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Drills - are implements used to plant crops in closely spaced rows (typically four to ten inches); drills

are commonly used for cereal crops such as wheat and can be used to plant soybeans. Grain drills are

typically equipped with disks to open a small trench in the soil, a metering system to deliver a

measured, controlled amount of seed to drop tubes which guide the seed to the seed trench. There

must be some means (wheels or drag chains) of gently closing the seed trench with soil to cover the

seeds.

Planters - are implements used to plant row crops (typically in row spacings ranging from 10 to 40

inches). Planters open a seed trench, meter seeds one-at-a-time, drop seeds into the seed trench,

and gently cover the seed. Some planters can cut through residues and till a small strip of soil in

each row at the time of planting. Planters can also be equipped to apply fertilizer, pesticides, and

herbicides during planting. Planters come in sizes as large as sixty feet wide - that is twenty-four

rows with a typical 30-inch row spacing, or thirty-six rows with a narrower 20-inch row spacing. Such

large planters can cost in excess of $140,000.

Pesticides are used to control pests, which include insects, mice and other animals, unwanted plants

(weeds), fungi, or microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to

insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides (that control weeds), fungicides (that control

fungi), and substances used to control other pests.

The label includes information on when the product should be applied. Labels often list the minimum

number of days which must pass between the last pesticide application and harvest of crops or grazing

by livestock. These are intervals set by EPA to allow time for the pesticide to break down in the

environment, preventing residues on food, feed, or animal products.

Sprayers - are implements or vehicles used to apply liquid crop chemicals, most often herbicides, and

increasingly, fertilizers. Sprayers typically include a tank, pump, plumbing, valves, a boom, and nozzles.

Sprayers can be mounted on a tractor or other implement, pulled by a tractor, self-propelled, or

mounted on airplanes or helicopters. Large self-propelled sprayers that incorporate technologies to

vary application rates within a field can cost more than $250,000.

Aerial application of pesticides has several advantages for the modern agricultural producer.

When properly managed, aerial application offers speed of dispersal, accessibility to crops on

areas where ground equipment cannot operate, and reasonable cost. In many cases, aerial

application also allows more timely applications and, therefore, better utilization of pesticides.

Aerial application programs require good cooperation between the pilot and grower. It must also

recognize the potential dangers to people, other crops and the environment.

Limitations on aerial application include weather hazards, fixed obstacles such as radius towers,

field size and shape, the distance from the point of application to the landing area, and the danger

of contamination of nearby areas due to drift or misapplication. Careless applications can be

harmful to the crop, the grower and the applicator.

The federal government has regulated pesticides since the early 1900s.

The use of synthetic pesticides in agriculture is the most widespread method for pest control.

"...Farmers spend approximately $4.1 billion on pesticides annually. They justify this high cost

by a direct dollar return of from $3 to $5 for every $1 spent on pesticides." (1991 edition of the

Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture.)

Environmental and human health problems related to the use of synthetic pesticides have created

an increasing pressure against their use. In recent years, non-chemical alternatives for pest

control have been developed and modern pesticides have become safer and more specific.

Technical developments of the application equipment have also improved to enable their proper

application. However, their proper professional use has not always been transferred satisfactorily

to field practice.

Alternative approaches to pest control are used more and more and the concept of integrated pest

management where synthetic pesticides are only applied as a last resort is now considered

common practice in professional agriculture. The non-chemical alternatives include cultural

practices, choice of resistant varieties, creation of an environment favorable for natural enemies

of pests, and use of biological products and agents, including beneficial insects.

Likewise, synthetic pesticides have undergone a development process to match today's

requirements. They have become less toxic for humans, though not necessarily for the

environment, they have become more specific to act as a useful contribution within an IPM

concept and they have become more powerful. While 40 years ago pesticides were applied in

kilograms or liters of active ingredient per hectare, modern pesticides only require grams or

milliliters to achieve the same or better result.

On the other hand, the new pesticides require a more sophisticated technology for a safe, even

and efficient application. Modern application equipment (including backpack sprayers) allow a

fairly safe and efficient application of pesticides of all kinds. "The design of equipment has

impact mostly on the operator and environmental safety preventing unnecessary contamination,

accidents, loss and spills and allowing an even distribution of the product." Modern electronics

have improved the accuracy of dosing, distribution, and application. The use of global

positioning systems (GPS) allows precise tracking of the application. Spray nozzle technology

greatly affects spray coverage, which is second in importance only to the selection of the

pesticide in determining the success of an application.

Originally, the purpose of pesticide laws and regulations was to protect consumers from

fraudulent claims about product performance. The focus now has shifted to the protection of

health and the environment, including:

Providing for the proper and beneficial use of pesticides to protect public health and

safety.

Protecting the environment by controlling the uses and disposal of potentially harmful

pesticides.

Assuring safe working conditions for farm workers, commercial pest control personnel,

and consumers.

Assuring users that pesticides are labeled properly and are appropriate for their intended

use, and contain all instructions and precautions necessary.

Encouraging the use of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that emphasize

biological and cultural pest control techniques with selective use of pesticides.