps in

knowledge about the distribution,

conservation and use of biodiversity,

the execution of research activities

should be a priority for the Legal

Amazon region.

Among the specific recommendations

made, the following can be

highlighted:

1 - Effective implementation of

previously established Protected

Areas along with the solution of

their land tenure problems;

2 - Economic use and recovery of

impacted areas through

agroforestry systems, extractivism,

reforestation, family agriculture,

forest management (timber),

ranching management, ecotourism

and aquaculture;

3 - Conclude the process of

identification and demarcation of

Indian Lands;

4 - Acknowledge that traditional

peoples are an integral part of the

broad strategy of conservation of

biodiversity;

5 - Implement programs of training

and stabilizing human populations

jointly with financing for scientific

research;

6 - Support the intensification of

agricultural and ranching activities

in previously deforested areas so as

to increase productivity, raise

profits and keep local residents

living in these areas.

In the third and final phase of the

subproject, an Accompaniment Group

was established, which will conduct

monitoring activities concerning the

status of the implementation of the

recommendations.

Information concerning the subproject,

as well as all of the thematic

documents, simplified maps and the

list of priority areas for each of the

regions evaluated during the

Consulting Seminar, can be found at

the following site:

www.socioambiental.org/website/

bio/index.htm. All of the supporting

documents produced for the Seminar

and the results of this Seminar have

been published in the book “Biodiver-

sidade na Amazônia Brasileira.”

2 2

Photo: Sérgio Pamplona

Bertholletia excelsa

T

Evaluation of Priority Areas andActions for the Conservationof Biodiversity of the Coastaland Marine Zones

ecological transition that serve to link

and facilitate genetic exchanges

between terrestrial and marine

ecosystems. As such, these complex

and diversified environments are of

crucial importance in maintaining

marine life. The Brazilian Coastal

Zone suffers from many threats

originating in human interference such

as high degrees of urbanization,

disorderly and predatory exploitation

of natural resources and increasing

and significant impacts of the tourism

and leisure industries.

The Marine Zone begins at the

shoreline and extends outwards for

200 nautical miles. In addition to being

an important source of food, it also

houses important hydrocarbon

2 3

Hypselodoris picta lajensis – Marinho da Laje de Santos State Park

Photo: Carlo Leopoldo Francini

The Brazilian Coastal Zone, which

passes through 17 states and includes

over 400 municipalities, is made up of

various biomes ranging from the

equatorial north to the temperate

south. These biomes are interlinked

with the Amazon and Atlantic Forest

biomes and represent regions of

resources, most notably petroleum.

Environmental accidents involving

chemicals and petrochemicals pose a

constant threat to the ocean as well as

to coastal areas. To the degree that one

moves away from the shoreline, the

threats of human impacts become

greatly reduced. The expanse and

diversity of the Coastal and Marine

Zones, in terms of both species and

ecosystems, provide for high degrees

of localized biodiversity with many

endemic species. These ecosystems are

superimposed on the routes of

migratory birds of global

distribution and their feeding and

breeding sites, such that the

preservation or degradation of

certain ecosystems has impacts that

are not merely local.

The financial administration of the

subproject was the conducted by the

Bio-Rio Foundation and Rio de Janeiro

State University (UERJ) was

responsible for its technical execution.

Both these institutions worked in

partnership with the São Paulo State

Secretariat for the Environment, the

Rio Grande do Sul State Foundation

for Environmental Protection, the Rio

Grande do Norte State Institute for

Economic Development and the

Environment, the Northeastern Society

of Ecology and the Pará State

Secretariat for Science, Technology and

Environment.

In the preparatory phase of the

subproject, the research universe was

divided into five regions, which in

turn were subdivided into smaller

geo-environmental units for the

purpose of undertaking environmental

diagnoses. During this phase, a

meeting of coordinators was held in

Rio de Janeiro in July, 1999, in order to

systematize data and define the

structure and

functioning of the workshop. The

workshop “Evaluation and Priority

Actions for the Conservation of

Biodiversity of the Coastal and

Marine Zones” was held in Porto

Seguro, Bahia, from the 25th to the

29th of October, 1999, and had nearly

150 participants linked to universities

and other institutions that work in

these regions.

One of the most important results of

the Workshop was the identification of

164 priority areas for the conservation

of biodiversity in the Coastal and

Marine Zones, with 128 of these being

recommended for the creation,

enlargement or regulation of protected

areas, 18 being recommended for

environmental recovery activities and

13 being recommended for activities of

fisheries management. Due to the

2 4

Chelonia mydas - “Rocas” Atoll

Photo: Cláudio Savaget

particularities of the Coastal and the

Marine Zones, the workshop

developed separate sets of

recommendations for each Zone.

The recommendations for the Coastal

Zone include:

1 - complete enforcement of all

national resolutions, decrees and

laws pertaining to the

environmental protection of the

Coastal Zone;

2 - broadening of the interaction

between private and public

agencies in the activities of

diagnosis, monitoring and

preservation of this region;

3 - a general increase in the

participation of local communities

in the defense of coastal

ecosystems;

4 - execution of scientific inventories,

support for and completion of

existing collections and

encouragement of institutions for

the creation of collections in

diverse regions;

5 - establishment of

incentives and

financial policies for

research projects;

6 - strengthening the

integration between

the Coastal

Management Program

and that of

Biodiversity

Conservation.

The recommendations

proposed for the Marine Zone

include:

1 - intensification of studies of

oceanography, fisheries and

artificial habitats;

2 - implementation of marine

protected areas and the creation of

“marine reserves” with differing

degrees of fishing restrictions;

3 - identification of both new and

underutilized fishing stocks

together with the introduction of

appropriate technologies;

4 - intensification of efforts of

environmental education about

oceanic ecosystems;

5 - implementation of activities of

sustainable use of living marine

resources.

The documents and the 16 thematic

maps produced prior to the Workshop

are available at the following Internet

site: www.binbr.org.br/workshop/

costa and a synthesis of the results, an

executive summary and a synthesis

map was published in 2002.

2 5

The coral reefs that are distributed over 3000 kilometers ofBrazil’s Northeast coast, from the south of Bahia toMaranhão, are the only ecosystems of this type in the SouthAtlantic Ocean.

Thirty-eight species of cetaceans (whales, dolphins,manatees, etc.) are found in Brazilian waters, a number thatcorresponds to 49% of the species found worldwide.

Five of the seven existing species of marine turtles are foundin Brazilian waters. Brazil has one of the largest programs inthe world dedicated to preserving these species.

T

Evaluation of Priority Areasand Actions for theConservation ofBiodiversity of theCaatinga Biome

The Caatinga is an exclusively

Brazilian biome. It is located in the

Northeast of the country and has an

area of 734,478 square kilometers. A

type of vegetation known as “steppe

savanna” dominates the Caatinga. In

spite of the fact that it is a semi-arid

region, the Caatinga is extremely

heterogeneous, and includes at least

one hundred different types of unique

landscapes, in which lakes or

temporary wetlands, mountain refuges

and permanent rivers such as the São

Francisco can be highlighted. The

Caatinga also suffers from extensive

environmental degradation,

particularly in reference to the

processes of desertification and high

rates of human poverty. This subproject

represented the first attempt to develop

a general diagnosis of this biome.

The subproject was coordinated by the

Federal University of Pernambuco

(UFPE) in collaboration with the

Biodiversitas Foundation, Conservation

International of Brazil (CI) and the

Foundation for Development Support

of UFPE. The preparatory phase

consisted of the gathering,

systematization and diagnosis of

biological and socioeconomic data

about the biome in general, protected

areas, impacted areas, conservation

strategies, sustainable use practices

and physical factors.

The workshop “Evaluation and

Identification of Priority Actions for the

Conservation, Sustainable Use and

Distribution of Benefits of Biodiversity

of the Caatinga Biome” was held on the

Research Campus of EMBRAPA/Semi-

Arid in Petrolina, Pernambuco, from

the 21st to the 26th of May, 2000. One

hundred forty specialists representing

governmental and non-governmental

organizations, teaching and research

institutions and the private sector

participated in the event. One of the

most important results of the

Workshop was the identification of 82

priority areas for the conservation of

biodiversity of the Caatinga, covering

2 6

Photo: Miguel T. Rodrigues

Cnemidophorus sp

Photo: Miguel T. Rodrigues

approximately 436,000 square

kilometers, or 59% of the biome. The

principal recommendation for the

majority of these areas was the creation

of protected areas of integral

conservation. Due to the lack of

knowledge about this biome, many

areas were classified as lacking in

information, and for these the

recommendation was for more

scientific research, particularly with

regard to biological inventories.

Among other results of the workshop

was the development of a set of

strategies to reduce the negative

impacts on the biome through practices

that are compatible with the

maintenance of the ecological processes

of the region. These include:

1 - improvement in the management of

public policies for the conservation

of biodiversity;

2 - implementation of programs geared

to the sustainable use of the natural

resources of the biome, including

fauna, forestry resources,

agriculture and ranching;

3 - development of environmental

education activities;

4 - financial and fiscal incentives for

conservation;

5 - activities and programs for the

production of knowledge and the

training of human resources;

6 - development and implementation of

a National Plan for the Fight against

Desertification;

7 - classification of the Caatinga Biome

as a National Natural Heritage area.

As in the other subprojects, an

Accompaniment Commission was

formed to assure the dissemination of

information and the implementation of

recommendations of the subproject in

ways that involve the largest number

of people, communities and

institutions working in the Caatinga.

The results of this subproject, along

with all of the documents produced by

the workshop including the thematic

maps and the synthesis map, are being

disseminated at the following Internet

site: www.biodiversitas.org/caatinga.

The executive summary of the

workshop “Evaluation of Priority Areas

and Actions for the Conservation of

Biodiversity of the Caatinga Biome”

was published in 2002 and distributed

to all interested organizations.

2 7

Of the 932 species offlora identified in theCaatinga, 380 (or 41%)are endemic to theregion.

Of the 185 species offish identified in theCaatinga, 106 (or 57%)are endemic to theregion.

Of the six felinespecies found in theCaatinga, five areendangered.

Rhipidomys mastacalis

Photo: Raquel Teixeira de Moura

III INITIAL DEMONSTRATIVESUBPROJECTS

characteristics outlined

in the terms of reference

were to operate at

multiple scales of

reference within a single

subproject and to use

advanced geo-

referencing systems.

The terms of reference

also promoted

partnerships between

the government, non-

governmental

organizations and

research institutions.

These partnerships were

designed to assist in the

establishment of

multidisciplinary teams. Invitations

were sent out to various institutions

throughout the country and a total of

twelve preprojects were received.

These were discussed and analyzed in

a national seminar held in Brasilia, of

which the final result was the

selection of the five initial

demonstrative subprojects. Each one

of these subprojects was innovative in

its own way and served to establish a

high standard of scientific quality for

the subsequent subprojects. Some of

the principal results of these

subprojects are presented below. For

more information about each

subproject, the boxes that accompany

this text should be consulted.

The subproject Conservation of

Vegetal Genetic Resources worked in

three Brazilian biomes - the Cerrado,

the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon

T

The Genesis of

the Initial Demonstrative

Subprojects

This component began

conterminously with PROBIO, since

the recruiting, analysis and selection of

these subprojects were an integral part

of the negotiation process between the

World Bank and the Brazilian

Government. The philosophy behind

this uncommon procedure was that

clear signals should be given to

Brazilian society concerning the

questions that the subprojects should

address. “What should be done to

guarantee the conservation of

biodiversity?” “Is it possible to

develop practices of sustainable use

of biodiversity?”

The process of approval of the five

selected demonstrative projects began

with the development and

dissemination of terms of reference in

which the desired profile of the

subprojects was delineated. One of the

basic characteristics indicated in these

terms of reference was that the

subprojects should not only deal with

the production of knowledge about

Brazilian biodiversity, but should also

have an applied dimension with

regard to its management. Other

3 0

Forest - and dealt with both in situ and

ex situ conservation of biodiversity. Its

studies of several target species

advanced our understanding of

genetic variability in vegetal species

with a wide geographic distribution

and in endemic species. This

knowledge proved to be useful in the

establishment of scientific criteria for

the creation of protected areas as well

as the management of species found in

these areas. The activities of ex situ

conservation resulted in the

establishment of important botanical

collections in the three study regions.

The subproject Management of the

Special Area of the Guarequeçaba

Region in the state of Paraná used the

Geographic Information System as a

diagnostic instrument for the planning

and management process of this

region. Through a host of training

activities for local communities and

members of non-governmental

organizations and governmental

agencies at the federal, state and

municipal levels, the subproject

achieved a high degree of involvement

in the management process, while

constantly seeking to develop

innovative, alternative activities. The

overall goal of the subproject was the

development of a pilot management

model for an Environmental

Protection Area that could be applied

to other regions. Some of the products

of th e subproject include the creation

of an Environmental Data Bank of the

Guaraqueçaba Environmental

Protection Area and the development

and publication of an Environmental

Atlas of this protected area.

The subproject Recovery and

Management of Natural Ecosystems of

High Altitude Marshes of Pernambuco

and Paraíba worked with high altitude

marshes, one of the wettest areas in

this semi-arid region and the most

threatened ecosystem in the entire

Northeast of Brazil. The basic

planning instrument was a broad-

based diagnosis that included

extensive floral and faunal inventories.

At the local level, a management plan

for the Vasconcelos Sobrinho

Ecological Park was developed and is

currently in the implementation stage.

At the municipal level, Environmental

Zoning for the Municipality of

Caruaru was conducted. At the

regional level, a Conservation Plan for

the high altitude marshes of

Pernambuco and Paraíba was

3 1

Photo: CI-Brazil Arquive

Chaetomys subspinosus

developed. Several environmental

education activities were carried out

as a means of guaranteeing the

continuity of the subproject. Others

products of the subproject include:

maps of the Ecological Park and its

buffer zones; teaching materials of the

useful species found in the Ecological

Park in printed format and in CD

Rom.

The subproject Conservation and

Recovery of Biodiversity in Riverside

Forests of the Cerrado Biome

employed applied research techniques

geared to the recovery and subsequent

maintenance of this important

ecosystem of the Cerrado. Ecosystem

recovery activities such as

reforestation were developed and

implemented by the subproject, along

with studies of germination,

conservation of seeds, pathological

analyses and experimental plantings

of riverside forest species. All of these

activities were supported by the active

participation of local rural producers

through extension, prevention and

environmental education programs.

One of the principal products of the

subproject was the development and

publishing of the book entitled

“Cerrado: caracterização e

recuperação de matas de galeria.”

The subproject Conservation and

Recovery of Atlantic Forest

Tablelands, on the Basis of a

Functional Evaluation of Biodiversity

in Linhares, Espírito Santo conducted

a detailed evaluation of focal areas

located in the Sooretama Biological

Reserve and the Forest Reserve of

Linhares through mappings and

fieldwork. Degraded areas were

recovered and diverse experimental

modules and regenerative

management of specific parcels were

undertaken. These recovery

techniques were passed on to the local

rural community through meetings,

courses, films and formal and informal

environmental education activities.

The extensive participation of the

community of the Municipality of

Sooretama resulted in the creation of

the Biopark, a protected area in one of

the last remnants of the Atlantic Forest

in the municipality. Here, an education

project for guides is being developed

which is training young people in

forest management practices under the

supervision of the staff of

BIONATIVA, a non-governmental

organization established to guarantee

the continuity of the actions of the

subproject. Among the many products

of the subproject, one can mention the

land use maps of the two watersheds,

including primary forests and

secondary forest fragments, one video

and the publishing of a book

organized by Irene Garay and Braulio

Dias entitled “Conservação da

Biodiversidade em Ecossistemas

Tropicais: Avanços conceituais e

revisão de novas metodologias de

avaliação e monitoramento.”

3 2

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3 5

Photo: Raquel Teixeira de Moura

Pecari tajacu

Atlantic forest fragment in Southern Bahia, Municipality of Itapebi

Photo: Raquel Teixeira de Moura

IV DEMONSTRATIVESUBPROJECTSCONCERNING HABITATFRAGMENTATION

the conservation and sustainable

management of natural ecosystems

that are in the process of

fragmentation and the environmental

recovery of those ecosystems. Fifteen

subprojects in this area were approved

and executed, with a majority of them

having a three-year duration. These

subprojects dealt with distinct areas of

scientific knowledge and they

researched diverse fragmented

ecosystems in the country, with the

overall result being the consolidation

of a critical mass of information about

the habitat fragmentation process in

Brazil. The consolidation of this

knowledge was a crucial element in

the elaboration and implementation of

new public policies directed toward

the conservation of biodiversity.

The following text presents some of

the basic approaches used to

understand the process of habitat

fragmentation. In an effort to better

comprehend this process, each

approach will be exemplified by a

demonstrative subproject that

functioned within that category.

However, it is important to note that

these subprojects are rarely limited to

one type of study, but rather undertake

multiple activities in several approaches.

For further information on each

subproject, the reader should consult the

boxes that accompany the text.

The Causes of HabitatFragmentation

The fragmentation of habitats can

have natural causes such as climatic

T

Habitat

Fragmentation

The fragmentation of natural

ecosystems is one of the principal

threats to the conservation of

biodiversity and limits the

opportunities for its sustainable use in

Brazil. Fragmentation can be defined as

a process of anthropic or natural

origins that produces the division of

continuous natural ecosystems into

smaller parts, with subsequent negative

effects on that ecosystem’s biodiversity.

The fragmentation process has three

components: reduction in the size of

the habitat; isolation of the remnant

parts of the habitat; and reduction of

the overall quantity of biodiversity. The

fragmentation process is intimately

related to the expanding frontier of

human activities such as agriculture,

ranching, logging, mining,

urbanization and the construction of

dams and roads. Fragmentation

currently affects all Brazilian

ecosystems.

Given the seriousness of this situation,

in 1997 PROBIO published a public

bid that had as its objective the

financial support of applied research

and the experimental development of

demonstrative projects designed for

3 8

fluctuations, geological processes and

flooding. In an effort to determine the

effects of fragmentation on taxonomic

diversity in the Cerrado, the

subproject Structure and Dynamics of

Anthropic and Natural Isolates of

Biota: Lessons for Conservation

Biology collected samples from 18

fragments, with a total of 54 sample

points, in naturally fragmented areas

of the Cerrado in Rondônia and in

humanly produced fragments in the

Central Plains of Minas Gerais. On the

basis of these studies, the team

developed a list of species of reptiles,

birds, termites and butterflies in which

the most vulnerable species were

identified. Other studies of target

species of amphibians and reptiles

were conducted to determine the

effects of fragmentation on the genetic

structure of these populations. The

subproject supported, among other

activities, the development of three

Master’s Theses and three Doctoral

Dissertations.

With regard to research on the

anthropic causes of fragmentation,

such as deforestation, fires,

agriculture, mining and road building,

the subproject Effects of the Process of

Forest Fragmentation on the

Sustainability of Several Ecosystems

Peripheral to Highways in

Southeastern Acre collected data from

four areas of the Amazon Forest

suffering from different impacts of the

opening of roads in the southeastern

portion of the state of Acre. In these

areas the study team characterized the

soils, conducted floral, forest and

faunal inventories and studied the

genetic variability of two vegetal

species. The subproject also conducted

a socioeconomic diagnosis and wrote a

brief history of land use in order to

assist in the development of new

public policies for the area. Among the

different products of this subproject,

highlight can be given to the

production of a video and articles

published in magazines or journals

and presentations in congresses and

symposiums.

The study of factors that cause impacts

on existing fragments represents

another important category in

understanding the habitat

fragmentation process. Public policies,

reforestation, tourism and leisure

activities, urbanization, human

migrations, aquaculture and other

human activities can provoke

enormous impacts on areas that have

already been fragmented. The

subproject Studies of the Conservation

and Recovery of Forest Fragments in

the Environmental Protection Area of

Camanducaia collected data of this

nature along the border area of the

states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

Data was collected at four different

levels: landscape, which included the

development of maps characterizing

the isolation of the fragments and the

biodiversity of tree species; ecosystem,

with studies that listed species,

characterized the structure of the

vegetation and identified rare and

endangered species; populations, in

which the size, spatial patterns and

population dynamics of trees was

3 9

conducted; and genetic, in which the

indexes of diversity and the genetic

structure of three phanerogamic plants

species were determined. All of these

studies were directed toward the

development of management

strategies that would allow for the

conservation of biodiversity in forest

fragments. The subproject supported

the development of three Master’s

theses and presentations in congresses

and symposiums.

Impacts of Fragmentation

on Biodiversity

After the varied causes of

fragmentation and the factors that

impact it are considered, the next step

is to understand the impact of

fragmentation on biodiversity. Since

impacts are differentiated according to

taxonomic group, studies of these

impacts need to be evaluated using the

following categories: mammals, birds,

vegetation, aquatic organisms,

amphibians and reptiles and

arthropods, as well as evaluating the

effects of animal/plant interactions

and the genetic variability of

populations.

Mammals: Of the distinct subprojects

concerned with mammals, the

subproject Conservation,

Management and Recovery of

Atlantic Forest Fragments in Rio

de Janeiro, with Mammals as the

Focal Taxon for the Formulation of

Strategies can be highlighted. This

subproject focused on the Golden

Cebus monkey and developed and

applied techniques of population

management of dislocated and

relocated mammals in Atlantic

Forest fragments. Courses, training

activities, talks and a host of other

activities were undertaken with

the goal of directly involving local

communities so at to minimize the

negative effects of fragmentation

on these mammals. Approximately

30 publications and presentations

in scientific events served to

disseminate the results of the

subproject.

Another example of studies of the

impact of fragmentation on

mammals that produced valuable

information is the subproject

Effects of Habitat Fragmentation

on Populations of Mammals in the

Middle and Lower Tapajós, Pará.

Based on studies of areas of

different sizes, the subproject

identified the effects of anthropic

fragmentation on the diversity,

abundance and genetic variability

4 0

Photo: Mico-Leão-Dourado Association

Leontopithecus rosalia

of three species of mammals,

including the white-faced spider

monkey, an endemic and

endangered species. The subproject

also produced new knowledge on

the effects of hunting and on the

structure of vegetation concerning

their role in the maintenance of

biodiversity in the area. One

Master’s thesis and one Doctoral

dissertation, along with several

publications, were produced by the

subproject.

Birds: One of the challenges of

studying birds is the wide range of

their habitats, a situation that

intensifies with migratory birds.

The subproject Effect of Wetlands

Fragmentation on Limicolous Birds

of Intercontinental Migrations: An

Analysis of Migratory Corridors in

the North of Brazil conducted

studies in Amapá, Pará and

Maranhão on the correlation

between limicolous birds (coastal

or marine birds that feed in beach

or shoreline areas) and benthonic

organisms (that live under the sand

or on sea bottoms). Through

genetic studies the subproject

sought to map the migratory routes

used by the birds that leave the

northern hemisphere each year in

search of food in the coastal regions

of northern Brazil. The subproject

was responsible for the

development of three Doctoral

dissertations, one Master’s thesis

and various scientific

presentations.

Vegetation: The distinct types of

forests found in Brazil provide for

a wide range of possibilities for the

study of the impact of

fragmentation on vegetal diversity.

The subproject Strategies for the

Conservation and Management of

Biodiversity in Semi-deciduous

Forest Fragments made a

geographical analysis of twenty

semi-deciduous forest fragments in

the states of Goiás and Minas

Gerais. Here studies of population

structure and dynamics of four tree

species and of the effects of semi-

deciduous forest fragmentation on

the ecological processes that

determine the diversity of tree

species were conducted. The

subproject identified the effects of

temperature, hydraulic stress and

depth of seeding on the

germination of these species as part

of their conservation efforts. The

results of the subproject were

registered in a CD Rom and in

nearly 30 presentations in

scientific conferences.

4 1

Photo: Haroldo Palo Jr./CI-Brasil

Ramphasto toco

Aquatic organisms: The subproject

Natural and Artificial

Fragmentation in Rivers:

Comparison of the Lakes of the

Middle Doce River (MG) and the

Dams of the Middle Tietê River

(SP) collected samples in natural

lakes in the area of the Rio Doce

State Park in Minas Gerais and the

reservoirs of the Tieté River in São

Paulo in order to physically and

chemically characterize the water

and sediments and the analyze

various biological populations

(planktonic, benthonic,

periphytonic, nektonic and

macrophytic). Comparative studies

were then conducted between the

two systems, demonstrating the

effects of fragmentation of both on

biodiversity and the differential

impacts of distinct levels of toxicity.

This subproject resulted in the

following products, among many

others: a series of teaching

materials for elementary and

secondary school curriculums; a

packet of environmental education

materials; scientific publications;

and the development of Doctoral

dissertations and Master’s theses.

The subproject was also

responsible for the publication of

the following books:

“Ecotoxicologia: perspectivas para

o século XXI” ; “A bacia

hidrográfica do rio do

Monjolinho”. The following books

will be published in the near

future: “Biodiversidade em águas

doces: o sistema de lagos do Vale

do Rio Doce”; “Biodiversidade em

águas doces: o sistema de

reservatórios do Rio Tietê.”

Amphibians and reptiles:

Amphibians and reptiles were

among the taxonomic groups

studied by the subproject Forest

Remnants in the Una Region -

RESTAUNA. The subproject also

studied twelve other groups,

4 2

Photo: Haroldo Castro/CI-Brazil

Paepalanthus sp

Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza

Brycon sp. - piraputangas

characterized the forest

environments and the cacao fields

in the border areas of the Una

Biological Reserve in Bahia and

mapped the entire area of the

Reserve and its border areas,

indicating the differences found in

these environments.

Socioeconomic factors that

influence hunting activities in the

Una region were also analyzed.

This data provided a broad

understanding of how the mosaic

of vegetal formations that is found

in the southern portion of the state

of Bahia is responsible for the

maintenance of biodiversity in the

area and how the cultures of cacao

helped maintain this biodiversity.

The results of the subproject were

disseminated in diverse

publications and in presentations

in scientific conferences.

Arthropods: One of the principal tasks

of the subproject Temporal and

Spatial Effects of Habitat

Fragmentation in Insect and Bird

Populations: Indicators for the

Management and Conservation of

Forests was to understand the

differentiated ways that

fragmentation affects different

types of species. Data was collected

and analyzed on butterflies and

different species of dipterons (flies,

mosquitoes, horse-flies, gnats, etc.)

from different fragments of the

Atlantic Forest. In other fragments,

studies were made to verify the

diversity of species, the densities of

nests and the availability of flowers

for bees. Studies of birds in five

fragments were also conducted to

determine the risks of extinction. In

addition to publications and

scientific presentations, the results

of the subproject were

disseminated through a special

edition of the “A Space for Science”

program of the TVE-Viçosa, which

was shown throughout the entire

state of Minas Gerais.

Animal/plant interactions: The

subproject Fragmentation and

Quality of Diet of Endemic Leaf-

eating Primates of the Atlantic

4 3

Photo: Suzana Guimarães Leitão

Alouatta fusca

Photo: Gustavo de Mattos Accacio

Anolis sp

the different areas of study, which

were deposited in herbariums of

the universities of UFRJ, FURB and

Unicamp.

Population genetics: The study of

population genetics, when done in

conjunction with other types of

biological studies, provides an

excellent means of understanding

the impact of fragmentation on

biodiversity in all of its complexity.

The subproject Subtle

Fragmentation: A Study of the

Atlantic Forest created a data bank

of two areas of the state of Rio de

Janeiro: the Guapi-Mirim River

watershed and the Grande Island.

Forest began with the collection of

data on the behavioral ecology of

bugio monkey (Alouatta fusca), with

emphasis on its eating habits, in

five fragments of differing sizes

and degrees of disturbance. The

subproject also conducted

phytosociological studies and the

collection and analysis of soils. The

quality of the diet of the bugio

monkey in these different

fragments was analyzed for its

nutritional value (proteins, lipoids,

fibers, sugars) of the plants eaten,

and for the value of its secondary

toxic metabolism of vegetal defense

(tannin and phenol totals). The

quality of the fragments was

measured by the doses of this

metabolism in the plants analyzed

in the phytosociological studies.

The data suggest that the quality

(degree of disturbance) of the

fragments is more important in the

diet of the bugio monkeys than is

the size of the fragments. There

was great seasonal variance in the

value of the secondary (toxic)

metabolism in the items eaten by

A. fusca in the majority of

fragments, but not in all. Among

the fragments, these differences do

not follow a pattern with regard to

size, thereby demonstrating the

complexity of interactions between

plants and animals and the

importance of this understanding

for the establishment of

biodiversity conservation policies.

Among the products of the

subproject was a collection of dried

specimens of plants collected from

4 4

Photo: Gustavo de Mattos Accacio

Haetera sp

In these areas, the team collected

data on numerous species and

gathered animal tissues for the

extraction of DNA of all captured

species in order to conduct studies

on genetic variability and to

understand how fragmentation

influences the maintenance of

biologically viable species. At the

same time, analyses were made of

population data on various species

of primates, marsupials and

rodents such as seasonal density,

reproduction, survival,

recruitment, living area and habitat

use and structure. The subproject

resulted in many forms of scientific

production that was disseminated

in articles, chapters in books,

presentations in scientific

conferences and in the

development of theses and

dissertations.

Management of

Fragmented Landscapes

One of the main goals of PROBIO in

publishing a public bid on habitat

fragmentation was to stimulate the

production of knowledge that could

be used in the development of

conservation practices for Brazilian

biodiversity within the larger

framework of sustainable

development. One of the main means

of achieving this is through the

management of fragmented

landscapes. These activities include

the management of landscapes and

their respective buffer zones, the

establishment of biological corridors

and the development and use of

biological and socioeconomic tools

and public policies.

One of the most important concepts

concerning biodiversity conservation

is that of biological corridors. These

can be defined as networks composed

of sets of protected areas of different

management categories, including

those areas on private lands, that are

distributed throughout areas

containing representative species of

flora and fauna of a specific biome.

Biological corridors have the

primordial function of providing for

routes of interchange and for

increasing the possibilities of

movement by the individuals of

isolated populations. The subproject

Ecological Approaches and Economic I

nstruments for the Establishment of

the Discovery Corridor had as its goal

the development of tools to be used in

the planning of biological corridors

that integrate biological and

socioeconomic information and the

identification of economic and legal

instruments necessary for the creation

and implementation of the Central

Corridor of the Atlantic Forest. The

subproject undertook bibliographical

research and fieldwork in order to

collect data on biology (inventories of

mammals, birds and amphibians),

geography (base maps of the region)

and economy (questionnaires, data on

the prices of ranches). All of this data

was systematized in a Data Bank,

which was used to develop a

computational “model” to evaluate the

4 5

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best location for establishing the

Discovery Corridor. In addition, a

folder and CD Rom were produced

and distributed with the title “Central

Corridor of the Atlantic Forest: An

environmental data base for Bahia.”

Any program of forest fragmentmanagement needs to be based onprecise, updated information about thefragment in question and its biologicaldiversity. The subproject Conservationof Araucaria Forest Biome mapped thedifferent fragments of araucaria forestsin the state of Paraná in an effort toidentify the range of existence of thisecosystem and its respective species.The diagnosis was conducted in orderto identify and systematize successfulmanagement and sustainable useexperiences in araucaria forests and tointegrate rural producers into theconservation and recovery efforts of

these forests. Four workshops kept thelocal population regularly involved inthis process. The subproject wasfinalized with a large, statewideconference, which included thepresence of various segments of thepopulation interested in theestablishment of a State Policy for theConservation of Araucaria Forests. Inaddition to the dissemination of resultsof the subproject in magazines andjournals, these results were alsoincorporated into the Macro StrategicPlan of the Paraná Biodiversity Project,which was presented to the WorldBank by the State Secretariats ofPlanning, the Environment and

Agriculture in 2001.

There are many methodologies andtools available for the management offragmented landscapes. Biologicaltools include the analysis of

population viability and the potentialdistribution of species, geographicreferencing and studies of geneticvariability, among others. As acomplement to these tools, there are ahost of socioeconomic ones, as well asthose of the establishment of publicpolicies. The subproject Islands ofBiodiversity as Corridors for theRecovery of Fragmented Landscapesin Ponto do Paranapanema, São Paulowas dedicated to the implementationof alternatives geared towardreestablishing the biological flows ofthe region and, in the process,restoring the connectivity between theecosystems. The subproject establishedcommunity agroforestry nurseries,each with the potential for producing20,000 seedlings per year. Theimplantation of islands of biodiversitywas achieved through theestablishment of 47 agroforestry

modules that directly involved ruralproducers. The subproject alsocoordinated mini-courses inagroforestry practices and selected andtrained local leaders to be multipliersof these practices. Another result of thesubproject was the development of aproposal for the creation of four newprotected areas of integralconservation in Ponto doParanapanema.

Results of the subproject weredisseminated through variouspublished articles and presentations inscientific conferences. In May of 2001,this subproject was selected, as one ofnine case studies from different partsof the world, to present its results inthe “Biodiversity and SocietyConference” sponsored by UNESCOand Columbia University, New York,

USA.

5 4

SPECIAL STUDIESSUBPROJECTS

Photo: Edson Caetano

Bertholletia excelsa

VV

Biodiversity and

Traditional Communities

in Brazil in the Context

of the Convention on

Biological Diversity

I

5 6

environments. In addition to their way

of life, one of the most important

means of defining traditional peoples

or cultures is their self-identification as

a distinct social group.

An intimate link exists between

biodiversity and sociodiversity due to

the differentiated and sustainable

forms that traditional societies use to

manage their environments. For this

reason, an understanding of the

traditional knowledge of these

societies is an important task in the

conservation of Brazilian biodiversity.

The special subproject Biodiversity

and Traditional Communities in Brazil

in the Context of the Convention on

Biological Diversity was executed by

the Nucleus for Research on Human

Populations and Wetlands of Brazil

(NUPAUB/USP/FUSP) and had two

main objectives: (1) collect and

analyze bibliographic references

(books, dissertations, articles, reports,

etc.) that deal with the knowledge and

use of (land and marine) biodiversity

by indigenous and non-indigenous

traditional populations in Brazil; (2)

organize the analyze these documents

for easy access by the public.

One of the team’s first tasks was to

search via the Internet the diverse

research centers, universities, non-

governmental organizations and other

institutions so as to identify those

institutions that house information

relevant to the subproject. Over 3,000

titles related to traditional knowledge

in various databases and libraries

were researched for the distinct

regions of Brazil and, among this list,

In addition to having one of the

highest rates of biological diversity in

the world, Brazil also has a great deal

of cultural diversity. There are more

than 500 formally recognized Indian

Lands in the country, where 216

culturally differentiated indigenous

societies live. These societies have

developed, over centuries, unique

forms of adaptation to the variety of

Brazilian ecosystems. There are also in

Brazil a plethora of non-indigenous

societies that are culturally and

environmentally differentiated from

the national society such as the caiçara

peoples, the maroon societies,

extractivist groups, riverside

communities and traditional

fishermen.

These two types of societies can be

classified as “traditional societies,”

defined here as culturally

differentiated human groups that have

historically reproduced their way of

life in a relatively isolated form on the

basis of modalities of social

cooperation and specific ecological

relations traditionally characterized by

the sustainable use of their respective

technology; botany of

cultivated species;

ichthyology; zoology;

and pharmacology.

The management of

ecosystems by

traditional

populations is

without doubt one of

the most recent topics

that is of great

importance to

participative public

policies. Taking all

the works as a whole,

the most commonly

cited biomes were the

Amazon Forest

(56.7%), the Coastal

Zone (20.9%), and the

Cerrado (18.9%).

Finally, the

contribution of these works about

traditional knowledge goes beyond

the mere question of biodiversity by

offering the possibility of establishing

other criteria, in addition to those of

the natural sciences, to be used in the

definition of conservation policies and

the establishment of protected areas.

The main results of this subproject

were published by the Environmental

Ministry in 2001 in the book entitled

Saberes Tradicionais e Biodiversidade no

Brasil, which was organized by the

researchers Antonio Carlos Diegues

and Rinaldo S. V. Arruda.

868 were selected and classified into

the categories of high and medium

relevance. Of this selection, 483 refer to

non-indigenous populations and 385

refer to indigenous populations. The

titles were then classified according to

the type of population and placed in

the archive of the University of São

Paulo (NUPAUB), which is open to the

public. All of the selected titles were

also organized into a database that

includes 13 variables. The most

important characteristics of each work

can thus be known through the

consulting process.

The most frequently mentioned topics

of these works are, in descending

order: botany of collected species;

5 7

Micoreus demerarae

Photo: Raquel Teixeira de Moura

T

Training and Development

of Economic AnalysisStudies

on the Valuation of

Biodiversity

5 8

Ambientais, a theoretical and

methodological reference document

concerning techniques of economic

valuation of environmental resources,

which offered a broad and didactic

presentation of this topic in

Portuguese. With increasing frequency,

master’s and doctoral students and

other professionals in the

environmental area encounter

situations in which environmental

economic valuation is required or

desirable.

The second phase of the subproject

consisted of the training of members

of Brazilian institutions in the

techniques of economic valuation of

environmental resources that would

be subsequently applied to specific

case studies. EMBRAPA and IBAMA,

with 15 and 12 participants

respectively, were the recipients of this

training. It is hoped that this training

will have a multiplier effect, both

within and beyond these two

institutions.

The third phase of the subproject

consisted of the development of two

case studies in which the learned

techniques were put into practice. The

first case study - The Value of

Recreational Use of the Iguassu

National Park, Paraná - was

undertaken by the IBAMA component

of the subproject with the assistance of

the Institute for Applied Economic

Research (IPEA). The Iguaçu National

Park is a protected area of 185,000

hectares located in the city of Foz de

Iguaçu, in the extreme western portion

of the state of Paraná, along the

The special study subproject Training

and Development of Economic

Analysis Studies on the Valuation of

Biodiversity was executed by the

National Association of Graduate

Centers in Economics (ANPEC) in

partnership with the Brazilian

Institute of the Environment and

Renewable Natural Resources

(IBAMA), the Brazilian Company for

Agricultural and Animal Husbandry

Research (EMBRAPA) and the São

Paulo State Secretariat of the

Environment. Its principal objective

was the institutionalization of

economic-environmental analyses of

investments among Brazilian

environmental institutions. Its primary

methodology consisted of institutional

training programs geared to the

formulation and implementation of

economic valuation studies of

environmental resources in those

planning and management activities

associated with Brazilian biodiversity.

The subproject was divided into three

phases. The first phase consisted of the

development of the Manual para

Valoração Econômica de Recursos

economically the use of this system

over twelve years in the Planalto

Médio region of the state of Rio

Grande do Sul. The additional value of

the production earned by using the

direct planting system instead of the

conventional planting system was

calculated by using the Marginal

Productivity Method. The results for

the twelve years under analysis (1986-

1997) indicate an additional

production value of between UD$ 118

million and US$ 214 million. The total

value of benefits from direct planting

would be even greater if the following

costs were incorporated into the

analysis: sequestered carbon, which

would produce a reduction in the

consumption of fuel and lubricants; an

increase in ecological tourism in the

region; a reduction in spending on

health due to lesser pollution by

agrochemicals; and the increase in

value of productive lands in the

region.

Argentine-Brazil border.

Approximately 800 thousand visitors

annually generate a sizeable income

for the Park. The objective of the case

study was to estimate the value of the

recreational use of the Park using as

two indicators: the cost of the trip, in

which the analysis is made of the

spending of visitors to the Park; and

contingent analysis, which is based on

a series of procedures that solicit the

preferences of the visitors in a

hypothetical market of environmental

goods. For both of these indicators, the

information was gathered through

onsite fieldwork in which a

questionnaire was applied to 3,186

people. Using the Multiple Destination

Model, the annual recreational value

of the Park was estimated to be US$

21.5 million.

The second case study -

Environmental Valuation of Soil

Management Systems: The Case of

Direct Planting in the

Planalto Médio Region,

Rio Grande do Sul - was

undertaken by the

EMBRAPA component of

the subproject, once again

with the assistance of the

Institute for Applied

Economic Research

(IPEA). The Direct

Planting System is

recognized as a type of soil

conservation management

that mitigates losses from

erosion caused by

agricultural activities. This

study evaluated

5 9

Photo: Raquel Teixeira de Moura

Researcher conducting field collections of anphibians

I

Pilot Project for the

Implementation of the

International Initiative for

the Conservation and

Sustainable Use of

Pollinators

6 0

Photo: Luiz Daré

Bee visiting Tabebuia sp

should be implemented in Brazil to

deal with the question of pollinators.

The subproject Pilot Project for the

Implementation of the International

Initiative for the Conservation and

Sustainable Use of Pollinators is one

result of this recommendation. The

Institute for Socioenvironmental

Studies of Southern Bahia (IESB) is

responsible for executing the

subproject, which has as its main goal

the development of a pilot project

proposal to be presented to FAO for

their evaluation and possible approval

and funding.

The subproject was also responsible for

the organization of the first part of the

International Symposium

“International Initiative for the

Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Pollinators,” which was held during

the International Congress of

Entymology in August of 2000 in Foz

de Iguaçu.

In October of 1998, the Brazilian

Government organized in São Paulo

the Workshop “The Conservation and

Sustainable Use of Pollinators in

Agriculture, with Emphasis on Bees,”

as part of its contribution to the

Convention on Biological Diversity.

Sixty-one participants from fifteen

countries participated in the workshop,

which produced a declaration on

pollinators containing valuable

information on the functions of

pollinators in agriculture and the

importance of bees in this process.

One third of crops require pollination

to produce seeds and fruits, with the

majority of these cases being pollinated

by the thousands of species of bees.

Since the most common pollinating

species is the honeybee (Apis mellifera),

the emergence of serious diseases

among this species creates a major

threat to agriculture. Therefore, native

pollinators need to be protected and

agricultural practices need to

incorporate techniques of sustainable

management of these species.

One of the recommendations of this

workshop was that a pilot project

INFORMATIONABOUTBIODIVERSITY

VI

Photo: Russel Mittermeier/CI-Brazil

Atlantic Forest, Paraná

T programming language was

developed specifically for the site;

software was produced to improve its

functioning; and new tools were

introduced to facilitate electronic

navigation.

Another important activity of the

project was the development of a pilot

project on environmental education

and citizenship, which involved

raising the awareness and training 20

teachers from different grades and

disciplines in elementary and

secondary schools in Campinas, for

the researching of material on the

Internet to be used in the classroom.

One video and a written document

about the process of training

professors were developed as part of

the environmental education

curriculum. A study of

socioenvironmental conflict was also

conducted in which six

methodological instruments of moral

education were applied.

The project Brazilian Network of

Information about Biodiversity

(BINbr) began in 1997 under the

responsibility of the André Tosello

Tropical Foundation for Research and

Technology. Its principal objective was

the establishment of priorities and the

execution of activities geared toward

the conservation and sustainable use

of biological diversity. The basis of the

BINbr is the Convention on Biological

Diversity, which gathers in one

document all of the necessary

components for its implementation. Its

principal instrument of

communication and dissemination of

information is the Internet.

It first target group (users and

providers of information) was the

scientific community. The central

aspect of the project is, without doubt,

the electronic site - www.binbr.org.br -

which contains a wealth of

information on biodiversity. This site

consolidated 132 databases containing

a total of 9,300 items. Another aspect

of the site is on-line scientific

collections which offer a list of nearly

7,800 species from different taxonomic

groups of flora and fauna, along with

information about where they are

deposited. The site also contains and

makes available the data produced by

four workshops sponsored by

PROBIO: Cerrado and Pantanal;

Coastal and Marine Zones; Atlantic

Forest; and Amazon Forest.

Informational links, which offer the

researcher data about specific topics of

biodiversity, is another innovative

dimension of the site. A new

6 2

VII

Cyanerpes sp

Photo: Gustavo de Mattos Acaccio

FUTUREACTIVITIES

T 3. “Evaluation of the Diversity in the

“Cerra” Lagoon and in the

“Casamento” Lagoon and their: Jean

Philippe Boubli.

4. “Biological Inventory of the Sucuriju

Area and the Lakes Region, Amapá.”

Institute of Scientific Research of the

State of Amapá - IEPA. Coordinator:

Orlando Tobias Silveira.

5. “Marine Life of the West Coast of

Ceará.” Federal University of Ceará.

Coordinator: Helena Matthews

Cascon.

6. “Rapid Evaluation Program of the

Yanomami Territory - Roraima.”

José Bonifácio University

Foundation - FUJB. Coordinator:

Luiz Flamarion Barbosa de Oliveira.

7. “Analysis of the Variations in

Biodiversity of the Caatinga Biome

with Assistance of Remote Sensing

and Geographic Information System

to be used in Regional Conservation

Strategies.” Caatinga Association.

Coordinator: Francisca Soares de

Araújo.

8. “Landscapes and Biodiversity: An

Integrative Perspective for the

Inventory and Conservation of the

“Serra do Cachimbo” Mountain

Range.” Foundation for the Support

and Development of Research -

FADESP. Coordinator: Andréa

Nunes.

9. “Biodiversity of the High Araucaria

Plains.” Federal University of Rio

Grande do Sul. Coordinator: Ilsi Iob

Boldrini.

The coming years in PROBIO will be

as active, if not more so, than the first

five which were the subject of this

report. In 2001, PROBIO published

four public bids - two of which were

in partnership with the National Fund

for the Environment - for the selection

of new subprojects to be funded in

2002 and 2003.

PROBIO Public Bid 01/2001 -

“Support for the Creation of Protected

Areas of Integral Conservation” -

currently has one approved

subproject.

1. “Proposal for the creation of the

Catimbau National Park,

Pernambuco.” Northeastern Society

for Ecology. Coordinator: Maria das

Dores de Vasconcelos Cavalcanti Melo.

PROBIO Public Bid 02/2001 -

“Support for the Development of

Inventories in Priority Areas for the

Scientific Investigation” - currently has

twenty-one approved subprojects.

1. “Biological Inventory of the Valleys

of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri

Rivers in the States of Minas

associated ecosystems, Coastal

Zone, State of Rio Grande do Sul.” -

Zoobotanical Foundation of Rio

Grande do Sul - FZRGS.

Coordinator: Maria Inês Burger.

2. “Diversity of Vertebrates in Pantepui,

Amazonas.” José Bonifácio

University Foundation - FUJB.

CoodinatorGerais and Bahia.”

Conservation International of Brazil.

Coordinator: Luiz Paulo Pinto.

6 4

Tocantins.” Foundation for Scientific

and Technological Endeavors -

FINATEC. Coordinator: Aldicir

Scariot.

17. “Ecological Evaluation and Selection

of Priority Areas for the

Conservation of Amazonian

Savannas, Marajó Archipelago, State

of Pará.” Emílio Goeldi Museum of

Pará. Coordinator: Samuel Soares de

Almeida.

18. “Faunal Inventory of the Middle

Madeira River Region.” National

Research Institute of the Amazon -

INPA. Coordinator: Lúcia Rapp Py-

Daniel.

19. “Inventories of the Biodiversity of

the “Serra do Amolar” Mountain

Range.” Ecotrópica. Coordinator:

Christine Strussmann.

20. “Diversity of Vertebrates in the

Upper Marmelos River (BX 044).”

Foundation for the Support and

Development of Research - FADESP.

Coordinator: Stephen Francis

Ferrari.

21.“Rapid Evaluation Program of Ilha

Grande: A Study of Biodiversity.”

State University of Rio de Janeiro.

Coordinator: Joel Christopher Creed.

PROBIO Public Bid 03/2001 -

“Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Resources in Buffer Zones of Protected

Areas of Integral Conservation

Located in Open Ecosystems” -

currently has ten approved

subprojects.

1. “Conservation of biodiversity of the

Timbebas Reef Abrolhos National

10. “The Composition, Richness and

Diversity of Species of the Center for

Endemism of Pernambuco.”

Foundation for Development

Support of the Federal University of

Pernambuco - FADE/UFPe.

Coordinator: Kátia Porto.

11. “Zoobotanical Inventory of the “Rio

das Mortes” River, Mato Grosso.”

State of Mato Grosso University

Foundation - UNEMAT.

Coordinator: Helena Soares Ramos

Cabette.

12. “Forest Biota of the “Conquista”

Plains, Southwestern Bahia.”

Dríades Institute for Biodiversity

Research and Conservation.

Coordinator: Sofia Campiolo.

13. “Chapada Diamantina:

Biodiversity.” Plants of the

Northeast Association - APNE.

Coordinator: Flora Acunã Juncá.

14. “Inventory of Aquatic Biota geared

towards the Conservation and

Sustainable Use of the Cerrado Biome

(Mountains and Valleys of the Paranã

River).” Foundation for Scientific and

Technological Endeavors - FINATEC.

Coordinator: Maria Júlia Martins

Silva.

15. “Inventory of the Biological

Diversity of the Jauru Complex.”

Federal University of Mato Grosso

do Sul Foundation - UFMS.

Coordinator: Teresta Cristina Stocco

Pagotto.

16. “Inventory of the Biodiversity of the

Mountains and Valleys of the

Paranã River and of Southern

6 5

Park.” Conservation International of

Brazil. Coordinator: Guilherme

Fraga Dutra.

2. “Ecodevelopment of the buffer zone

of the Serra da Bodoquena National

Park, Mato Grosso do Sul.”

Neotropic Foundation of Brazil.

Coordinator: Marcia Brambilla.

3. “Pantanal National Park and buffer

zone: Partnership for sustainability.”

Ecotropic. Coordinator: Gislaine

Eberhard.

4. “Conservation of remnant landscapes

and sustainable development in the

buffer zone of the Vila Velha State

Park in the Campos Gerais of

Paraná.” State University of Ponta

Grossa. Coordinator: Pedro

Henrique Weinrich Neto.

5. “Sustainable use of biodiversity

resources in the buffer zones of the

Rio Preto State Park, Minas Gerais.”

Diamantinense Foundation for the

Support of Teaching, Research and

Extension (FUNDAEP).

Coordinator: Sebastião Lourenço de

Assis Júnior.

6. “Sustainable development for the

communities in the buffer zone of

the Taim Park.” Nucleus for

Education and Environmental

Monitoring (NEMA). Coordinator:

Renato V. Carvalho.

7. “Development of a sustainable

development plan for the buffer

zone of the Grande Sertão Veredas

National Park, Minas Gerais.” Pro-

nature Foundation (FUNATURA).

Coordinator: Cesar Victor do

Espírito Santo.

8. “Rational use of the buffer zone of the

Cabo Orange National Park.”

Brazilian Institute of the

Environment and Renewable

Natural Resources (IBAMA),

Executive Adminstration of the state

of Amapá. Coordinator: Ana Lúcia

Blanc dos Santos.

9. “Sustainable development of the

buffer zone of Ibirapuitã Biological

Reserve, Rio Grande do Sul.”

Institute for the Development of

Alternative Energy and

Sustainability (IDEAAS).

Coordinator: Marco Antonio Falcão

Villela.

10. “Sustainable development plan for

the Serra Santa Bárbara State Park.”

Society for Forest Research (SIF).

Coordinator: Gumercindo Souza

Lima.

11. “Sustainable development plan for

the Serra de Ricardo Franco State

Park.” Society for Forest Research

(SIF). Coordinator: Guido Assunção

Ribeiro.

12. “Guidelines for the sustainable use

of the buffer zone of the Chapada

dos Guimarães National Park.”

Mato Grosso Institute of Research

(IPEM). Coordinator: Fernando

Ximenes de Tavares Salomão.

13. “Jalapão: The use of natural

resources.” Conservation

International of Brazil. Coordinator:

Suelma Ribeiro Silva.

PROBIO Public Bid 04/2001 -

“Management of Endangered Species

and Invading Species, Geared Toward

6 6

the Conservation of Brazilian

Biological Diversity” - currently has

fourteen approved subprojects.

1. “Management of areas invaded by

mesquite.” Center for Agricultural

and Animal Husbandry Research in

Semi-Arid Areas (EMBRAPA/Semi-

Árido). Coordinator: Paulo César

Fernandes Lima.

2. “Sassafras: Bioecology and

sustainable use.” Pontifical Catholic

University of Paraná (PUCPR).

Coordinator: Sylvio Péllico Netto.

3. “Evaluation of populations of yellow-

breasted monkeys.” Institute for

Socioenvironmental Studies of

Southern Bahia (IESB). Coordinator:

Maria Cecília Martins Kierulff.

4. “Study of the Tecoma stans control

agents.” Regional University of

Blumenau (FURB). Coordinator:

Marcelo Diniz Vitorino.

5. “Monitoring and development of

technologies for the management of

exotic freshwater species.” Federal

University of São Carlos (UFSCar).

Coordinator: Odete Rocha.

6. “Management of Gomphrena elegans in

Bonito.” Federal University of Mato

Grosso do Sul (UFMS). Coordinator:

Maria Rosângela Sigrist.

7. “Management plan for Tupinambis

merianae.” Foundation for Scientific

and Technological Endeavors

(FINATEC). Coordinator: Ayrton

Klier Pires Júnior.

8. “Saving selachians in southern

Brazil.” Federal University of Rio

Grande Foundation (FURG).

Coordinator: Carolus Maria Vooren.

9. “Development of a management plan

for yellow annatto.” Foundation for

Research Development (FUNDEP).

Coordinator: Lúcio Antonio de

Oliveira.

10. “Ecology and distribution of

Mazama bororo.” Foundation for

Studies and Research in Agronomy,

Medicine and Zootechics (FUNEP).

Coordinator: José Maurício Barbanti

Duarte.

11. “Populational viability of the spider

monkey.” Institute of Research on

the Atlantic Forest (IPEMA).

Coordinator: Sérgio Lucena Mendes.

12. “Studies of the ecology and genetics

for the conservation of the Saguinus

monkey.” University of Amazonas

Foundation (FUA). Coordinator:

Marcelo Gordo.

13. “Wild water buffalo in the Vale do

Guaporé Biological Reserve.”

Brazilian Institute of the

Environment and Renewable

Natural Resources (IBAMA),

Executive administration of the state

of Rondônia. Coordinator: Ricardo

Gomes de Araújo Pereira.

14. “Biology, population parameters

and analysis of the sale of

seahorses.” Foundation for the

Support of Research and Extension

Activities (FUNAPE). Coordinator:

Ierecê Maria de Lucena Rosa.

6 7

PROBIO IN NUMBERSVIII

Researchers conducting field collections of mammals

Photo: Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui

With regard to the financing of the subprojects, the amount given by PROBIO

and that given as counterpart funds demonstrate the ability to obtain the

resources that the project needs (see Table).

6 9

7 0

7 1

7 2

Tolypeutes tricinctus

Scholarships:

Up until the end of 2001, 238

researchers had been sup-

ported through scholarships

from CNPq. Another 205

scholarship recipients devel-

oped their undergraduate

monographs, master’s theses

or doctoral dissertations

using the infrastructure paid

for by PROBIO.

Data banks:

A total of 149 data banks

were created containing the

research results of diverse

subprojects.

Dissemination:

6 videos; 11 posters; 7 folders; 193

papers presented in seminars and

congresses; 6 CD Roms.

Homepages:

10

Publications:

10 books; 25 chapters in books;

141 articles published in spe-

cialized journals.

Foto: Ilmar Santos/CI-Brazil

7 3

ANEXO IThe PRONABIO

Board of Directors

Pseudalopex gymnocercus

Photo: Russel Mittermeier/CI-Brazil

This Board if presided over by the Federal

Environmental Minister and is comprised of the

following members:

a) one representative of the Environmental Ministry

- MMA;

b) one representative of the Ministry of Science and

Technology - MCT;

c) one representative of the Ministry of Agriculture

- MAA;

d) one representative of the Health Ministry - MS;

e) one representative of the Ministry of Foreign

Relations - MRE;

f) one representative of the Ministry of Budget and

Management - MPOG;

g) two representatives of the academic and

scientific community;

h) two representatives of environmental non-

governmental organizations; and

i) two representatives of the productive sector.

This Board was created to coordinate, accompany

and evaluate the actions of the National Program of

Biological Diversity - PRONABIO. Its attributes

include the following:

a) determine the general guidelines of PRONABIO;

b) establish priorities for the research, conservation

and sustainable use of biological diversity;

c) establish general criteria for the reception and

selection of subprojects;

d) approve subprojects for funding.

7 4

ANEXO IIBibliography

Brachyteles hipoxanthus

Photo: Andy Young/CI-Brazil

7 5

AVALIAÇÃO e Ações Prioritárias para a Conservação da

Biodiversidade da Caatinga. Brasília: MMA/ SBF. 2002.

36p.

AVALIAÇÃO e ações prioritárias para a conservação da

biodiversidade do Cerrado e Pantanal. Brasília: MMA/

SBF, 2000. 26p.

AVALIAÇÃO e Ações Prioritárias para a Conservação da

Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica e Campos Sulinos.

Brasília: MMA/SBF. 2000. 40p.

AVALIAÇÃO e Ações Prioritárias para a Conservação da

Biodiversidade das Zonas Costeira e Marinha. Brasília:

MMA/SBF, 2002. 72p.

CAPOBIANCO, J. P. R. et al. Biodiversidade na Amazônia

Brasileira: Avaliação e identificação de ações prioritárias para a

conservação, utilização sustentável e repartição de benefícios.

São Paulo: Estação da Liberdade; Instituto

Socioambiental, 2001. 540 p.

DIEGUES, A. C.; ARRUDA, R. S. V. (orgs). Saberes Tradicionais e

biodiversidade no Brasil. Brasília: MMA/SBF. 2001. 176p.

ESPÍNDOLA, E.L.G.; BOTTA-PASCHOAL, C.M.R.; ROCHA, O.;

BOHRER, M.B.C.; OLIVEIRA-NETO, A .L.. Ecotoxicologia

– perspectivas para o século XXI, São Carlos, SP. Rima

Editora, 2000. 575p.

ESPÍNDOLA, E.L.G.; SILVA, J.S.V., MARINELLI, C.E.; ABDON,

M.M. A bacia hidrográfica do rio do Monjolinho. São Carlos,

SP. Rima Editora, 2000. 188p.

GARAY, I. E. G.; DIAS, B. F. S. (orgs). Conservação da

biodiversidade em ecossistemas tropicais: avanços conceituais

e revisão de novas metodologias de avaliação e

monitoramento. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 2001. 430p.

RIBEIRO, J. F.; FONSECA, C. E. L.; SOUSA-SILVA, J.C. (eds).

Cerrado: caracterização e recuperação de matas de galeria.

Planaltina. Embrapa Cerrados, 2001. 899p.

Fish among typical aquatic plants of the lagoons of the Pantanal Wetlands

Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza