Print Production.

CMYK Printing process.Typical printing presses use 4 colors of ink. !e four inks are placed on the paper in layers of dots that combine to create the illusion of many more colors. CMYK refers to the 4 ink colors used by the printing press. C is for Cyan , M is for Magenta, Y is yellow and K is for Key (black).

Rotogravure.In the last quarter of the 19th century, the method of image photo transfer onto carbon tissue covered with light-sensitive gelatin was discov-ered, and was the beginning of rotogravure. In the 1930s–1960s,newspapers published relatively few photographs and instead many newspa-pers published separate ro-togravure sections in their Sunday editions. !ese sec-tions were devoted to photo-graphs and identifying cap-tions, not news stories. In 1932 a George Gallup “Sur-vey of wReader Interest invarious Sections of Sunday Newspapers to Determine the Relative Value of Rotogravure as an Advertising Medium” found that these special rotogravures were the most widely read sections of the paper and that advertisements there were three times more likely to be seen by readers than in any other section.

Rotogravure (Roto or Gravure for short) is a type of intaglio print-ing process; that is, it involves engraving the image onto an image car-rier. In gravure printing, the image is engraved onto a cylinder be-cause, like o"set printing and #exography, it uses a rotary printing press.

A cylinder is created with the engraved images that need to be printed: the engraving process will create on the cylinder surface the cells that will con-tain the ink in order to transfer it to the paper. Since the amount of ink con-tained in the cells correspond to di"erent colour intensities on the paper, the dimensions of the cells must be carefully set: deeper cells will produce more intensive colours whereas less deep cells will produce less intensive ones.

Lithography.Lithographic printing is a process which the inked image from a printing plate is transferred or o"set on to a arubber blanket roll-er, which is then pressed against the substarte. Li-thography uses a smooth uses a smooth printing plate and functions on the basis that oil and water re-pel each other.When the plate passes through the ink roller,, non image areas that stick to the image ar-eas.

Lithography produces good photographic reproduction and $ne line work on a va-riety of stocks. !e printing plates are easy to prepare and high speeds are achiev-able, which helps make it a low-cost printing method.

Letterpress.

Letterpress printing is relief printing of text and image using a press with a “type-high bed” printing press and movable type, in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of paper to obtain a positive right-reading image. It was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century until the 19th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the sec-ond half of the 20th century. In addition to the direct impression of inked movable type onto paper or another receptive surface, letterpress is also the direct impression of inked printmaking blocks such as photo-etched zinc “cuts” (plates), linoleum blocks, wood engravings, etc., using such a press.

Flexography.Flexography (o%en abbreviated to #exo) is a form of printing process which utilizes a #exible relief plate. It is basically an updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing on almost any type of substrate including plastic, metallic $lms, cellophane, and paper. It is widely used for printing on the non-porous substrates required for various types of food packaging (it is also well suited for printing large areas of solid color).

In the typical #exo printing se-quence, the substrate is fed into the press from a roll. !e image is printed as substrate is pulled through a series of stations, or print units. Each print unit is printing a single color. As with Gravure and Lithographic print-ing, the various tones and shad-ing are achieved by overlaying the 4 basic shades of ink. !ese are magenta, cyan, yellow and black. A#exographic printing plate.

Screen printing.

Screen printing and silkscreening are printing techniques that use $ne woven mesh or silk. to support an ink-blocking stencil. !e attached sten-cil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materi-als which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forc-ing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.

Half -tones and Gradients.A designer can use half-tones and gradients to make creative graphic inter-ventions that add indivuality to the images used within design. A half-tone is an image composed of a series of di"erent sized half-tone dots that are used to reproduce the continuous tones of a photograph in print. A gradi-ent is a graduation of increasing or decreasing colour (s) applied to an im-age.

EmbossingEmbossing makes something stand out from the page. It impresses an image or text into a surface using an engraved metal die. !is creates a raised impres-sion. If the impression is to be sunk, it is known as ‘debossing’. You might also have come across the terms ‘blind embossing’, which means that no foiling or printing is required, and ‘foil embossing’ where foil is used in the process.

Overprint, reverse out and surprint.

!ere are three terms used to describe the di"erent ways that ink can be laid down during the print process: overnight is when one ink prints over another ink. A reverse out is when instead of the design being printed it is removed from a block of printed colour and le% as an unprinted area. A surprnit describes two elements that are printed on top of one another and are tints of the same colour, as in the example below le%, where the type is 70% of the the base colour.

!ere are three terms used to describe the di"erent ways that ink can be laid down during the print process: overprint is when one ink prints over another ink. A reverse out is when instead of the design being printed it is removed from a block of printed colour and le% as an unprinted area. A surprnit describes two elements that are printed on top of one another and are tints of the same colour, as in the example below le%, where the type is 70% of the the base colour.

Overprint, reverse out and surprint.

!rowouts and Gatefolds.

!rowout and Gatefolds are methods of inserting extra and/or oversize pages into a publication, typically to provide extra to showcase a particular image or visual element,

Gatefolds.A)!e anles unfolding.B) !e four-page spread once unfolded.C) !e central panels have the same dimensions as the pages of the pub-lication, while the outer panel are slightly narrower to allow them to nest well when folded.

!rowouts.A) !e panel shows the throw-out with the panel folded.B)!e panel unfolding.C)!e three page spread once unfolded.