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Year 7 Topic 2a: Habitats and Organisation(Biology Mastery)
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Contents Contents.........................................................................................................................2
Prior knowledge........................................................................................................3Ecosystems....................................................................................................................4
Producers ................................................................................................................5Consumers ..............................................................................................................6Food chains.................................................................................................................8Pyramids of numbers.................................................................................................10Biomass.....................................................................................................................12Pyramids of biomass..................................................................................................12Food webs.................................................................................................................14Changes to food webs...............................................................................................15
Food security................................................................................................................17Pollinators..................................................................................................................18
Impact of humans.........................................................................................................20Negative impact of humans.......................................................................................20
Waste......................................................................................................................20Land use.................................................................................................................26Deforestation..........................................................................................................27Global warming.......................................................................................................29
The carbon cycle..........................................................................................................31Positive programmes from humans..............................................................................33
Government pressure................................................................................................33Conservation breeding programmes.........................................................................34Protecting habitats....................................................................................................35Recycling...................................................................................................................35
Adaptation....................................................................................................................37What is adaptation?...................................................................................................37What do organisms compete for?..............................................................................38Habitats.....................................................................................................................40Adaptations...............................................................................................................41
Structural adaptations............................................................................................41Behavioural adaptations.........................................................................................42Functional adaptations...........................................................................................43
Knowledge Organiser Questions...................................................................................45
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Prior knowledge 1. Which of these is a producer?
a) Tree b) The Sun c) An egg d) Sperm cell e) Herbivore2. Which is a primary consumer?
a) Worm b) Crow c) Fox d) Grass e) The Sun3. What do the arrows represent in a food chain?
a) What eats what
b) Predators and prey
c) Movement of energy
d) Food e) Turns into
4. What is the top consumer in a food chain called?a) Apex
predatorb) Carnivore c) Tertiary
consumerd) Herbivore e) Omnivore
5. What are the two products of photosynthesis?a) Oxygen
and glucose
b) Water and carbon dioxide
c) Oxygen and water
d) Glucose and carbon dioxide
e) Water and glucose
6. Which of the following is most likely to be the pyramid of numbers for treeinsectsparrowhawk?
a) b) c) d) e)7. Which of the following is most likely to be the pyramid of biomass for
treeinsectsparrowhawk?
a) b) c) d) e)8. Which of these does not use respiration to live?
a) Plants b) Seaweed c) Animals d) Stones e) Humans9. What do we call insects and animals that pollinate fruit and vegetables?
a) Pollinators b) Bees c) Food security
d) Extinct e) Herbivores
10. What gas do burning (combustion) and respiration both release?a) CO2 b) CO2 c) CO2 d) Co e) CO
11. What is the missing word in this sequence: _________, Reuse, Recycle? a) Replace b) Refuse c) Reduce d) Restrict e) Renew
12. Which of these do animals not compete over?a) Food b) Light c) Territory d) Mates e) Space
13. Which of these do plants not compete over?a) Light b) Space c) Water d) Minerals e) Mates
14. Which of these in a behavioural adaptation of an Owl? a) Sharp
talonsb) Silent flight c) Hunt at
nightd) Good
eyesighte) Strong
beak15. Which of these in a structural adaptation of an African elephant?
a) Lives for a long time
b) Lives in herds for protection
c) Big ears to cool down
d) Lives in Africa
e) Gets hunted by poachers
ReflectionBefore the topic End of the topic Score: /
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What were you pleased with? What were you pleased with?
Ecosystems A habitat describes the place where an organism lives. Within that habitat will be lots of different types and species of other organisms which we call a community. The ecosystem describes the interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living parts of their environment. The number of a particular species of organism in habitat is called the population.Within an ecosystem, organisms depend on each other for survival. We call this interdependence.Organisms often consume other organisms. Organisms do this to access the chemical energy store within the food. All living organisms need food and in particular glucose, to be able to respire.
Respiration reaction: Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water
When we consider how organisms get glucose, there are two main groups: Producers – green plants and algae Consumers - animals
16. A student has created a Venn Diagram to explain the difference between three of the key terms above. The overlap in the middle is the combination of living and non-ling things. Spot and correct their one big mistake.
17. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than once.Andy the Aphid and all his aphid friends live
Humans are not the only
1 Point: Producer
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and feed on a rosebush.Alice the Ant and her colony of ants also live on the rosebush and get their food from Andy and his aphid friends.Describe the relationship in terms of the key terms
organism that farm.
Ants extract sugary ‘milk’ from aphids
Consumer Habitat
2 Points: Glucose Photosynthesis Respiration
3 Points: Interdependent Community
18. What is the word equation for respiration?
Producers Producers are usually green plants and algae.They are able to make their own glucose from sunlight using photosynthesis.Photosynthesis reaction: Carbon dioxide + Water
Oxygen + GlucoseThey do this using their chloroplasts within their cells. Chloroplasts contain the green substance chlorophyll. This is why plants are green. A leaf cell contains lots of chloroplasts.
Producers then either use their glucose or store it as starch for later use. Plants use some of their glucose for respiration.
Respiration reaction: Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water
All organisms within an ecosystem rely on producers to make glucose using light.
19. Label this plant cell:
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20. Label this plant cell
21. What do plants use glucose for?22. What part of the plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis? 23. What part of the plant cell is responsible for respiration?24. Why are leaves green?25. Root hair cells are found in the roots of plants and are brown. What do they not
contain?
Consumers An animal that eats plants or other animals is called a consumer.Animals that eat only producers (plants or algae) are called herbivores. Animals that eat only other consumers (animals) are called carnivore. Animals that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores.Latin gives us many of our modern words. The Latin for ‘to swallow’’ is ‘vore’. ‘Herb’ is Latin for ‘plant’, ‘carni’ means ‘flesh’ (think chill con carne) and ‘omni’ means ‘all’ or ‘every’.
A consumer that hunts and eats other animals is also known as a predator. The consumer that gets eaten is known as the prey.Consumers eat other organisms because they cannot make their own glucose. They have to ‘steal’ it off something else.Consumers then use this glucose during respiration to stay alive. Most respiration occurs in the mitochondria of a cell.
Respiration reaction: Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water
Consumers can be sorted into three groups
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Primary consumer – eats producers (plants or algae). Known as a herbivore.
Secondary consumer – eats primary consumers. Can be omnivore or carnivore.
Tertiary consumer – any other level consumer. Can be omnivore or carnivore.
26. What do we call a consumer that hunts other consumers for food?27. What do we call a consumer that gets hunted by other consumers for food?28. What is a carnivore?29. What is an omnivore?30. What is the word equation for respiration?31. What is the word equation for photosynthesis?32. What part of a plant cell is responsible for carrying out photosynthesis33. What does the mean in a chemical equation?34. What part of an animal cell controls the cell and contains genetic material?35. A story of eating: My cat likes eating mice and stoats. A mouse eats only grass. A
stoat will eat the mouse but also likes berries. A badger would eat every living organism mentioned in this little story.Draw lines to match the correct terms. Some boxes have more than one line.
Tertiary consumer Grass Predator
Secondary consumer Mouse Prey
Primary consumer Stoat Carnivore
Producer Cat Herbivore
Organism Badger Omnivore36. Why do consumers eat producers?37. What is the word equation for respiration?38. Label this animal cell
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39. Label this animal cell
40. What part of a cell is responsible for respiration?41. What three things has a plant cell got that an animal cell does not?42. What two organisms are producers?43. Where do producers get their energy from?
44. Complete MultiChoice Questions Topic 7.1a. List 5Qs you are happy with and 5Qs you are not.
Food chains A food chain shows the simple relationship between some organisms in an ecosystem. It shows where each organism gets its energy to fill its own chemical energy store from. Misconception: People often think that the arrows in a food chain represent what is eaten by each organism. In fact the arrows show the flow of energy in an ecosystem. You cannot say they show what each organism eats as producers do not eat light.Many students find it difficult to remember which way the arrows should go. One way to remember is to use the PacMan rule. Pacman eats everything he sees, the arrow goes into him and represents the energy transfer.
A producer always comes before the consumers. Some food chains show the Sun at the start as it is the source of all energy on Earth but they should start with the producer.The arrows show the movement of energy.
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Flower Butterfly Blue tit KestrelProducer Primary Secondary Tertiary
consumer consumer consumer
45. Which statement best explains why grass is at the start of the food chain above? Tick the correct box.
It is there to feed the rabbits
It is a producer
It is the smallest
It cannot defend itself from being eaten
46. What do the arrows in a food chain represent?47. What is the reaction that producers use to make their food?48. What is the word equation for respiration?49. Consider the food chain Flower Blue tit Kestrel. Name the predator and
prey.50. For each of the following say if they use respiration or not:
a) Stone b) Tree c) Bacteria d) Flowere) Fungus f) Human g) Grass h) Firei) Bread j) Fly k) Jellyfish l) Virus
51. Which of the following are producers, which are consumers and which are not alive?a) Stone b) Tree c) Bacteria d) Flowere) Fungus f) Human g) Grass h) Firei) Bread j) Fly k) Jellyfish l) Virus
52. Which part of an animal cell is responsible for respiration?53. Look at this diagram of the
Ocean’s Food Chain.a) What is the producer?b) What is the secondary consumer?c) Which organism is a herbivore?d) How many organisms are prey?
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e) What would happen to the number of small fish if the shark died?f) How many organisms are prey?g) What do the arrows represent?h) What is the ultimate source of energy in the food chain?
54. The diagram shows a complete food chain.
a) How many populations are shown in the diagram? None One Two Three
b) How would you explain your answer to the question above? Only humans
can form a population
All of the organisms in the food chain make up a population.
Only animals can form a population.
Each stage in the food chain is a population.
c) How many communities are shown in the diagram? None One Two Three
d) How would you explain your answer to the question above? Only humans
can form a community
All of the organisms in the food chain make up a community.
Only animals can form a community.
Each stage in the food chain is a community.
55. Look at the KO Questions. Practice Look, Read, Cover, Write, Check for 5 minutes. Then work with your partner and test each other for another 5 minutes. Write a list of the 5Q numbers you are most confident with. Write another list with the 5Q you are least confident with.
Pyramids of numbers Pyramids of numbers are diagrams we use to give us information on the population size of each organism in a food chain.How to draw:1. Draw the food chain vertically with the producer at the bottom.2. Next to each organism, write how many in the population.3. Work out a scale in cm to be able to represent each population4. Use the scale to draw a box of the correct width.
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Misconception: Pyramids of numbers do not need to look like a pyramid. These are both valid pyramids of numbers for each food chain.
56. Consider one of the parts of your last meal. Can you draw a food chain for it? Was it a producer or consumer? Where did it get its energy store from?
57. Label this animal cell.
58. What part of a cell is responsible for respiration?59. What three things has a plant cell got that an animal cell does not?60. What two organisms are producers?61. Where do producers get their energy from?
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Investigating organism populations: QuadratsEstimate the number of daisies in the picture?
How to pick squares at random: This is more difficult that we imagine. Humans are biased. Most of us have the same favourite number of 7, 3, 8 or 4. One thing you can do is number each square on individual bits of paper and put into a pot. Picking out numbers at random help to reduce our own bias. You might choose to only do 10 numbers then use these to find coordinates of the square you will consider.Number of daisies in one square Estimate of
total number Other group 1st test 2nd test 3rd test Average
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of daisies estimate
62. Why was it important to pick squares at random?63. Why do we test more than one square and take an average?64. Why do we ask other groups to see what estimates they got?
Biomass Biomass is a term that is made up of ‘bio’ which means ‘life’ and ‘mass’ which means ‘quantity of matter’ or ‘size of a lump’. Considering this, biomass means ‘quantity of living matter’.Rather than consider the number of organisms in a population, biomass considers the total mass (kg) of organisms in a food chain.Misconception: Many people wrongly get mass and weight mixed up. Mass is not the same as weight. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). Weight is the gravitational force on a mass measured in Newtons (N). Prefixes are words that go in front of another word to change its meaning. We use prefixes in science to change units:
The word kilo means x1000. So 3 kilo grams is actually 3 x 1000 grams .
The word milli means ÷ 1000. So 12 milli metres are 12 ÷ 1000 metres.
65. What is biomass?66. How many metres in 300 kilometres?67. How many Joules in 300 kilojoules?68. How many Amps in 3000 milliamps?69. How many Coulombs in 3000 millicoulombs?70. What is the difference between mass and weight?Pyramids of biomass
Pyramids of biomass are diagrams we use to give us information on the total mass of a population of organisms in a food chain.How to draw:1. Draw the food chain vertically with the producer at the bottom.2. Next to each organism, write the total biomass of each organism
in the chain.3. Work out a scale in cm to be able to represent each biomass.4. Use the scale to draw a box of the correct width.
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Pyramids of biomass will always look like a pyramid shape.
71. A dead tree is lying on the ground. a) Which statement best describes what will happen to the dead tree if people
leave it alone? It will
disappear
It will break down naturally
It will be broken down by insects crawling through it
It will be broken down by microorganisms
It will be broken down by fungi and bacteria
b) The dead tree is broken down by microorganisms called decomposers. Which statement best describes what will happen to the biological material that made up the tree?
Decomposers use it all up and it disappears
Decomposers use it to enrich the soil
Decomposers use it to make new soil
Decomposers break it down into useful substances that are reused in the ecosystem
Decomposers recycle it.
Food chains and pyramids investigation72. Below are pictures of different organisms living within one food chain.
Draw arrows connecting the organisms into a single food chain.
73. Complete this table to work out what the pyramid of numbers will look like.Food chain Populati
onWidth of bar (cm)1cm = __________
Sketch the pyramid of numbers
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organisms
(Producer)
74. Did your pyramid of numbers look as you expected? Why do you say this?75. Complete this table to work out what the pyramid of biomass will look like.
Food chainMass
of each
Population
Total mass of
population
Width of bar (cm)
1cm = __________g
Sketch the pyramid of biomass
(Producer)
76. Did your pyramid of biomass look as you expected? Why do you say this?
Food webs We can join all the food chains in an ecosystem together to make a food web. They show how many different organisms all depend on each other; this is what we call interdependence.
Each route through the web from producer to tertiary consumer is a separate food chain. We can see in this web that all food chains depend on the plant and that the owl nor the stoat have any predators.This interference means that one change in an ecosystem can have far-reaching effects.
77. How many producers are there in the food web above?16
78. How many primary consumers are there in the food web above?79. Which organism preys on aphids?80. Find two food chains in the food web above that only have four organisms in
them.81. If we found the total biomass of all of the organism populations in this food
chain, which would:a) Have the largest mass?b) Have the lowest mass? (There are two possible answers)
82. What do the arrows represent in a food chain?83. What can producers do that consumers cannot?84. Do plants use respiration?85. What part of a plant or animal cell performs respiration?
Changes to food webs Food webs show us interdependence within an ecosystem. They can show us the impact of population changes of one organism on the other organisms in that community.
What would likely happen if: More grass: More energy being available for rabbits, insects and
slugs. This in turn would lead to more energy being available for every other organism in the food web. The numbers of each organism would increase.
More rabbits: More food for foxes so fox numbers would increase. More rabbits would eat more grass so less available for insects and slugs.
More hawks: Less frogs, voles and thrushes. Less food for foxes so they would eat more rabbits.
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The grass died: No producer would be catastrophic for the food web. Consumers are unable to make their own food using photosynthesis so all consumers would eventually die.
Food webs are very sensitive and are populations of organisms is constantly changing as they react to changes in numbers of other organisms. In a stable community the population sizes are roughly constant, although they may go up and down in cycles.
86. Label this animal cell and match the name of each component to its role.Controls what enters and leaves
cell Nucleus
Protein synthesis Cell membrane
Controls the cell Cytoplasm
Performs respiration Mitochondria
Fluid that fills the cell Ribosome
87. Look at the picture above. Draw lines connect each scientific word to the example from the picture.
the ground and the air
community all of the living organisms and their
surroundings
ecosystem all of the living organisms
individual organism all of the geese
population a deer
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all of the animals
88. Use the food web below to answer questions a-c.
a) What is likely to happen to the population of slugs if the population of thrushes decreases? It will increase It will decrease It will remain
constantb) What is likely happen to the population of thrushes if the population of voles
increases? It will increase It will decrease It will remain
constantc) What is likely to happen to the population of foxes if the population of rabbits
decreases? It will increase It will decrease It will remain
constantd) What is likely to happen to the population of foxes if the population of voles
increases? It will increase It will decrease It will remain
constant89. How many metres in 300 kilometres?90. How many Joules in 300 kilojoules?91. How many Volts in 90k kilovolts?92. How many Amps in 3000 milliamps?93. How many Coulombs in 3000 millicoulombs?94. What is the difference between mass and weight?
95. Complete MultiChoice Questions Topic 7.1b. List 5Qs you are happy with and 5Qs you are not.
96. Look at the KO Questions. Practice Look, Read, Cover, Write, Check for 5 minutes. Then work with your partner and test each other for another 5 minutes. Write a list of the 5Q numbers you are most confident with. Write another list with the 5Q you are least confident with.
Food security As ecosystems are changed humans have started to consider the impact on their own food chains. Food security is a term we use to
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describe how available food is for individuals. It is not a new idea and there is evidence of food security being a concern many thousands of years ago, with central authorities in ancient China and ancient Egypt being known to store food for use in times of famine.
97. Which of these factors may reduce global human food security in the future? Global
warming Climate change Fashions Growing population
Rising sea levels
Food preferences
Pollution Extinction of plants and animals
Governments
Use of fertilisers Science Changing governments
98.
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In 1943 the psychologist Abraham Maslow wrote a paper looking into what motivate human beings. He came up with a list of 5 areas which he called his hierarchy of needs. Every human starts at the bottom of the list and has to feel satisfied at that level before moving to the next. Food is on the very bottom of the list along with water, warmth and rest.
If we are feeling demotivated or unhappy it is usually because we feel that one of these needs is not being met.
99. Label this animal cell
100. What part of a cell is responsible for respiration?101. Where do producers get their energy from?102. Label this plant cell
Pollinators All the food we eat relies on plants. This includes meat because animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle eat plants.Pollination describes a process used by plants to reproduce. In it a pollen cell (the male sex cell) is passed to an ovum (a female sex cell).Different plants have different mechanisms for pollination:1. Using the wind: Grasses such as
wheat, barley and rice use the wind for pollination.
2. Using insects and animals: Vegetables and plants that produce fruit rely on insects and other animals (called
pollinators) for their pollination. The Wildlife Trust estimates that over 30% of our food depends on pollinators. If the population of pollinating insects goes down, it reduces the amount of fruit for us to eat, and also the number of seeds for new crop plants to grow.Intensive farming, pollution and loss of habitat are all causing the number of pollinators to decline.
103. What is the name of a male sex cell of a plant?
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104. What do we call insects and animals that help move pollen from plant to plant?
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105. The bee populations are reducing very quickly. Here is a normal food chain for a bee:
Flowering plants bees birdsa) Could this reduction affect other populations of organisms?
It will not affect any other organisms
It will only affect birds
It will only affect the flowering plants
It will affect the birds and the flowering plants
b) What is the best explanation for your answer to part a)? It doesn’t
matter if one population gets smaller.
The birds need the bees for food, but the flowering plants don’t need them.
The flowering plants need the bees to help them reproduce, but the birds don’t need them.
The birds and the flowering plants all need the bees.
c) Could this decrease in bee numbers cause the human population to decrease?
No, it will not affect humans. Yes, it could affect humans.d) What is the best explanation for your answer to part c)?
Humans aren’t part of the food chain.
Humans depend on many crops that are pollinated by birds.
Humans depend on many crops that are pollinated by bees.
Humans only depend on organisms they eat.
106. Silent Debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.Rules: #1 You must write on each others sheets #2 Write in clear English no text-speak or abbreviations. #3 Stay on topic. #4 You must be silent. You can only write your argument points down on this paper. #5 Use arrows to challenge specific points and write next to them.Question to debate:
107. Draw lines linking the labels to the correct parts of this plant cell
Nucleus Cell wallCell
membrane Chloroplast
Cytoplasm Vacuole
Mitochondria Ribosome
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In order to stop the decline in the numbers of pollinators, should we stop intensive farming and using fertilisers immediately?
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Impact of humans Negative impact of humans Waste
As the human population has increased, we have used more materials and more waste has been produced. This waste can lead to pollution of the land, sea and air. This pollution can have negative effects on the different organisms within an ecosystem.
108. What is the original source of all the energy in all the food we eat?109. In general, are humans’ carnivores, herbivores or omnivores? Why do you say
this?110. These are the 5 most common reasons for why people do not recycle. Rank
them from 1 (least significant to you) to 5 (most significant to you)? How could we solve them? I don’t have space in my home to recycle If they paid me I would recycle Recycling is inconvenient – it requires too much effort Recycling doesn’t make a difference. So why do it? It’s too hard to do. It’s confusing.
111. Score yourself on how well you avoid creating unnecessary waste 10 being the best you can be. What could you do today to try and improve your score?My wasteful score
What I could do today to reduce the waste I cause:
112. Label this animal cell and match the name of each component to its role.Controls what enters and leaves
cell Nucleus
Protein synthesis Cell membrane
Controls the cell Cytoplasm
Performs respiration Mitochondria
Fluid that fills the cell Ribosome
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Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. It is based upon one single factor: “Resources on our planet are scarce. But human wants are infinite.” It is this basic issue that leads us to want more and more and create more and more waste.
Land pollutionHumans depend on the land for food and to provide a place to live. There are two main contributors to land pollution: Landfill Toxic chemicalsLandfill is a technique used to dispose of rubbish. It involves burying rubbish underground. Much of this rubbish is non-biodegradable (will not break down naturally) so although we cannot see it, it will still be there.
The amount of rubbish we still send to landfill has reduced but it still significant. The in 2017 the UK population only recycled around 46% of its household waste (DEFRA, March 2019).Toxic chemicals are poisonous to living things. Large quantities will kill organisms directly. Smaller quantities can be washed into the water system where they can build up and cause future issues.
The expression NiMBY (Not in My Back Yard) is often used to describe people who complain about certain things being built near where they live, but still want them to be built somewhere. The difficulty is that with the human population increasing it is becoming harder to find places where no one objects. Often these more remote areas are habitats for wildlife or farmland growing food.
113. What are the two main contributors to land pollution?114. What do toxic materials do to living things?115. What is landfill?116. What do we call things that do not break down naturally?117. How would you feel if the council announced that they were going to build a
landfill rubbish dump next to your house? What if they said you had to bury your own rubbish on the local playing fields?
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Air pollutionHumans need air to breath so that we can extract oxygen for respiration. Air quality tells us how polluted the air we breathe is.
“Air quality has improved significantly in recent decades, but there are some parts of our country where there are unacceptable levels of air pollution.” DEFRA, Jan 2019. According to the government, air pollution is a major public health risk, ranking alongside cancer, heart disease and obesity. It can shorten lives and damage quality of life for many people. In 2016 the BBC claimed it contributed to 40 000 deaths in the UK.
The main cause of air pollution is combustion. It can be burning fuels, rubbish or cigarettes. As well as releasing carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas, burning releases soot and other toxic chemicals such as sulfur dioxide.
118. Name one greenhouse gas released when we burn fuels?119. Which of these would reduce air pollution in towns?
Banning cars from town centres
Using a bus rather than the car
Switching lights off when not used
Wood burning stoves
Switching car engines off when sat at traffic lights
Ban bonfires in gardens
Walking or cycling to work
Checking gas boilers
Electric cars Solar panels Sharing lifts Ban smoking120. Which of the ideas above do you believe we should adopt? Why do you think
this?121. What gas needed for respiration do all living things extract from the air?122. What is the main cause of air pollution?123. What is the word equation for respiration?124. What part of the cell performs respirations?125. Do plants use respiration? Why do you say this?
126. Complete MultiChoice Questions Topic 7.1a. List 5Qs you are happy with and 5Qs you are not.
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Water pollutionAll living organisms on Earth require water for life. It allows us to do many things including form cytoplasm in our cells, to aid transportation of essential materials, to cool down, to lubricate our joints and digestive system.
There are three main sources of water pollution: Sewage Fertiliser Toxic chemicals
Sewage is a term for the waste water and excrement that humans produce. It has been estimated that the average person in the UK produces around 150 litres of wastewater per day which is far more than any other country in Europe but far below the USA average. It is also, around 50% more than we used in forty years ago.
Sewage and fertiliser can provide many nutrients for algae which may seem a good thing. Unfortunately, this can lead to huge algae blooms which rob the water of its oxygen. This then suffocates the organisms living in the water.
Toxic chemicals are poisonous and can kill many organisms immediately. Small doses can be washed into a food chain and build up by a process known as bioaccumulation (see next heading).
127. What does the term toxic mean?128. Which of these strategies would result in less sewage being produced?
Fix leaks Shower rather than bath
Don’t leave tap running
Gas cooker not electric
Solar panels Load washing machine fully
Walking or cycling to work
Brush clothes clean
129. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than once.
“If it’s yellow let it mellow, if it’s brown flush it down”…
…is often used in homes to try and reduce the amount of waste we produce
1 Point: Sewage Smell
2 Points: Food chain
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What exactly does it mean? Why might it reduce the amount of waste water?Why is this important?What issues might there be?
Ecosystem3 Points:
Food security Socially
unacceptable
Bioaccumulation Toxic materials are poisonous. Some quickly break down into harmless substances in the environment, others do not. These substances build up in the food chain and damage the organisms in it, particularly in the consumers at the end of the chain. The increasing quantities of these compounds at each stage in the food chain is called bioaccumulation.
Bioaccumulation of Mercury
Mercury compounds were used until recently to make insecticides (substances that kill the insects that damage crops), and special paints that stop barnacles on ships.
When mercury gets into a food chain, it causes damage to mammals, including humans. The diagram shows how mercury can accumulate in the food chain.
In the sea, tiny animals and plants called plankton absorb the mercury compounds. When the plankton are eaten by small fish, the mercury they contain stays in the fish. As the fish need to eat a lot of plankton, the concentration of mercury in them becomes higher than its concentration in the plankton.
Larger fish eat the small fish, and larger ones still (such as tuna fish) eat them. This creates a high concentration of mercury in the tuna. People eating contaminated tuna may get mercury poisoning.
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Mercury is now banned from many chemical products and mercury use in industry is carefully regulated.
Bioaccumulation of DDT
DDT is an insecticide that can pass up the food chain from insects to small birds, and then from the small birds to birds of prey, like hawks. It can accumulate in the birds of prey, giving them a large amount of DDT. High concentrations of DDT in birds cause weakness in the shells of their eggs, which leads to a reduction in their population. DDT is now banned because of this.
130. Consider these three organisms:
a) Add arrows to make a single simple food chain for a beef burger.b) Name the producer?c) Name the secondary consumer?d) What do the arrows represent?e) If the cow is given medicine, why is it important that we check the effects of
that medicine on humans?f) If the wheat is sprayed with insecticide, why is it important that we check the
effects of that on humans?131. Label this animal cell
132. Label this plant cell
l133. Silent Debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different
coloured pen.Rules: #1 You must write on each other’s sheets #2 Write in clear English no text-speak or abbreviations. #3 Stay on topic. #4 You must be silent. You can only write your argument points down on
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this paper. #5 Use arrows to challenge specific points and write next to them.Question to debate:
Land use Humans use land for building, farming and dumping waste. As a consequence, this land is not available for other plants and animals.
The images above show an area of forest before and after a hydroelectric dam was built.
134. Which of these are negative issues related to building more houses on empty land??
a) Less land for farming
b) Less land to live on
c) Damages existing habitats
d) Creates new habitats
e) Can give cleaner ways to generate electricity
f) Can mean people have to move
g) More houses for people to live in
h) Changes water courses
135. Label this plant cell
Nucleus Cell wallCell
membrane Chloroplast
Cytoplasm Vacuole
Mitochondria Ribosome136. Label this animal cell and match the name of each component to its role.
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Tiny pieces of plastic (micro plastic) have been found in fish in the sea. These fish are in our food web which means they will be in us.
Should we immediately ban the use of plastics?
Controls what enters and leaves cell Nucleus
Protein synthesis Cell membrane
Controls the cell Cytoplasm
Performs respiration Mitochondria
Fluid that fills the cell Ribosome137. What is the word equation for respiration?
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Deforestation About 30% of the Earth is covered in forest. The demand for more land to grow food and for wood has resulted in many forests in tropical areas being cut down. We call this deforestation.
Many people who are responsible are farmers trying to earn enough money to live. Many of their products are sold to us in the UK.Removing trees negatively affects the ecosystems that depend on them as well the local water cycle and soil quality.
138. Roughly how much of the Earth is covered in forest?139. Why might people cut trees down?140. Why are bees important for our health?141. What two types of organisms are producers?142. What do the arrows represent in a food chain?143. What is biomass?144. What is the word equation for photosynthesis?145. What is the word equation for respiration?146. What do we call a consumer that eats both meat and plants?147. What do we call a consumer that eats only plants?148. What does MRS GREN stand for?149. Sketch the pyramid of numbers you might expect for the food chain above.150. Sketch the pyramid of biomass you might expect for the food chain above.151. How might you estimate how many blades of grass there are on the school
field?
152. Look at the KO Questions. Practice Look, Read, Cover, Write, Check for 5 minutes. Then work with your partner and test each other for another 5 minutes.
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Write a list of the 5Q numbers you are most confident with. Write another list with the 5Q you are least confident with.
153. Consider this infographica) How does it represent the
impact of deforestation on the habitats of wild animals?
b) What four factors does it say account for the majority of tropical deforestation?
c) Why does growing cows, palm trees of soy beans require deforestation?
d) What percentage of global warming emissions does it say are due to deforestation?
e) What is the main greenhouse gas released when wood is burnt?
f) Why does cutting down trees also affect the amount of cabon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis?
g) Why would it be important to check some of the facts presented in a poster like this with lots of other sources?
h) This poster was produced by the Union of Concerned Scientists. Does that mean it is definitely correct? What should we do to check?
i) Is it ok if science ideas are never 100% definitely correct? What do we do to feel more confident?
154. What two types of organisms are producers?155. What do the arrows represent in a food chain?156. What is biomass?157. What is the word equation for photosynthesis?158. What is the word equation for respiration?159. Name one greenhouse gas released when we burn fuels?160. What part of the cell performs respiration?161. Do plants use respiration? Why do you say this?
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Global warming The decay or burning of waste produced or cleared from an area both cause carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi are responsible for decay. Both are living organisms so both respire:
Respiration: Oxygen + Glucose Water + Carbon dioxide
Burning (or combustion) is a similar chemical reaction using oxygen:Combustion: Oxygen + Fuel Water + Carbon dioxideAs carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere, it prevents heat escaping from the Earth. This results in the Earth getting warmer which we call Global Warming. The process is similar to how glass prevents heat escaping a greenhouse so the process is often called the Greenhouse Effect.
Global warming is leading to climate change and rising sea levels. Both of these will impact on food webs and ecosystems.
162. Why might global warming lead to rising sea levels?163. Why might rising sea levels be bad news for humans?164. Methane is one greenhouse gas, name another?165. How do bacteria and fungus decomposers add to the greenhouse effect?166. Would decomposers be producers or consumers? Why do you say this?167. What is the word equation for respiration?168. What is the word equation for combustion?169. Match the 7 Life Process to MRS GREN and the explanation of what they are
M Sensitive Ability to moveR Reproduce
Get larger with age
S Nutrition Have offspringG Move Release waste productsR Excrete Gain vitamins and minerals
needed
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E Grow Experience thingsN Respire Transfer energy from oxygen
and glucose170. Correct this simple food chain: Grass Worm Sparrow Fox171. Look this simple model of the greenhouse effect. Use it and the visual organiser
below it to compare how a Greenhouse keeps plants warm and how the Greenhouse effect is causing global warming.
172. Name two greenhouse gases.173. Label this plant cell:
174. Would decomposers be producers or consumers? Why do you say this?175. What is the word equation for respiration?176. What is the word equation for combustion?37
177. What does MRS GREN stand for?178. Which part of an animal and plant cell is responsible for performing respiration?179. Which part of a plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?
The carbon cycle Carbon is an element from Group 4 of the periodic table. It is a
non-metal but sometimes behaves like a metal – for instance graphite (a form of carbon) conducts electricity.
Carbon is one of the most important elements to make life on Earth. It makes up about half the mass of all biomass once you remove the water. Like many things on our planet it cycles around from one place to another.As humans worry about Global Warming we are all concerned about ways to reduce the amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The four stages of the Carbon Cycle:1. Producers take carbon dioxide in during photosynthesis2. Consumers eat producers and use the carbon to build their own
cells3. Living things (including decomposers) release carbon dioxide
during respiration4. Burning releases more carbon dioxide during combustion
180. These four questions are about photosynthesis:a) Which living things use photosynthesis to make their food?b) Where are these organisms in every food chain or web?c) What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
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d) Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?181. These four questions are about respiration:
a) Which living things use respiration to release energy from their chemical store?
b) What is the word equation for respiration?c) Where in the cell does respiration occur?d) How is respiration similar to combustion?
182. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than once.We are being urged to reduce our ‘carbon footprint’. This means the amount of carbon we release into the atmosphere.Why is it important to do this?How does carbon get moved around from place to place?
A Carbon Footprint logo
1 Point: Global warming Climate change Carbon dioxide
2 Points: Respiration Photosynthesis Combustion
3 Points: Chemical reaction Mitochondria Chloroplasts
Investigating carbon dioxide released during respiration
183. Limewater has this warning symbol on the bottle: What does this mean? Radioactive Flammable Irritant Oxidising Toxic
184. We breath out carbon dioxide. Which of these statements is correct? Limewater turns
cloudy white when it reacts with carbon dioxide
Limewater turns green when it reacts with carbon dioxide
Limewater turns red when it reacts with carbon dioxide
Limewater turns cloudy white when it reacts with carbon dioxide
185. Consider this experimenta) How would it catch any gases released
by the cress seeds?
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b) If carbon dioxide was released, what should happen to the limewater?c) Why does less photosynthesis happen at night?d) Why would a plant release less carbon dioxide in the day even if it was doing
the same amount of respiration?e) If the limewater did change what would this tell us about what the cress
seeds are doing?
Positive programmes from humans Government pressure
International government are increasingly working together to try and reduce the negative impacts humans are having on the World.
In 2005 many countries entered into the Kyoto Protocol (signed in Kyoto, Japan). The protocol aims to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It applies to six greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2 and methane (CH4). Countries were given targets to reduce their production of greenhouse gases over the next 15 years and many are claiming success.
The next treaty is hoped to be adopted by even more countries and is due to come into action in 2020. The original Kyoto agreement was hailed as the most significant environmental treaty ever signed.
186. Name two greenhouse gases?187. Name two chemical reactions that release greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere?188. Here are four ways we use to model a methane molecule?
a) In what ways are they similar?b) In what ways are they different?
189. Why is important that all governments across the World work together to reduce negative impacts caused by humans?
190. Many countries did not join the Kyoto Protocol. Why do you think this was?191. Why might the owner of an oil company try and find evidence that global
warming is not being caused by the Greenhouse effect?192. What happens to limewater when it reacts with carbon dioxide?40
193. Match the 7 Life Process to MRS GREN and the explanation of what they areM Sensitive Ability to moveR Reproduce
Get larger with age
S Nutrition Have offspringG Move Release waste productsR Excrete Gain vitamins and minerals
neededE Grow Experience thingsN Respire Transfer energy from oxygen
and glucose194. Look at the KO Questions. Practice Look, Read, Cover, Write, Check for 5
minutes. Then work with your partner and test each other for another 5 minutes. Write a list of the 5Q numbers you are most confident with. Write another list with the 5Q you are least confident with.
Conservation breeding programmes Conservation breeding programmes are designed to avoid species of organisms going extinct. It involves protecting a few individuals, often in zoos, and allowing them to breed successfully. Once there are enough animals to cope on their own they are released back into a suitable protected habitat. Currently there are over 30 species that have been declared extinct in the wild being bred in captivity.
Some species saved from extinction through this
method include:
Arabian Oryx – saved from being hunted almost to extinction. Now over a 1000 live in the wild.
California Condor – at one time only 27 birds were left in the World. There are now hundreds living in the wild.
Golden Lion Tamarin – close to extinction due to loss of habitat and hunting. The species is increasing in numbers and around a third of all wild Golden Lion Tamarins came from breeding programmes.
195. What is the purpose of conservation breeding programmes? 196. Why is it often difficult to release animals back into the same habitat they were
saved from?197. Do you think all plants and animals should be conserved? Are there any you
think we should let go extinct?198. How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?199. What chemical process do all living things do that puts carbon dioxide back into
the atmosphere?41
200. How do we test to see if carbon dioxide is being released by something?201. Name two greenhouse gases.202. Draw a food chain for these organisms: fox, daisy plant, mouse203. Sketch a pyramid of numbers for the food chain above.204. Draw a food chain for these organisms: gazelle, grass, flea205. Sketch a pyramid of numbers for the food chain above.
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Protecting habitats Across the UK there are thousands of nature reserves ranging in size from a single ancient hawthorn tree up to entire mountain ranges. There are a number of different organisations who all seek to look after and protect a range of different habitats. The types of habitats protected include areas of the sea, regions of coastline, peat bogs, lakes, mountains, rivers and estuaries.
The impact of TV programmes such as Sir David Attenborough’s, Seven Worlds One Planet and BBC’s Springwatch have helped increase public awareness in some of the issues and habitats local to them.
Recycling The impact of human waste is significant and one that society is looking to reduce. The three central themes of reduce; reuse and recycle are increasingly well known but still many people do not follow. Often it is considered too much hassle, too expensive or people do not consider it their responsibility.Recycling continues be grown in importance in the UK and it is likely to become more prominent over the coming years.
206. What does each part of the cycle mean:a) Reduce?b) Reuse?c) Recycle?
207. Silent Debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.Rules: #1 You must write on each other’s sheets #2 Write in clear English no text-speak or abbreviations. #3 Stay on topic. #4 You must be silent. You can only write your argument points down on this paper. #5 Use arrows to challenge specific points and write next to them.Question to debate:
208. What is sewage?209. What happens to limewater when it reacts with carbon dioxide?210. How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?
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Should we fine people who do not recycle everything they can?
211. What chemical process do all living things do that puts carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere?
212. How do we test to see if carbon dioxide is being released by something?213. What chemical reaction between fuels and oxygen releases carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere?
Reducing use of single-use plasticsIn 2018 the Blue Planet 2 TV coverage showed the impact of plastic in our oceans. There was outcry around the World and countries and companies began reacting immediately. The 5p charge on plastic bags has seen a substantial decrease in the number of bags being thrown away.
Recent studies have discovered micro plastic particles in the human food chain. We do not yet know what they health implications of this may be.
Our reliance on plastics looks set to change and any consumer pressure will only increase the speed at which this happens.
214. Why are micro plastics in our food chain a problem if it is only affecting primary consumers like fish?
215. Why can we not just burn all the plastics and waste we do not want?216. Rank the five positive programmes in order of highest priority (5) to lowest
priority (1) in your opinion. Governmen
t pressure Wildlife
breeding programmes
Protecting habitats
Recycling Reduce plastic
217. Justify your opinion for each with a single sentence.218. What are the three types of pollution caused by waste?219. Why do people want to use more land?220. Why do people cut down forests?221. Why are pollinators so important to food security?
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222. Complete MultiChoice Questions Topic 7.1b. List 5Qs you are happy with and 5Qs you are not.
223. What happens to limewater when it reacts with carbon dioxide?224. What are the 7 life processes that all living things perform?225. What part of an animal cell is responsible for respiration?226. What hard part of a plant cell gives it structure and support?
Adaptation What is adaptation?
Different habitats provide different challenges and opportunities for living things. The huge range of environments on our planet means that some organisms are better suited to certain habitats than others.Life exists in so many different habitats because the organisms that live in them have adapted to them. Each different habitat puts different pressure upon an organism. These pressures result in different organisms adapting in different ways so that they can more effectively gain what they need. We refer to the features that enable a living organism to survive in its habitat as adaptations.Adaptation is a very slow progression and takes many, many generations via a process known as the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. It was written by Charles Darwin in his book ‘On the Origin of Species’. We will be exploring this topic fully in Unit 8.2b.
227. Which adaptation would be most useful for each habitat and why?
For camouflage White fur
Big ears
To not lose heat Lots of fat
Green skin
To lose heat Big feet
Small ears
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To not sink in soft ground
Ability to store water
228. For each organism, state two ways that it is adapted to suit its habitat.a) Camel in the
desertb) Cheetah c) Ivy d) Giraffe
e) Killer whale f) Cactus in the desert
g) Owl h) Hedgehog
i) Reindeer (arctic)
j) Rabbit k) Oak tree l) Fly
229. How long does it take to become adapted for a certain habitat?230. Why can bacteria evolve to suit an environment much quicker than humans
can?231. What is the name of the theory of adapting and evolving to suit a habitat? Who
wrote it?232. What liquid do we use to test to see if carbon dioxide is released?
What do organisms compete for? Organisms in an ecosystem will compete for certain resources. Some competition will be with organisms from the same species and some may be from organisms from different species.The more of these resources a specific organism can have, the more likely they are to be healthy and have offspring.Plants compete for:1. Light – needed for
photosynthesis 2. Space - needed for healthy
growth of leaves and roots3. Water - needed for
respiration and to keep cells turgid (inflated)
4. Minerals – needed for healthy growth
Animals compete for: 1. Food – so that they can perform the 7
Life Process (MRS GREN)
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2. Territory – contain the things they need to survive3. Mates – for reproduction. This is so that they can pass on their
genes to their offspring.
Large male deer fight with each other by locking antlers and pushing hard, which is called a rut. In deer, and many others species, these fights competing for mates can often result in serious injury or death, but benefits the population as only the strongest pass on their genes to the next generation.
Some plants need to wait for space to become available and so wait for fires to spread. The lodgepole pine and Eucalyptus have cones or fruits that are completely sealed with resin. These cones/fruits can only open to release their seeds after the heat of a fire has physically melted the resin. Other species, including a number of shrubs, need the chemical signals from smoke and ash to activate their seeds. They will remain buried in the soil seed bank for decades until a wildfire awakens them.
233. What four things do plants compete for?234. What three things do animals compete for?235. What are the 7 life processes?236. What is the word equation for respiration?237. What is the word equation for photosynthesis?238. For each of the following adaptations, state if they are to compete for light,
space, water, minerals or to avoid being eaten/dying.a) Cacti storing
water in their trunks
b) Cacti with spiky leaves
c) Cacti with long shallow roots
d) Venus fly traps catching flies
e) Pine tree growing fast
f) Pine tree growing tall
g) Pine trees long roots
h) Ivy leaves being poisonous
i) Dandelions sending their seed on little parachutes
j) Dandelions growing taller than other plants around it
k) Cacti spreading their seeds using the wind
l) Ivy climbing up tall trees
239. For each of the following adaptations, state if they are to compete for food, territory, mates or to avoid being eaten/dyinga) Peacocks tail
feathersb) Sharp teeth on
a sharkc) Chameleon
changing colour d) Anteaters long
sticky tonguee) Rabbits ability
to digf) Ostriches speed g) Antlers on a
gazelleh) Zebras stripes
i) Croak of a frog j) Horns on a bull k) Flock of birds l) Elephants trunk240. Label this animal cell and match the name of each component to its role.
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Controls what enters and leaves cell Cytoplasm
Protein synthesis Cell membrane
Controls the cell Nucleus
Performs respiration Mitochondria
Fluid that fills the cell Ribosome
241. Label this plant cell
242. What do the arrows represent in a food chain?243. What can producers do that consumers cannot?244. What part of a plant or animal cell performs respiration?245. What is biomass?246. Where do producers get their energy from?247. In general, are humans’ carnivores, herbivores or omnivores? Why do you say
this?
Habitats There are a huge range of different habitats on Earth ranging from the depths of the Ocean to the tops of mountains; the extreme heat around a volcano mouth to the frozen Arctic seas. In each case the resources being competed for remain the same but the strategies required to win them change significantly. Pressures from rapid predators or cunning prey only increase the challenges and increase the diverse adaptations seen in nature.
Bacteria in human digestive system habitat
Many hundreds of types of bacteria have chosen the animal digestive systems as a suitable habitat for them to live. Many are useful and help us to digest (called a symbiotic relationship), some are not and cause illness (pathogens – covered in more detail in topics 8.1a).Fascinating fact: there are more bacteria in our bodies than human cells.
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Adaptations: These bacteria will be able to withstand the strong acid (hydrochloric acid) in our stomachs. They will be able to avoid being destroyed by the host immune system.
248. Match the conditions to the habitat Extreme cold Arctic tundra Extreme dryness Very wet Bottom of the Marianna Trench in
the Sea Extreme heat Very dark Edge of a volcano Lack of oxygen
249. What do we the organisms in a food chain that eat other organisms for food?250. Which of these strategies would result in less sewage being produced?
Fix leaks Shower rather than bath
Don’t leave tap running
Gas cooker not electric
Solar panels Load washing machine fully
Walking or cycling to work
Brush clothes clean
251. Name one greenhouse gas released when we burn fuels?252. Why do scientists share their results after an experiment?
Adaptations Structural adaptations
Adaptations seen in the features of the body structure of a specific organism that help it survive or reproduce. For example: Colour of a coat helps to camouflage – tiger hunting prey, mouse
hiding from predators Small leaves to avoid losing too much water - cactus Big feet to stop sinking through soft ground – polar bear, camel,
horse Sharp claws to hang on to prey – lions, eagle Long beak to reach nectar at back of flower – hummingbird
253. Which of these adaptations are structural adaptations and which are not?a) Sharp talons b) Grouping
togetherc) Hibernating d) Delaying sexual
maturity49
e) Long legs f) Short roots g) Red spots h) Strong leg muscles
i) Tall j) Good hearing k) Being curious l) Communicating254. Which of these factors do plants compete for?
Space
Plants compete for?
Water
Mates Light
Vitamins Territory
Food Mineral255. Which of these factors do animals compete for?
Space
Animals compete for?
Water
Mates Light
Vitamins Territory
Food Mineral256. Describe four different structural adaptations this snow owl has that help it
compete and survive.
257. How might having small ears be an effective structural adaptation for an arctic fox?
258. How might having large ears be an effective structural adaptation for a desert fox?
Behavioural adaptations Adaptations seen in the behaviour of a specific organism that help it survive or reproduce. For example: Hunting or feed together to increase their effectiveness – wild
dogs, orcas Herding together for protection – zebra, reindeer, mackerel Migrating to different feeding grounds or warmer climates
wildebeests, sharks and many birds Huddling together in the cold for warmth - penguins
259. Which of these adaptations are behavioural adaptations and which are not?
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a) Being nocturnal (hunting at night)
b) Grouping together
c) Hibernating d) Delaying sexual maturity
e) Strong beak f) Short roots g) Shrieking call h) Good eyesighti) Having a tail j) Good hearing k) Being curious l) Communicating
260. This image shows killer whales (orcas) hunting a seal.What behavioural adaptations do they display?
261. This image shows reindeer migrating. What behavioural adaptations do they display?
262. This possum is playing dead. They famously do this to confuse predators. Is this an example of a structural or behavioural adaptation? Why do you say this?
263. What are conservation programmes for?264. What happens to limewater when it reacts with carbon dioxide?265. What are the three types of pollution caused by waste?266. These four questions are about respiration.
a) Which living things use respiration to release energy from their chemical store?
b) What is the word equation for respiration?c) Where in the cell does respiration happen?d) How is respiration similar to combustion?
267. How is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere absorbed during the carbon cycle?Functional adaptations
Adaptations seen in a body process of a specific organism that help it survive or reproduce. For example:
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During hibernation the body temperature drops to conserve energy – hedgehogs in the winter
The heart rate slows to conserve oxygen – sperm whales diving to hunt squid
Making poison to help defend against predators268. Which of these adaptations are functional adaptations and which are not?
a) Increase heart rate to get warm
b) Resistance to a poison
c) Hibernating d) Delaying sexual maturity
e) Strong beak f) Grouping together
g) Shrieking call h) Good eyesight
i) Having a tail j) Good hearing k) Being curious l) Communicating269. These three organisms both produce venom for different reasons. Why does
each organism use venom?Poison dart frog Foxglove King Cobra
Adaptations investigation: Sticky-lands sticky dogsSome adaptations are very well suited to certain changes in ecosystems some are less so. In this investigation you will see how your very own ‘sticky dog’ fares.Circle your sticky dog’s features: Colour: red/brown/blue Leg length: long/short Hair length: long/short Tail: Long tail/short tail Teeth: Sharp and
spiky/Flat and grinding
Ears: pointy ears/floppy
Sketch your stickydog here next to their sticky dog cousin.
Listen to the story you are about to be told. Keep a tally of how many sticky dogs you have throughout using straight lines. Start with 10.||||||||||
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Tall sticky dogs, short sticky dogs. Sticky dogs with long legs and spiky teeth. Sticky dogs with floppy ears and some with big, sharp claws. A huge variety of sticky dogs all living in their sticky dog land.Make sure that you now have ten sticky dogs tallied onto your page. We are going to follow the story of your sticky dog.1st generation sticky dogs: It’s the height of summer, the hottest summer that has ever been and temperatures soar at 38 degrees. Sticky dogs with long hair suffer from dehydration. Short haired sticky dogs, however, roam around freely and don’t get too hot.If your sticky dog has long hair they can’t keep cool and some die without having babies; lose 3 sticky dogs. If your sticky dog has short hair it is more likely to survive and reproduce; gain an extra 3 sticky dogs.
2nd generation: The offspring of your first sticky dogs roam the land and food is plentiful. The sticky dogs are happy. However, forest fires spring up, ravaging the land and consuming everything in their wake. Long legged sticky dogs are able to run quickly and are better able to out-run the spreading fires. Short legged sticky dogs, sadly, are more likely to be consumed by the flames.Long-legged sticky dogs are more likely to survive and reproduce; gain 4 sticky dogs. Short-legged sticky dogs sadly lose out – lose 3 stickies.
3rd generation: The great grand-dogs of your first sticky dogs are now in charge. It’s springtime and blood-sucking ear mites are in breeding season. Sticky dogs with long tails can swish away the flying monsters although having pointy ears are makes some sticky dogs an easy target.If your sticky dog has a long tail it is more likely to reproduce than those with a short tail. Long haired sticky dogs, gain 5 dogs, short haired sticky dogs gain three. If your sticky dog has pointy ears, halve in number, if your sticky dog has floppy ears, double in number.
4th generation: The great, great grand-dogs of your first sticky dogs pound along. It’s been a tough year and the normal food source of the sticky dog (sticky zebra) are few and far between and sticky dogs have had to look for new things to eat. Luckily, Sticky Dog Land also has a large number of sticky-trees which grow sticky nuts. Not quite as tasty as the zebra but very nutritious.Sticky dogs with flat grinding teeth are able to grind away at the hard shells of the sticky nut to get to the nutty prize. Sticky dogs with sharp pointing teeth aren’t so lucky so many go hungry and die. If your sticky dogs have sharp teeth, lose 4 sticky dogs. If your sticky dogs have grinding teeth gain an extra 10.
5th generation: Our story is coming to an end: Shhhhh! A new predator is on the loose and it finds sticky dogs tasty. Long legs won’t help, nor will good hearing. Only camouflage might save you.
Knowledge Organiser Questions KQ.1. The place where an organism lives HabitatKQ.2. The different organisms in a habitat CommunityKQ.3. All the organisms and the habitat in which they
liveEcosystem
KQ.4. Organisms in ecosystem depending on each other for food is called?
Interdependence
KQ.5. Green plants and algae. Always the first organism in a food chain. Can produce their own food?
Producer
KQ.6. An organism that eats another organism for food?
Consumer
KQ.7. Producers are able to make their own food using this chemical reaction
Photosynthesis
KQ.8. Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water? RespirationKQ.9. Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen? PhotosynthesisKQ.10. Which part of the plant cell conducts
photosynthesis?Chloroplast
KQ.11. Which part of a plant or animal cell performs respiration?
Mitochondria
KQ.12. Every food chain starts with? ProducerKQ.13. The second organism in any food chain? ConsumerKQ.14. The name for any organism that eats only
plants?Herbivore
KQ.15. The name for any organism that eats only animals?
Carnivore
KQ.16. The name for any organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
KQ.17. The name of an organism that hunts other animals to eat?
Predator
KQ.18. The name of an organism that gets hunted by other animals to be eaten?
Prey
KQ.19. What do the arrows in a food chain show? Movement of energyKQ.20. In a pyramid of numbers or biomass,
which organism is always on the bottom?Producer (green plant or algae)
KQ.21. What sort of pyramid might this show?
Pyramid of numbers
KQ.22. What sort of pyramid shows the total mass of each organism at each level and always looks like this?
Pyramid of biomass
KQ.23. What method of estimating the Quadrats54
population of an organism involves counting the numbers in small squares first?
KQ.24. What do we call the microorganisms that break down dead matter?
Decomposers
KQ.25. Is weight or mass a force measured in Newtons?
Weight
KQ.26. Is weight or mass a measure of how much matter is in something, measured in kg?
Mass
KQ.27. What do we call the measurement of how available food is for individuals?
Food security
KQ.28. What do we call insects and animals that carry pollen from plant to plant?
Pollinators
KQ.29. Name another technique that plants use to get pollen from one plant to another, other than using insects and animals?
Use the wind
KQ.30. What are the three Rs we use to try to reduce the volume of waste we produce?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
KQ.31. What do we call the technique of burying rubbish in large holes?
Landfill
KQ.32. Name one greenhouse gas? Carbon DioxideKQ.33. What is sewage a combination of? Waste water and excrementKQ.34. What are the 7 life processes that all
living thigs do?Movement, Respiration, SensitivityGrowth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition
KQ.35. Farming, building and dumping waste all impact the amount of what available?
Land
KQ.36. What do we call the large-scale destruction of forests?
Deforestation
KQ.37. What process in the carbon cycle removes carbon from the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
KQ.38. What two process in the carbon cycle add carbon to the atmosphere?
Respiration and Combustion (burning)
KQ.39. What happens to limewater when it meets carbon dioxide?
It turns cloudy white
KQ.40. What do conservation breeding programmes do?
Stop organisms going extinct
KQ.41. What are have government pressure, conservation breeding programmes, protecting habitats and recycling all got it common
Positive programmes from humans
KQ.42. What four things do plants compete for? Light, Space, Water, Minerals
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KQ.43. What three things do animals compete for?
Food, Territory, Mates
KQ.44. What is the name of the theory of adapting and evolving to suit an ecosystem?
Evolution by Natural Selection
KQ.45. What adaptation is an eagle having strong wings an example of?
Structural adaptation
KQ.46. What adaptation is sheep herding an example of?
Behavioural adaptation
KQ.47. What adaptation is a whale’s heart slowing an example of?
Functional adaptation
KQ.48. Oxygen + Fuel ? Carbon dioxide + WaterKQ.49. Oxygen + Glucose ? Carbon dioxide + Water KQ.50. Carbon dioxide + Water Oxygen + Glucose
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