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ASEMINAR REPORT

ON

“EFFICENT ENERGY 

UTILAZTION IN LAPTOP AND

PC’S”

BY

NISHIT SONI

MERU BHATNAGAR 

ARUN PANWAR 

Department of Computer Engineering

SVKM’S NMIMS UNIVERSITY

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Mukesh Patel School Of Technology Management and

Engineering, Shirpur - 425405.

[2011-2012]

 

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering

Department of Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This i s to cer ti fy that the seminar ent it led “efficient energy use in

laptops /pc’s” has been carried out by Nishit Soni,Meru Bhatnagar &

Arun panwar under the guidance of  Prof. Yogesh Chaudhari in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

in Computer Engineering of MPSTME,NMIMS University, Shirpur during

the academic year 2011-12(Trimester-V).

Date:

Place: Shirpur

Prof. Yogesh Chaudhari Dr. N. S. Choubey

Guide H.O.D,

DR. N. S. Choubey

In charge Associate Dean

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are over helmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge our 

depth to all those who have helped us to put these ideas, well above the level of 

simplicity and into something concrete. We are equally grateful to our guide  Prof.

Yogesh Chaudhari . He gave us moral support and guided us in different matters

regarding the topic. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting us the outlines

of this project and correcting our doubts. We thank him for his overall supports.

Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily completed without the support

and guidance of learned people. We would like to express our immense gratitude to our 

 H.O.D Dr. N. S.Choubey for his constant support and motivation that has encouraged

us to come up with this project.

Thanking You,

Meru bhatnagar 

Nishit soni

Arun panwar 

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INDEX

Contents Pg No

1. Abstract 5

2. Factors Affecting Power Consumption 6-14

 2.1 Sleep and screen savers2.2 Battery2.3 Power settings2.4 Processors2.5 Hard Disks2.6 Internet

3.HP’s Method To Reduce Energy Consumption 15-21

3.1 HP Energy And Sustainable Management3.2 Sustainable Design3.3 Eco-Levels3.4 Recycling

4. Energy Usage By Laptops and Pcs Around The World 22-23

 4.1 Power Consumption by Laptops and Pc’s4.2 Estimate Laptops And Monitors

5. Co2 Emmisions By Laptops 24-28

 5.1 Methodology5.2 Analysis5.3 The Carbon Connection5.4 Carbon di Oxide and Its Effetcs

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6. Reduction Of Co2 Emissions 29-30

 6.1 Co2 Reduction At Zero Level6.2 Role Of Microsoft In Reducing Co2

7. Other emissions From Computers 31-38

 7.1 Radiations7.2 Laptops And Computers E.M.F

 7.3 E.M.F from Wireless Networks7.4 Magnetic Fields7.5 Ionising Rays7.6 Radiation From Printer And Other Devices

8. Energy Saving Softwares/Hardwares 39- 43

 8.1 Power Top8.2 Tickless Idle8.3 Application Power Management8.4 Processor Power Management8.5 Power and Performance Measurement

8.6 Linux ACPI8.7 ACPICA8.8 BLTK 8.9 Power QoS8.10 Display and Graphics Power Saving8.11 Device and Bus Power Management8.10Virtualization

9. Granula – The Most Efficient Energy Saver 44-45

9.1 Affordable, Easy and Universal9.2 simplicity and coverage

9.3 Datacenter Power Management9.4 Mechanism

10. Microsoft-A Pivot for Laptops and Pc’s 46-49

 10.1 IE 9 – The Most efficient Web Browser 10.2 Enegy Efficient Processors By Laptops

11. Several ways to turn laptop/pc green 50-53

11.1 Set Sleep Time for your PC11.2 Turn the whole system off 11.3 Stop leaking power 11.4 Use Energy Star Laptops and Pcs11.5Use a flat-panel display11.6 Know your RoHS11.7 Go paper-free11.8 Timely checkup Of Reservations11.9 Recycle Computers11.10 Solar Resources

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12. Conclusion And Future Proposition For Energy 54-55

12.1 Energy Efficient Laptops12.2 Energy Efficient PC’s12.3 Future Proposition

1. ABSTRACT

Energy consumption of electronic system has grown to be of cntical importance in the recent year.both

the way system are designed and the way they are used at run time significantly affect energy efficiency.

In the past system design was primaly concemed with functionally and performance reduction of energy

consumption is a relatively new concern that introduce a new trade off in design of both hardware and

software.

Once the system is design. Further energy saving can be obtained with prudent utilization at runtime as

most system do not peak performance at all times it is possible to both transaction some system do not

need peak performance at all times it is possible to both transaction some sytem components into low-

 power states when the are idle (dynamic power management) and to adjust frequency and voltage of 

operation to the workload (dynamic power management) and to adjust frequency and voltage of 

operation to the workload (dynamic voltage scaling).in this work presented two new power mangament

algorithim that enable optimal solution utilization of hardware at run time.

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For example- an optimal dynamic voltage scaling algorithim that saves energy by adjusting processor 

frequency and voltage according to the load.

One of the widely used software for energy efficient use of laptops and pc’s are GRANOLA. It

improves the energy efficient of laptops and desktop by matching computing capacity to computing

demand. Over a set of workload including document editing,productivity,gaming and entertainment,

GRANOLA saves a significant amount of energy while maintaining performance when needed byinstalling and running granola.user can improve the energy efficiency of their computer systems across a

range of workload without affecting their productivity and entertainment.

60% (laptop) to 90% (desktop) of a computer’s energy is consumed while a computer system isoperating in its on modes.

Our various measurements of laptop components in on mode reveal that on mode efficiencies varywidely among laptops. Although detailed on mode analysis of desktop computers is outside the scope of this report, there is reason to expect a larger absolute and percentage difference in energy consumption

in desktops than in laptops. Desktop processors have faster and more powerful CPUs, video cards, andhard drives, less efficient power supplies, and widely varying internal configurations. We demonstratedthat it is possible to create a meaningful comparison of laptop on mode efficiencies either by examininglaptop components or by utilizing benchmarking software and a watt- hour meter to create a

  performance/watt metric. With little or no modification, the laptop on mode efficiency metrics andapproaches could be applied to desktops to discern the on mode energy savings potential of thesemachines. Because there is potential to meaningfully quantify the on mode efficiency of computers, andthe energy savings seems to be significant in laptops and at least an order of magnitude larger indesktops, we propose that ENERGY STAR® and other concerned organizations consider modifyingtheir computer energy specifications to include an on mode efficiency requirement.

2.Factors that affect power consumption

 

Laptop users should be especially concerned with power consumption, as their devices are often relianton the limited power supply of a battery pack, to say nothing of energy costs that come into play when a

system is plugged into a wall outlet to run or recharge the battery.

Few groups have dedicated as much research and development into power efficiency as portable PCmakers have, resulting in a plethora of low-voltage processors, energy-efficient LED displays, solid-state hard drives with no moving parts, and various power-conserving operating-system features.

In this guide, we'll explore some of the factors that affect power consumption for laptops, including thevariety of allegedly energy-efficient components available, how to best set up your laptop for the right

 balance of performance and energy use, and how we test laptops to determine how much power they useand how much that power will cost over the course of a year.

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2.1Sleep & Screensavers

When your computer sleeps (aka "standby", "hibernate") the computer uses 0-6 watts. (So doesthe monitor.) You can set your computer to sleep automatically after a certain amount of idle time.Setting your computer to auto-sleep is the best and easiest way to save on computer energy use! Here'show to do it:

• In Windows XP go to Start > Control Panel > Power Options

• On a Mac go to System Preferences > Energy Saver

It's not terribly important to understand the difference between Sleep, Standby, and Hibernate. In anutshell, hibernate saves your workspace (all the open windows) and then turns your computer off , so itsaves more energy than standby, but a hibernating computer takes longer to wake up..

A screensaver that shows any image on the screen doesn't save any energy at all -- you save energyonly if the monitor goes dark by going to sleep. If you turn the monitor off at the switch it will use 0 to10 watts. (Some electronics equipment draws a small amount of energy even when it's switched off.)

2.2 Battery

The process of using notebook computers, some factors that make the battery wear and tear. Even thelaptop battery maximum using time less than the standard battery life, it not means the battery havesome problem in inherent quality and performance. Notebook battery capacity mainly determine by thesize of the marked mAh on battery. The size of the laptop battery MA hours directly related to the usingtime. Battery using time are also have a great relationship with notebook configurations.

• Factor 1: the processor speed – install the the right Intel chipset driver will enable the system touse Intel’s Speedstep technology, that can adjust processor speed in application system to extendthe battery life.

• Factor 2: Reading CD, DVD, CD-RW and hard drive frequently- the CD-ROM copy of the filedirectly to your hard drive, watch videos, dials and other operations will affect the LatitudeD620 Battery life.

• Factor 3: the total number of memory- if the system opens a lot of applications will take up a lotof hard disk space to do file-swapping (virtual memory), resulting in frequent hard disk read andwrite.So increase more memory will increase the battery using time .

• Factor 4: Some applications to run automatically in the background, it will increase the CPU

load, resulting in reduced Latitude D520 Battery using time – We usually suggest that turn off some background programs in the daily use, only run the necessary applications.

• Factor 5: LCD’s brightness – the lower the brightness the longer battery using time if possible.You can use keyboard function keys to adjust the LCD brightness .

• Factor 6: Power Management and Speed Step settings – Set the different power scheme in the power management will affect Inspiron 1720 Battery using time.

• Factors 7: Battery life – the average battery life is one year, the gradual reduction of batteryusage time is normal as the using. We also think it is the battery aging time.

• Factors 8: For the processor and system equipment deeper applications (such as watching DVDmovies and 3D games) will make the Inspiron 1721 Battery using time quickly reduce.

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• Factors 9: Wireless devices and Bluetooth devices will accelerate Dell XPS M1730 Batteryconsumption; When do not need wireless, you can use the keyboard function keys to turn off thewireless and Bluetooth to save power.

• Factors 10: The environmental temperature – too high or too low ambient temperature will affect battery core activity of chemical substances, thus reducing the battery using time and life. Thefactors is happend obviously in Sony battery as Sony VGP-BPS8 VGP-BPS9.

2.3 Power settings

Laptops, perhaps unique among consumer electronics, offer an incredibly wide range of power and battery options. Some are built into the operating system (usually Windows Vista or XP, althoughsimilar options are available in the Mac OS X operating system and Linux-based systems), and othersare software applications provided by specific PC makers for jumping between power presets. A handfulof systems, notably several from Asus, include physical hardware switches that either shift between

 preset power profiles or even switch on and off CPU and GPU overclocking (although that's still rarelyfound feature).

Laptops, perhaps unique among consumer electronics, offer an incredibly wide range of power and battery options. Some are built into the operating system (usually Windows Vista or XP, although

similar options are available in the Mac OS X operating system and Linux-based systems), and othersare software applications provided by specific PC makers for jumping between power presets. A handfulof systems, notably several from Asus, include physical hardware switches that either shift between

 preset power profiles or even switch on and off CPU and GPU overclocking (although that's still rarelyfound feature).

By default, you'll find three preset power plans listed, one called Power saver, one called High9

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 performance, and a third option. That third option, depending on the vendor, is often called Balanced or Custom; however, some PC makers customize this plan and name it appropriately. HP laptops call thisthird power plan "HP Recommended."

From this menu, you can choose a preset power plan, change the settings within a specific power plan,or simply change a handful of settings on the fly through quick links on the left side of the Explorer window.

Opting to change the settings in one of Vista's preset power plans brings you to a new screen. Thescreen offers pull-down menus for selecting when to turn off the display, put the computer to sleepwhen running on battery power and when plugged in, and a screen brightness slider for both options.

For a good balance of usability, battery life, and responsible energy use, we suggest the followingsettings as a good starting-off point.

On battery Plugged in

Turn off the display 5 minutes 15 minutes

Put the computer to sleep 10 minutes 30 minutes

Adjust screen brightness 50 percent 75 to 100 percent

Both the Balanced and Power Saver set the screen brightness to less than 50 percent, which makes for more impressive battery life, but users often find their screens too dark.

To delve deeper, you'll find a link on the Edit plan settings page to "change advanced power settings."Clicking on this brings up a pop-up menu that lets you tweak the battery and plugged in power settings

for how long the HDD waits until spinning down, suspending USB ports, and dialing down the10

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maximum processor speed when running on battery power.

In general, these settings should be left alone, with the exception of the "Power buttons and lid"submenu. This menu is also directly available from the initial Power options page, where it's linked as"Choose what closing the lid does."

Unlike windows XP, Vista does not require you to enable the hibernate function before choosing it as anoption. Hibernation essentially saves a snapshot of any open applications and documents, saves it to thehard drive, and shuts down the computer to the same state as if you had powered it off through the startmenu. When you wake a laptop from hibernation, you'll (eventually) end up exactly where you were,with the same windows, programs, and documents open.

For traveling with a laptop, setting the system to hibernate when you close the lid is key to preserving battery life, and keeps your laptop from overheating in a tightly confined laptop bag. The downside isthat while waking up a laptop from sleep mode can take a few seconds, waking it up from hibernate can

take as long as booting from a powered-off state.

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Setting your system's power options appropriately has several advantages. First, you'll extend batterylife and be able to work off battery power for a longer period. Second, by extending battery life, you'llrecharge your battery less often, thereby saving both wear and tear on the battery as well as use lesselectricity (although the actual monetary savings in energy costs would be minimal)

2.4 Energy-efficient processors

Choosing a laptop with the correct components can go a long way toward cutting power consumptionand increasing battery life. Specifically, a new breed of low-power CPUs from Intel, AMD, and Via aimto provide Netbooks and other low-end systems with reasonable performance with a minimal thermaldesign power (which represents how much heat the system will have to dissipate under allegedlyrealistic conditions--but those can vary by manufacturer, so bear in mind that TDP numbers may not beexactly comparable between companies).

2.4.1 Intel Atom

The smallest processor currently made by Intel, the Atom is found in a majority of Netbook-stylelaptops. The most common versions are the Atom N270 (1.6GHz) and Atom N280 (1.66GHz), both of which have a 2.5W max TDP. Atom-powered systems such as the Asus Eee PC 1000HE and Acer 

Aspire One AOD150 can top 6 hours of battery life.12

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2.4.2 Intel ULV Core 2 Duo

 Noted by their "U" designation, this is Intel's ultra-low-voltage dual-core processor line, commonlyfound in high-end 12-inch ultraportable laptops. Delivering faster performance than an Atom CPU, achip such as the 1.06 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo U7500 has a 10W max TDP. An updated line, referred to asCULV (consumer ultralow voltage), and intended to bridge the gap between low-cost Atom processorsand expensive ULV processors, is expected to start showing up in mainstream laptops starting mid-April 2009.

By way of comparison, a typical mainstream laptop CPU, such as the 2.53GHz Intel Core 2 Duo T9400,has a max TDP of 35W.

2.4.3 AMD Athlon Neo

Intended as a step up from Atom-style Netbook processors, AMD's Athlon Neo will be seen in ultrathinlaptops such as the upcoming HP dv2. That system will have a 1.6GHz Athlon Neo MV-40 CPU thathas a max TDP of 15W.

2.4.4Via Nano

Chip maker Via has replaced its older low-power CPU, the C7-M, with the new Nano, intended tocompete with the Intel Atom in Netbooks. First seen in the Samsung NC20 Netbook, the 1.3GHz NanoU2350 has an 8W max TDP.

2.5 Hard Disks

Solid-state hard drives

Another potentially power-saving choice is using a solid-state hard drive instead of a traditionalspinning-platter hard drive. With no moving parts, SSD drives are by some measures more efficient, and

 by generating less heat, they'll cause cooling fans to run less often.

Study showed that an SSD can spend upward of 90 percent of its time in a low-power state, while atypical 5,400rpm hard drive only spends about 10 percent of its time in a low-power state. However,most tests show only a minimal improvement in battery life, while costing significantly more per GB of storage.

2.6 The Internet and Electricity

2.6.1 Computers and its worldwide usage

computers account for only a fraction of worldwide electrical use, even with the burgeoning Internet.Air conditioning, lighting, and refrigeration account for a lot more. In fact, as inefficient CRT monitorsare being phased out in favor of newer LCD screens, and as more people replace their desktop withlaptops, computer energy use isn't likely to rise very much in the coming years.

2.6.2 Internet and computers

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The site UClue gives an outrageous estimate for the Internet's use of electricity, clocking it at 9.4% of all electricity used in the U.S. The first problem is that they count individual users' computers, eventhough those computers don't power the net. And even though those computers do use the net, their owners aren't surfing for 100% of the time the computer is on. Further, even if there were no Internet,office employees would still use computers all day (like they did before the Internet). And for homeusers, if someone's not on the Internet, they're probably watching TV, which uses even more energy. So

 personal Internet use isn't "new" energy being used. Finally, I think UClue is overestimating the amountof energy used by end users' computers in the first place. (And their link to their source for that figure is

dead.) So taking personal PC's out of the picture and looking only at the energy to run the datacenters(including the costs to cool them), UClue's figure drops to only 1.2%.

2.6.3 Net Is Important for Energy Consumption

For starters, take a look at this website; thousands of people have used it to learn how to reduce their consumption. That's nothing to sneeze at. And online shopping means you can buy stuff from your home without driving somewhere, meaning more energy savings. Online maps let us find our destinations easier with less driving, too. Then there's the fact that email lets us send messages anddocuments without requiring a fossil-fuel vehicle to physically deliver the hardcopy. So the Internet'sshare of energy use should be certainly be contrasted with the amount of energy it saves.

2.6.4 Power Consumption Of Internet Servers

 If you had to have a separate computer to host each website, then we'd have a big energy problem, butfortunately that's not how it works. A single computer (server) can host hundreds or even thousands of websites. In fact, that's what made websites affordable to the masses in the late 90's. If you had to rentthe whole computer from your host then the cost would be astronomical. But your site is on the sameserver with lots of other folks' sites, which is why they call it  shared hosting. By contrast, dedicated 

hosting is when you rent an entire server for yourself. But even then, you can put dozens or hundreds of sites on your server, as I've done with mine.

2.6.5 Energy Usage By Super Sites

The very largest sites (Google, Yahoo, eBay) require multiple servers just to run their one site. But thosesites are used by millions of people every day. The energy use on a per-person basis isn't that great.Also, the largest companies have been taking bold steps to reduce their energy footprint. For example,in 2007 Google built a massive 1.6-megawatt solar system at its headquarters in California. It generates30% of Google's peak demand, and around two million kWH a year. It's the largest corporate solar install in the U.S. (There are larger installations at utility companies, but this is the biggest for acompany generating its own electric.) Google has a page where in the last 24 hours and the last 7 days.,and then will generate free electricity for another 18. (The lifespan of the panels is about 25 years.) It

doesn't end with this huge installation. In late 2007 Google announced its plans to develop a whoppingone gigawatt of energy from renewable sources at a cost cheaper than coal, and to do it "within years,not decades". Wow!

2.6.6 Steps to prevent energy Usage

Besides Yahoo cutting the carbon footprint of its data centers by 40%, they have a very progressiveCommute Alternatives Program to encourage employees to not drive to work alone. It includes thingslike shuttles to transit stations, transit discounts, a carpool matching service, preferred parking for carpoolers, bike racks/lockers/showers, and free lunches, massages, and movie tickets to employees who

 participate in the program.

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3. HP And Its Energy conserving Methods

The global demand for energy is forecast to rise nearly 50% by 2035. 1 As billions more people join theinformation economy, greater energy use will strain supplies, driving prices higher. This rise in energyconsumption will also likely increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climatechange.

Some Facts

goal for cutting the energy use and GHG emissions from our operations by 2013,compared with 2005

Amount of electricity customers saved through 2010 using our high-volume HP desktop

and notebook PC families, since 20083

Demonstrated improvement in energy efficiency in our new facility in Wynyard,UK ,4 compared with the industry average data center 

Consumers and business leaders alike name energy efficiency as a top priority when in the market for "green" technology. At the enterprise level, adoption of energy-efficient information technology (IT) is

growing as a way to reduce costs and the corporate carbon footprint while also helping to boost productivity and gain a competitive edge. Many individuals and small businesses are taking steps tominimize the energy consumed by their PCs, printers, and other devices to save money and reduce their environmental impact. These trends are picking up steam, but HP sees a larger solution to the challengeof "greening with IT"—applying technology to fundamentally change how people live, businessesoperate, and the world works to use less energy and, in turn, emit less carbon over time.

Technology offers a way to advance energy-efficient solutions, help secure economic growth, and laythe groundwork for a sustainable future. As the largest IT company in the world, HP has a central role to

  play in addressing the world's growing energy needs—and mitigating the associated GHGemissions2 that cause climate change.

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The fastest and easiest way to reduce environmental impact and save money is to help customers makethe most of the energy they're using today. That starts with delivering the industry's leading energy-efficient portfolio, and HP is among the only companies with solutions for everyone from individuals toenterprises.

And ultimately, to maximize energy efficiency, we're focusing on innovating solutions that helpcustomers control consumption and dynamically match supply with demand while increasing

 productivity.

3.1HP Energy and Sustainability

Management

In early 2011, hp launched HP Energy and Sustainability Management (ESM), which helps customersoptimize energy and other resource use across the enterprise.Hp are working within our own business and collaborating with other organizations to optimize energyuse, and reduce associated GHG emissions and resource consumption in IT

 product manufacturing, transport, and use. Tremendous opportunities also exist beyond the informationand communications technology industry, which is responsible for an estimated 2% of global GHG

emissions. Our products and services can help reduce energy use and emissions throughout the globaleconomy— the other 98%.

• Efficient—doing more with less energy, as with our data centers, G7 servers, 87% efficient PC power supplies, and our HP LaserJet Pro P1100 Printer series

• Intelligent—providing information to improve management of processes and operations, such asthe HP Advanced Metering Infrastructure solution for measuring water and electricity use andthe CeNSE network of billions of nanoscale sensors, which provide real-time information on the

 physical environment to improve management of environmental, biological, and structural changes

• Sustainable—transforming or replacing inefficient processes to use fewer resources, such as

using digital instead of analog printing and replacing business travel with virtual meetings using HPVisual Collaboration

Greenhouse gas emissions related to HP's business, 2010

Category (click 

on item for

more detail)

2010

emissions

[tonnes

CO2e]

Level of 

influence*

Our actions Progress in 2010

HP operations 1,865,200 High Management of  facilities and data

centers with a goalto reduce energyconsumption and

  purchase energyfrom renewablesources.

hp invested more than$11 million USD in

energy efficiencyimprovement projectsto save an estimated70 million kilowatthours (kWh) a year.

Wynyard (UK) datacenter opened with anenergy-efficiencyrating 40% better thanthe industry average.

  purchased more than16

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Category (click 

on item for

more detail)

2010

emissions

[tonnes

CO2e]

Level of 

influence*

Our actions Progress in 2010

twice as muchrenewable energy asin 2009.

HP employee business travel

463,000 High travel policiesand HP VisualCollaborationdecrease businesstravel.

expanded the use of telepresence solutionsto help reduce theneed for businesstravel.

We evaluate the purpose of employeetravel and discourageunnecessary travel,

especially for internal purposes.

Productmanufacturing

3,500,000** Medium We work with our first-tier suppliersto report andreduce their  energy use.

91% of first-tier suppliers reportedestimated emissions(in 2009, the mostrecent year data isavailable).

Aggregate estimatedemissions in 2009were roughly thesame as 2007 despite

 being attributable to ahigher proportion of and a 4% increase inabsolute dollar spend.

Product

transport

1,900,000 Medium We optimize

distributionnetworks andconvert to lower-energy transportmodes whereappropriate.Improved

 packaging reduceswaste and weight,saving shippingfuel and cutting

GHG emissions.

Specific projects to

improve transportefficiency reducedGHG emissions by54,000 tonnes CO2e.

Switching transport of HP VisualCollaboration***studios from air toocean and optimizingshipping container 

size saved 880 tonnes17

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Category (click 

on item for

more detail)

2010

emissions

[tonnes

CO2e]

Level of 

influence*

Our actions Progress in 2010

CO2e per shipment.

Product use Roughly an

order of  magnitudemore thanemissionsfrom producttransport

Medium design products,

software andservices that help customers to useless energy.

introduced

theLaserJet Pro P1102, the mostenergy-efficient laser 

 printer on the planet.

The HP ProLiantDL360 G7, one of several HP serversthat meet theENERGYSTAR ®standard, can

complete over 65times more operations

 per watt than hp 2005models.*****

Productrecycling(CO2eavoided)******

225,000 Medium offer customers arange of reuse andrecycling services.

recycling programsrecoveredapproximately121,000 tonnes (266million pounds) of 

  products, including70 million printcartridges.

3.2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The hundreds of millions of HP products in use worldwide collectively represent HP’s largest impact onsustainability. They continually challenge to improve the environmental performance of our productsthroughout their life cycle, as well as design solutions that support digital transformation to a low-carbon economy. Our goal is improved environmental performance, enhanced productivity andentertainment, and lower total cost of ownership for customers. We also design our products andwebsite with consideration of the varied physical capabilities of our customers.

Highlights in 2010

At the end of 2010, 100% of all new HP notebook products are BFR- and PVC-free.1 The HPENVY100 e-All-in-One is the planet's first PVC-free printer.2

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 Number of HP ink cartridges containing post-consumer recycled plastic3 (800 million of which were manufactured with recycled plastic from the HP "closed

loop" process, which uses plastic from returned cartridges and plastic bottles to make newcartridges).

Weight of packaging material saved by using our award-winning ClearView packaging.

Environmental issues have been integral to our research and development programs since the early

1990s, and we launched our Design for Environment (DfE) program in 1992. DfE is central to our design strategy and helps us meet increasing customer demand for improved environmental

  performance. More than 50 environmental product stewards globally work with design teams todecrease the impact of our products across their life cycles —including materials and energy usedin manufacture,  packaging and distribution,energy and resources (such as  paper ) consumed during use,and materials recovery at end of life.

3.3 Eco-labels

HP participates in a number of eco-label  programs, including Electronic Product EnvironmentalAssessment Tool (EPEAT®), ENERGY STAR ®, China’s Energy Conservation Project, Germany’s Blue

Angel, and Taiwan Green Mark. As of October 2010, HP is the only company with EPEAT Goldregistered thin client computers, and we have the most U.S.-registered EPEAT desktop workstations inthe industry (as of April 2011). We offer EPEAT registered  products in 38 countries worldwide (as of 

 November 2010).

Contributing to industry standards to enhance environmental performance

We regularly collaborate with other organizations to develop industry standards that encourageinnovation, optimize environmental performance, and make it easier for customers to choose productsthat can help them reduce their impact on the environment. HP’s participation in standards developmentin 2010 included:

• Contributing to development of the EPEAT standard for imaging products, launching in 2011.Previously, HP also helped develop the EPEAT standards for desktop computers, notebooks,and monitors.

• Working with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to develop a carbonfootprint standard for print media.

• Contributing to the development of ISO/IEC 29142-3, an international standard to providedefinitions and guidance for use in the development of print cartridge green procurementcriteria, environmental standards, and environmental labels (expected to be published in 2012).

• Collaborating with the U.S. Green Building Council on the new Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design (LEED) Data Center standard.19

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• Participating in a U.S. government-led taskforce to develop recommendations for measuringdata center efficiency.

• Assisting in the development of a new data center energy assessment certification programunder the U.S. Department of Energy.

• Collaborating with the Green Grid in the development of new data center standards and protocols.

• Contributing to the development of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative's Product Life CycleAccounting and Reporting Standard.

• Working with the International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) Eco-ImpactEvaluator Project for ICT Equipment to develop a simple way to determine the main life cycleenvironmental impacts and improvement opportunities for information and communicationstechnology products. Collaborating with several universities, including Arizona State and MIT,as well as other organizations, in the Product Attribute to Impact Algorithm (PAIA) project, toidentify and analyze the processes and components that contribute to the carbon footprint of a

notebook PC. Managing environmental performance

hp environmental product stewards engage design teams across the company to integrate environmentalconsiderations and parameters into the product development process. Carefully designed metrics play anessential role in guiding design, enhancing the performance of HP products, measuring progress, settingappropriate goals, and communicating benefits to customers and other stakeholders. One example is our Product Environmental Metrics initiative for imaging and printing products. These cover life cycleenergy consumption and carbon footprint, including materials processing, product manufacture and use,and ease of recovery or recyle bin.

3.4 Recycling terms

Recycling Products are diverted from the waste stream via available processes and programs, and arecollected, processed, and returned to use in the form of raw materials or products.

Recycled content Proportion of recycled material in a product or package.

Recycled material Material that has been reprocessed from recovered (or reclaimed) material by meansof a manufacturing process and made into a final product or into a component for incorporation into a

 product.

3.4.1 Design for recyclability

Our objective is to design HP products to be increasingly easier to recycle, using common fasteners andsnap-in features and avoiding the use of glues, adhesives, and welds where feasible. This makes it easier to dismantle products and to separate and identify different plastics. For example, new HP notebooksare more than 90% recyclable by weight on average,4 and HP workstations and DC series desktop

  products have a tool-less chassis for easy upgrade and recycling at end of life.

Materials selection can further enhance recyclability. For example, in 2010 we launched several products free of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC),1 and our entirenotebook line is now mercury-free.

Paper use represents a significant environmental impact of printing, and recycling paper can save energy

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  paper to produce high-grade recycled pulp. We have a comprehensive “de-inking" research anddevelopment program to ensure that the growing volumes of paper printed digitally can continue to be avaluable part of the waste stream for recyclers. We have developed new and improved inks,demonstrated the enhanced deinkability of HP ColorLok ® paper, and continued collaborating with major 

 paper recyclers on de-inking research.

In 2010, we:

•

Announced technical collaborations with AbitibiBowater, Stora Enso, and UPM, expanding onour existing partnership with NewPage Corporation. These companies are the

• largest de-inkers in Europe and North America and we are working together to examine aspectsof ink, paper, and the deinking process to improve deinkability.

• Launched a new and improved HP Color Inkjet Web Press ink with enhanced de-inkingcharacteristics.

• Identified aspects of paper design and pulp grades that improve deinkability in office andcommercial printing.

• Published and presented data on improved deinkability of prototype inks for the HP inkjet web press at the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) PEERS conference.

• Published data showing enhancement in deinkability due to use of HP ColorLok office papers.

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4. Energy usage by Laptops n pc’s around the world

4.1 By Computers and Monitors

Computers

DesktopComputer 

60-250 watts

On screen saver 60-250 watts(nodifference)

Sleep / standby 1 -6 watts

Laptop 15-45 watts

Monitors

Typical 17" CRT ~80 watts19" LCD 17-31 watts

20-24" LCD 18-72 watts

Apple MS 17"CRT,mostly white(blank IEwindow)

63 watts

Apple MS 17"CRT,mostly black (black Windowsdesktop with justa few icons)

54 watts

Screen saver (anyimage on screen)

same asabove(nodifference)

Sleeping monitor (dark screen)

0-15 watts

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Monitor turnedoff at switch

0-10 watts

Apple iMac G5 w/built in 20"

LCD screen

Doing nothing 97 watts

Monitor dimmed 84 watts

Monitor sleep 62 watts

Copying files 110 watts

Watching a DVD 110 watts

Opening a bunchof pictures

120 watts

Computer sleep 3.5 watts

MacBook Pro 2.5GHz IntelCore 2 Duo

Various appsopen

30 watts

Playing H.264video

35 watts

Importing a CD 38 watts

Playing videowhile importingCD

43 watts

Converting video 64 watts

EeePC 1000H netbook 

Calculatingchess, screen off  12 watts

Calculatingchess,screen on

17 watts

4.2 Estimate No Of Laptops And pc’s

According to Gartner Dataquest's statistics, in April 2002 the billionth personal computer was shipped.The second billion mark was supposedly reached in 2007.According to a report by Forrester Research, there were over one billion PCs in use worldwide by theend of 2008.And with PC adoption in emerging markets growing fast, it is estimated that there will be more than two

 billion PCs in use by 2015, Forrester predicts. Therefore, whereas it took 27 years to reach the one billion mark, it will take only 7 to grow from 1 billion to 2 billion.

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5. CO2 EMMISON BY LAPTOPS AND PC’S

Mass production and extensive usage of personal computers such as desktops and laptops contribute toglobal warming. The demand for higher performance and faster processing capabilities make new

models of laptop computers obsolete in a relatively short amount of time: the average lifespan of alaptop is typically between 3 to 4 years. In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to examinethe full life cycle of a laptop computer from materials acquisition to manufacturing, use, and end-of-lifedisposition in terms of contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions. From this analysis, the amountof GHG produced from the life cycle of a laptop computer is determined.

Computers, printers, copiers, fax machines, VCRs, cell phones, and stereos are some of the electronicdevices that are most commonly associated with e-waste. Among this group, computers are the biggestcontributor to the amount of waste being generated (William, 2004). When old computers becomeobsolete or lack the required functional capabilities, they often end up in landfills or get shipped to thirdworld countries, where the wastes can become a major environmental and health concern

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A great amount of energy and resources is required to build a laptop computer. A United NationsUniversity study found that it requires around 1.8 tons of total raw materials and other natural resourcesto manufacture an average desktop computer with a monitor. According to the study, the production

 process of a desktop computer and a 17-inch CRT monitor requires 240 kilograms of fossil fuels, 22kilograms of chemicals, and 1,500 kilograms of water. This is equivalent to a mid-size vehicle(Williams, 2004). Many of the components that require a great amount of energy during themanufacturing process, such as semiconductors, are destroyed during the recycling process and arenever recovered. Hence, the author highly recommends that each user tries to upgrade his/her computer 

to extend its useful life before sending it to the landfill or putting it up for recycling (Williams, 2004).To fully understand the impact of a personal computer on the environment, a detailed study of the lifecycle stages of a computer is required. To accomplish this task, a computer needs to be broken intofunctional units and each unit must be analyzed separately in each of the life cycle stages.

5.1 Methodology

A study by the U.S Department of Energy estimated that the production and usage of computersaccounted for 2% of the total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the United States (Masanet etal., 2005). There are an estimated 3.95 million laptop computers in California. In this study, the amountof GHG generated from the time of a laptop’s manufacture through its disposal is assessed using lifecycle analysis.

5.2 Analysis

The main board of a laptop computer includes a printed circuit board assembly (PCB) and other smallelectrical parts such as resistors, condensers, and connectors.

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Manufacturing these electrical parts within the main board is the predominant contributor to globalwarming during the pre-manufacture stage because it is during this time frame that much of the globalgreen house gases are emitted. Substantial quantities of air pollution, wastewater, and solid waste areemitted during this phase (Choi et al., 2006). Based on the study by European Commission (2007), theenergy used and CO2 equivalent emission in the pre-manufacturing stage was found to be 1117.72 MJ,of which, 630.41 MJ was electricity energy. This is equivalent to a total emission of 71.15 kg of CO2eq. of GHG. Laptop manufacturing is a rather simple process; therefore, no major environmental impactis observed at this stage. Laptop manufacturing involves assembly and packaging. These activities

require little electricity, and emit little air pollutants, wastewater, and solid waste. Material extraction, production, manufacturing, and distribution of a laptop computer are expected to consume about 1634MJ of energy and emit approximately 90.51 kg of CO2 eq. (European Commissions, 2007). To calculatethe total GHG emission contribution from the production of a laptop, the number of laptops produced inthe U.S. for this study was obtained from International Data Corporation (Bell et al., 2008). Table 1summarizes the total annual number of laptops produced and annual amounts of energy consumed andGHG emitted.Table 1: Total Laptop Production, Energy consumption, and GHG Emissions(U.S., 2008-2012) (Bell et

al., 2008)Year

Laptop

Production

Rate

Growth (%)

Over

PreviousYear

Energy

Consumption

GHG

Emissions

MJ Tons of CO2 eq.

"2008" 33,837,000 22.2 5.53E+10 3.06E+06"2009" 39,048,000 15.4 6.38E+10 3.53E+06

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5.3 The Carbon Connection

Ever imgine how much carbon-di-oxide a person is using Every time you power up your computer,you’re drawing electricity from the nearest power plant which is probably powered by coal, oil, or 

natural gas. And burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide.

Th best way is to turn off your computer when you won’t be using it for a long period of time. Anaverage desktop computer with a 17-inch monitor needs between 150 and 350 watts of electricity whileit is being activity used. If a computer is on for 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, it would use over $200of electricity and lead to the release of over 1.5 tons of CO2 into Earth’s atmosphere. Turning off your computer — even an inactive computer — for just 10 hours a day can lead to substantial carbon savings.

Did you know that many of your household electronics and appliances use electricity even when theyare turned off? This is known as standby or “phantom” power. For instance, your television usesstandby power so that it can be ready to instantly turn on when you click the remote control. Your 

computer’s printer powers down, but isn’t really off unless you turn off its power switch or unplug it.Anything you own that has a transformer plugged into a socket is probably drawing electricity all thetime, even when the gadget it’s connected to is not in use.

At a few watts here and a few watts there, this loss of “phantom” power really begins to add up. In theUnited States, an estimated 5% of residential electricity is used as “phantom” power. According to theDepartment of Energy, that wasted 5% amounts to an annual energy loss of 64 million megawatt-hoursof electricity — an amount of energy equivalent to the output of 18 typical power stations and at a costof over $3 billion. If we could stop the use of all that “phantom” power, we could keep 100 billion

 pounds of CO2 out of Earth’s atmosphere each year.

So, for this Challenge, it isn’t enough to simply let your computer system hibernate overnight or even toturn it off. A computer and monitor that are both in “sleep mode” can still use anywhere between 8 and28 watts of power. The only way to stop them from using any electricity at all is to cut the cord. Notliterally, of course. Unplugging them will do.

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.

5.4 Some math regarding effect of co2

For the doing the math, we are going to make the following assumptions to calculate an average valuefor your computer’s energy consumption:

• We assume that 60% of you are using a desktop computer and 40% are using laptops/notebooks.

We also assume 50% of all computers are connected to laser or inkjet printers. For the purposesof simplicity, we are ignoring any other peripherals you may have attached to your computer (e.g., scanner, external hard drives, speakers). That doesn’t mean don’t unplug them! We’re justnot including them in our calculations.

• For our desktop systems, we are imagining a desktop computer with a 17-inch external monitor.That system, including the computer and monitor, uses 200 watts when it is turned on andinactive.

• We assume a laptop/notebook without an external monitor uses only about 40 watts.• We assume laser or inkjet printers consume an average of around 4 watts in standby mode.• We assume that you are unplugging your computer for 10 hours per day. That should be a

conservative number. If it isn’t, you need to get out more.• The Challenge lasts for a month. Let’s call a month 30 days. So, taking this Challenge results in

300 hours of savings per month (30 days at 10 hours unplugged per day).• A kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts. Using 1 kilowatt for 1 hour is what your electric company

describes as 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh).•

Desktop users taking this Challenge reduce electricity used by 60 kWh per month. Using a

similar formula, we find that laptop users save 12 kWh per month. Rallyers with printers saveanother 1.2 kWh per month.

•  Now we need to get to an average Rallyer’s savings. So we are going to apply the percentages of each type of user to the savings to get a weighted average. Desktop users (60% of you) save 60kWh (60 kWh x 60% = 36 kWh). Laptop users (40% of you) save 12 kWh (12 kWh x 40% = 4.8kWh). And users of printers (50%) save 1.2 kWh (1.2 kWh x 50% = 0.6 kWh). Add thesenumbers up to get an average impact:

•

Ah, but wait! Some of you turn off your monitors at night. Some of you already have your computer set up to standby, hibernate, or sleep. So we’re putting in a “fudge factor” andreducing the kilowatt-hour savings by 20%:

• Still with us? Finally, we know that a fossil fuel burning power plant releases an average 1.55  pounds of CO2 for every kilowatt-hour it creates:

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• Based on our assumptions, turning off your computer system at night for a month will result inan average carbon dioxide savings of 51.3 pounds, which we will credit at 1.7 lbs per day.

• Accepting this challenge will also save you about $3.30 in electricity costs.

6. Reduction of co2 emmisions

6.1 Reducing Of co2 at Zero Level

• One easy way to make sure you’re not wasting energy is to plug your computer, monitor, printer, and any other computer peripherals you have into a single power strip. After you shutthe computer down, you can effectively unplug it and all the other pieces by turning off the

 power strip. That’s a lot easier than unplugging everything individually and plugging them back in the next morning. Just turn the power strip back on and restart the computer.

• Better yet, you could buy a “Smart Strip” power strip for around $30. The “Smart Strip”essentially monitors electricity use in each plug and shuts off the ones that have been idle for a

 period of time.• Even if you’ve decided to accept our Challenge and unplug your computer every night, you

could still benefit from understanding your computer’s built-in power savings options. For instance, under Vista’s new hybrid sleep mode, you can put your computer to sleep while you’re

out to lunch or in a meeting. While you’re away, your computer will only be using 2 or 3 wattsof electricity. And, better yet, when you return, it will start back up in seconds with everything

 just as you left it.• There are a few common sense warnings to this Challenge. Be sure that your computer is set up

to do important housekeeping chores (e.g., scanning for viruses or adware, downloading andinstalling critical updates, backing up your files) at a time when your computer is plugged in andturned on. Also, consider leaving your cable modem and network router plugged in. Sometimesthey can be a little finicky about restarting, grabbing an IP address, and so on.1.7 lbs. of CO2 reduction added to your Rally account each day for the next month.

• Are you someone who normally leaves his computer on all day? Does it run all night with ascreensaver, or with the CPU running and the monitor turned off? We’ll make you a deal. For the first month of the Challenge, you can start with setting your computer up to hibernate or sleep at night. That will save 90% of the electricity you would have been wasting. And if, in thatfirst month, you see that this isn’t such a big deal, then next month you can repeat thisChallenge, buy a smart power strip, and shut your computer down completely overnight.

6.2 Effort by Microsoft to reduce co2 Emmsisions

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‘Microsoft could save 45 million tons of CO2 emissions with a few lines of computer code’ It isestimated there are 660 million computers in use worldwide, the majority of which run some iteration of a Microsoft operating system. Generating the electricity needed to power those computers requireshundreds of power plants that produce billions of tons of CO2 emissions. Many of those machines sitidle for 12 to 16 hours per day, burning electricity, but not doing any work, because businesseshabitually leave their computers running overnight.

Microsoft has already announced that they will build aggressive, energy-saving technology into their 

next operating system, Vista. But that's not enough. These days, most computers are networked and canaccept software upgrades over the Internet. Also, most machines already possess software that allowsthem to run more efficiently—to "sleep" in a low-power mode when not in use—but few people enablethis feature.

So, Microsoft should issue a software upgrade to every computer running Microsoft Windowsworldwide. The upgrade would adjust the machine's energy-saving settings for maximum efficiency. Of course, this upgrade would have to allow critical systems to opt out. Nobody wants air traffic controlcomputers to suddenly go into deep hibernation. But correcting for critical systems should be verysimple for a company that churns out millions of lines of code every year.

It's conservative to estimate that 100 million computers worldwide are running Microsoft software,currently running inefficiently, being used in non-critical applications, and ready to accept an upgrade.The savings in energy, outlay and emissions generated by a hypothetical software update would bestaggering. Microsoft estimates that it costs $55 to $70 per year  for an average business to allow onecomputer to sit idle. Multiply that times 100 million computers and you realize that the world spends

$5 to $7 billion* dollars every year powering inactive computers . Shifting 100 million computersinto low-power sleep mode for 12 hours per day could easily cut worldwide C02 production by 45million tons per year. That is equivalent to wiping away a year's worth of CO2 produced by everyhousehold and industry in a country the size of  Ireland. Dozens of power plants would no longer beneeded.

If Microsoft makes this move, they will set an example for the entire technology industry. And rightnow the industry needs a good example. Engineers at Google have warned that rising power consumption is their single biggest challenge because computer hardware is requiring more and more

 power after every generation.

And bloated energy use doesn't only apply to high-end servers and desktop computers. The newPlaystation 3 gobbles up 380 watts.  Its predecessor, the Playstation 2, only used 79 watts, while theoriginal Playstation consumed just 10. The progress in power consumption and computing is simplymoving in the wrong direction.

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Growing public concern over the impacts of e-waste and power consumption has led many technologycompanies to explore ways to green their products. But no other company has an opportunity likeMicrosoft to make such a direct impact - and practically overnight. Microsoft could seize this chance tolead the pack, and come out on top as the greenest software company in the world—if not the greenestcompany period.

7.Other emmisions from Computers/Laptops

7.1Radiation

7.1.1How to Protect Yourself From Computer Radiation and Laptop Computer EMF

Are you reading this on a computer? If you are, then you’re face to face with a potentially dangerous

electromagnetic field (EMF) especially to the head and upper body. . The EMFs generated by your 

screen and machine could be seriously damaging your health.

7.1.2The Bad Effects Of Computer Radiation

We’ll examine the EMF radiation from different types of desktop and laptop computers, what that

means for your health, and the SafeSpace products that can protect you while you work, surf and

socialize online.

7.1.3What is Computer Radiation & Where Does it Come From?

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen radiation - If your desktop monitor (or TV) is a few years old and

has a deep cabinet, chances are it’s a CRT. CRTs are by far the most dangerous type of screen.

• Few desktop computers are made with CRT screens anymore (though some video gamers still

 prefer them).

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• The images produced by CRT screens involve a number of processes, including the front of the

tube being scanned downward in a pattern of lines, electron beams “sweeping” an image across the

screen by modulating their intensity, a coil generating magnetic field and more.

7.1.3.1The Health Dangers of CRTs

• Small amounts of radiation (x-ray frequencies and others) are emitted as the electrons sweep the

screen.

• At close range, this radiation (literally pulsating fields of energy) puts biological stress on

humans, animals and plants.

• CRTs also operate at an extremely high voltage, which continues on long after the computer has

 been turned off.

7.1.4 LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) Screens Radiation - these screens are flatter, often appearing as

 panels. LCD screens are safer than CRTs.

• Display is composed of color or monochrome pixels that are filled with liquid crystals.

• Liquid crystals are lit by a backlight or reflector.

• LCD screens utilize very small amounts of electric power.

7.1.4.1 Computer Radiation & Screens - The Health Dangers of LCD Monitors

• Laptops and desktop computers with LCD screens are significantly safer than CRT screens, but

they still emit low levels of radiation—enough to harm your health.

• It’s more than the screen: all TV sets and computers, no matter what the technology, radiate a

relatively strong EMF consisting of 50Hz – 60 Hz and higher.

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7.1.5 Computer EMFs and the Radiation Dangers To Your Health

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) don’t only come from your computer screen. The electronics inside your 

computer generate a powerful EMF.

• Studies have shown EMF exposure above 2 milligauss (mG) begins to harm biological

organisms.

• Prolonged exposure to higher levels, from 2 mG and above, has been associated with cancer and

immune system effects.

• At 3 feet away, computers typically measure frommeasure 2mGfrom 2mG to 5 mG.

• At 4 inches and closer, computers measured from 4mG all the way to 20 mG.

7.1.6 Achieving acceptable computer radiation levels

In most cases, applying these recommendations will cause computer radiation to be reduced toacceptable levels.

For example, in the small office where I work (about eight hours a day with two other people) there arethree desktop computers and one laptop. We have arranged the office to minimise computer radiation

for all of us:

• Computer (tower) cases are all on the floor next to the user's desk, as far away from the user as possible.

• The UPS is far away from everyone - at max cable stretch.

• Screens are all LCD.

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• There is no cordless equipment (keyboard, mouse, telephone etc.) in our office. 

• On a table next to my desk are two desktop printers and a laptop computer. The nearest printer isabout 75 cm (30") away from me. At this distance my EMF meter can barely detect it's presence. 

• The computers and printers are all networked together into our (wired) office network . 

• Our internet connection is by DSL with a wired modem connected to a wired telephone line.

7.2 Laptop and computers electromagnetic emissions

The LCD display mounted in a laptop computer is almost identical to a desktop LCD monitor so thelaptop computer gives the same problems as the desktop computer displays.

The laptop computer has also the problem of the electromagnetic emissions generated by the CPU andother electronics contained in the laptop under the keyboard. These EMF are almost the same of thoseradiated by a desktop PC but with the laptop the devices are all very near to the user.

If you hold a laptop on your knees while your are sitting the electromagnetic emissions of the laptop godirectly on to your middle and lower abdomen, where not only we have genitals but important nervouscenters too.

If you are sitting at a desk and the laptop computer is on the desk the distance between the electronic boards and your body is greater however the desk doesn't shield anything, unless it is made of metalsheet. But if the desk plane is made of metal sheet then it captures electromagnetic fields andredistributes them to a larger area, and increases the radiation towards your upper body and head.

Laptop computer emissions also depend very much on the power supply, when the laptop is running onits internal DC battery the emissions are lower than with power supplied by the electric network throughthe external switching power supply. Small switching power supplies are sources of a lot of electromagnetic noise that goes into the laptop and is radiated through the display and all the electronicsinside.

When you are using the laptop with external power supply you have also the power cord, which carriesan alternate voltage at 220V 50 Hz (or 120V 60Hz depending on the country), and creates strongalternate electric fields like any other power cable.

In our opinion a laptop computer today is still a too big source of electromagnetic emissions. During the

last ten years we have heard of many people who was going to buy a laptop computer for mobilityreasons, but in many cases we understood that they were buying a laptop not for mobility but for havingless harm from the PC and its monitor. Even if they didn't speak of this, they thought that a small laptopwas better for health than a desktop PC with separate monitor. Unfortunately, in most cases they werewrong, because almost all laptop computers sold till today have harmful electromagnetic emissions.

Maybe you can find a particular laptop computer which doesn't harm too much but it's a matter of luck and chance, since the industries have never put an effort to avoid electromagnetic emissions from these

 products.

7.2.1 LCD monitors and their electromagnetic emissions

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Common LCD monitors are surely better than CRT monitors for what concerns weight and dimensions,and they also have removed the strong magnetic field of the cathode ray tube, however they produce lotsof electromagnetic emissions that can be even worst than those of the CRTs.

7.2.2 Electromagnetic emissions of a common power cord

Power cords are needed to use almost every common office equipment, like computer, monitor, printer,scanner, photocopier etc...

Power cords sold with the equipment are robust and durable, have a very good electric insulation butthey are very bad for what concerns electromagnetic emissions.

A power cord contains three copper wires, one of them is connected to the ground terminal, one to theline and one to the neutral.

When the plug is inserted in the electric socket in a home or a office the line wire gathers an electriccharge, even if the other end of the cable is disconnected.

The electric charge on the line wire varies in time at the same rate of the mains voltage, which in Europe

is sinusoidal at 50 Hz and in USA 60 Hz.

The electrically charged conductor has an electric field around itself, in this case the electric field isdistributed almost in the same way of a static field but with the difference that here the field variesoscillating at the 50 Hz frequency (or 60 Hz depending on the country).

In addition to the main oscillation of 50 Hz the electric network transmits to the cable many other electrical oscillations of variable frequencies and powers, which may be different from building to

 building and also in different sockets of the same building.

The variable electric charge on the cable means also a small flow of charge, so in the disconnected cablethere is also a small current that produces a small magnetic field which oscillates at the same rate of thecharge.

The main disturbance generated by the cable when the device is off is of electric type. When the deviceis on the cable has also an alternate current which amplitude depends on the power required by thedevice.

Both the electric and the magnetic field generated by the power cable are very bad for human health. Atshort distances from the cable the electric field is of several hundreds V/m and quickly provokesinflammations in biological tissues. At a distance of the order of a meter the effects are smaller and

interest mainly the nervous system and the brain.

In case an unshielded power cable is few centimeters away from the legs of the user, who sit at the desk for example, the user risks to develop an inflammation of some muscle, tendon or bone in that point, notto mention many other general ailments.

7.2.2.1 Shielded power cords

It is possible to avoid almost totally the electromagnetic emissions of a power cord by manufacturing itwith a suitable electric shield. These cables should replace the black rubber cables provided bycommercial products.

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A shielded power cord has a braided copper shield around the wires, and the wires are tightly twisted.The braided shield is soldered to the ground wire near the plug. The whole cable is furtherly covered bya braided nylon tube to protect the inside from dirt and wear.

The electric shield, connected to the ground, blocks almost all the electric field produced by the wiresunder voltage.

The electric shield of such cables can also be made of aluminum foil, or metalized mylar foil, with

almost the same results in terms of electric shielding.

7.2.2.2 Measured field near power cords

The following table shows the values of electric field measured near a non shielded and a shielded power cord both in the same conditions, with the cable inserted in the wall socket at 220 V AC and theother end disconnected, quite far from other objects. Of course the wall socket has the correct groundconnection. The instrument used is sensitive to the AC electric field in the band 16 Hz - 2 KHz.

Distance (cm) Non Shielded (V/m) Shielded (V/m)

1 517 2

2 285 2

5 111 2

10 21 2

20 5 2

50 2 2

100 2 2

The electric field around the cable is almost the same whatever device is attached to the cable, itdepends mainly on the voltage of the wall socket.

The magnetic field instead depends greatly on the current flowing in the cable so if the cable is notconnected, or it is connected to a device but the device is off, the magnetic field is almost zero.

The following table shows the values of magnetic field measured near a non shielded and a shielded power cord that are connected to a typical office computer, which is turned on.

Position Non Shielded (nT) Shielded (nT)

Above 543 422

Side 1350 814

orthogonal 40 16

As we can see the shield reduces slightly also the magnetic field, however it can't block it because themagnetic field can only be absorbed by ferromagnetic materials.

The major advantage of the shielded power cord is the nearly complete elimination of the alternateelectric field, which reaches several hundreds V/m near the unshielded cord, and which can be harmfulif the cord is near your body, or if the cord passes near a metallic object that can spread the field to alarger distance.

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7.3 Wireless computer networks

The so-called WiFi networks are another source of electromagnetic fields which can be extremelyharmful.

The EM fields of a WiFi system depend on the number of devices, the number of antennas installed, thedimensions and the geometry of the rooms and buildings, the materials in the walls and floors and so on.

We have had some very bad health symptoms due to WiFi systems in offices. All over the world much people that works inside buildings where WiFi has been installed is getting sick.

WiFi communication networks create electromagnetic fields in the microwave frequency bands. Atthese frequencies the wavelength is of 10-30 cm so in a room where the WiFi antenna is installed thedistance from the antenna is only few wavelengths. The electromagnetic field created by an antenna inthis region is very different from the field coming from a transmitting antenna placed at about 100 m,like the cellular telephony towers.

The first difference is that in the near zone the field intensity is much greater than the one calculatedwith the inverse square law for the wave power. The inverse square low is correct only in the far zone of 

the electromagnetic field. Furthermore in the indoor systems there are many objects near the antenna sothe simple free space model is not correct. An object, expecially a metal rod or slab, will capture andradiate again the electromagnetic field thus bringing the source nearer to the user.

In a typical indoor WiFi system people are exposed to the near field of the antenna.

In some particular cases, like buildings made in great part of metal, the rooms will become theequivalent of a microwave oven, of course the intensity is not enough to make water boil but is far greater than what it was expected in open space.

There's no need to harm workers and students with such things, computer networks can work very wellthrough cables, and cable based office networks are also faster, more reliable and more secure.

7.3.1Wireless keyboards and mouses

Unfortunately even wireless mouse and keyboard are not good for health. The level of electromagneticfields generated by these small devices varies much between particular models, and you don't know howstrong their emission are until you have bought them and used them for some time.

Some harmful emissions are coming even from non-wireless keyboards and mouses, but usually theyare low enough, unless you put the keyboard on your lap.

7.3.2 Wi-Fi radiation from laptops may cause infertility in men The study looked at how radiation emitted from wi-fi laptops impacts sperm health. Researchers inArgentina took semen samples from 29 healthy men, and they measured sper m motility after four hoursof exposure to wi-fi radiation from a laptop wirelessly connected to the internet. Sperm in the controlgroup was kept at the same temperature for the same amount of time, but was not exposed to wi-firadiation.

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7.4 Magnetic radiations

Magnetic fields can come from two sources: 1) from moving electric currents or 2) from electronmotion (orbital or spin). So, all electrical sources above will also have a magnetic field and additionally,devices which have spinning electrons such as gas powered engines – riding mowers, weed eaters, golf carts, go carts, four wheelers, motorcycles, cars, jackhammers, A/C unit, etc.

Recommended Exposure Limit Of Ac Magnetic Fields: Below 200 Nt (2.00 Mg), Preferably Below

20 Nt (.20 Mg) (At 50/60 Hz). 

Magnetic EMF Emissions Facts - You don’t hear as much about magnetic radiation as the other typesof radiation – but don’t let that fool you! It was the magnetic radiation from a very high powered zero-turn lawnmower that gave me breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer in about 2-3 weeks time of daily use.

Remember the invisible ‘radiation cup’ that fills up with the EMF emissions our body is exposed to?Once it’s full, the cells in our body start turning into cancer cells and other types of disease. These high

 powered machines add to what is already there and fills the cup up very quickly.

7.5 Ionising Rays

The most powerful at low doses with shorter wave lengths, ionizing EMF emissions destroys DNA inliving cells at the fastest rate of all radiation. It is cumulative and very difficult to disperse from the

 body. Three types of ionizing radiation are UV rays, X-rays and gamma rays.

Here are some of the sources found in our environment: medical therapy such as radiation therapy,radioactive iodine, PET or SPECT/CT, white blood cell scans, mammography (use thermographyinstead), X-rays, barium from upper GI’s; airport X-rays, those who fly frequently at high altitudes,irradiated food, emissions from burning fossil fuels such as coal fired power plants, emissions fromnuclear power plants, emissions from combustible fuel such as gas and coal, nuclear weapon test sites,radon in homes, building material such as some granite, travertine, smoke detectors and hoses for floor heating, cathode ray tubes in televisions and computer screens, integrated circuits, luminous watchesand dials, fluorescent lights, lantern mantels, tobacco, etc.

Ionizing EMF Emissions Facts - Even low dose exposure causes damage to living tissue includingcancer, tumors and genetic (DNA) damage. Radon (vapor from uranium decay that comes up out of theground) in homes is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking and second hand smoke.This category is harder to measure but usually more obvious without a meter and easier to avoid.

7.6Radiation from printers and other computer devices

Small (desktop) computer printers generally produce less than 0.5 milligauss at 60cm in standby modeand up to twice that amount when printing. As this is probably not be the only source of computer radiation at your desk, do not keep your printer too close to you.

Some corded desktop devices are practically harmless, including keyboards, mouses, small speakers andmodems. The same applies to telephones (landlines only). You can have these as close as you like.

Large sub-woofers that are becoming popular as part of a home computer's sound system can emit more

than just (astonishing levels of) bass - ours produces 20 milligauss of ELF radiation at 0 cms, 3 mG at38

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60 cm (1') and .5 mG at 60 cm (2') whenever the speaker is powered (even when it is producing nosound).

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8. Some energy saving softwares

8.1 PowerTOP

PowerTOP is a Linux tool that helps you find programs that are consuming extra power when your computer is idle. You can see the power savings immediately within the tool. A lot of the issues havealready been found.

8.2 Tickless IdleWith the introduction of "tickless idle", the Linux kernel has eliminated the periodic timer tick when theCPU is idle. However, the benefits of tickless idle will not be complete if the CPU is frequentlyawakened by unnecessary timer events. This project is a collection of variety of kernel enhancementsand patches over the basic tickless idle feature that provides incremental power savings.

8.3 Applications Power Management

All applications play an important role in overall platform power consumption. The applications seen asCPU consuming in 'top' utility are not the only ones that result in platform power consumption. Other applications, that normally do not consume a lot of CPU time, can impact platform power when they dothings like, poll periodically, that is, waking up 20 times a second to see whether there is any work to

do.

8.4 Processor Power Management

Intel processors support many power management features. This project will be a one stop shop to findout everything you wanted to know about Intel Processor Power Management-related features,solutions, and enhancements that are being integrated into the Linux kernel.

8.5 Power and Performance Measurement

The Linux kernel community developers implemented tickless idle and other features to take advantageof the potential of the hardware power savings infrastructure. This project presents the results of implementing specific power saving features on mobile, desktop, and server platforms.

8.6 Linux ACPI

The goal of this project is to enable Linux to take advantage of platforms that support ACPI (AdvancedConfiguration & Power Interface). ACPI has been supported on virtually all high-volume i386, x86_64,and ia64 systems, since 1999. ACPI is an abstraction layer between the OS and platform firmware andhardware. This abstraction allows the OS and the platform to evolve independently. Not only should anew OS be able to handle old hardware, but an old OS should be able to handle new hardware.

8.7 ACPICA

The ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA) project provides an OS-independent reference

implementation of the ACPI specification. It can be easily adapted to any host OS. The ACPICA code ismeant to be directly integrated into the host OS, as a kernel-resident subsystem. Hosting the ACPICArequires no changes to the core ACPICA code. However, it does require a small OS-specific interfacelayer, which must be written specifically for each host OS.

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8.8 BLTK 

The Linux Battery Life Toolkit (BLTK) consists of a test framework and six example workloads. Thetoolkit framework launches the workload, collects statistics during the run, and summarizes test results.The framework could launch any workload, but currently has six example workloads: Idle, Reader,Office, DVD Player, SW Developer, and 3D-Gamer.

8.9Power QoS

QoS power management enables aggressive power management by subsystems while honoring the QoS

needs of applications and other subsystems. This project will provide a central place for developing QoS power management infrastructure and applications to do aggressive, but not too aggressive, power management.

8.10 Display and Graphics Power Saving

Intel graphics devices, such as the Intel G965 family of chipsets, support many advanced graphicsfeatures, and, due to their flexible design, they also support many power saving features. The Displayand Graphics Power Saving project aims to minimize graphics power consumption in general andexploit those features, where possible, without sacrificing performance.

8.11 Device and Bus Power Management

Devices and Buses are responsible for a significant amount of overall system power consumption. So, itis important to maximize their power savings, while the devices are running and while they’re idle. This

 project seeks to lower overall system power consumption by making sure that devices and buses in thesystem are using power appropriately.

8.12 Virtualization

The virtualization technology is also a key when reducing power consumption today and in the future.One compelling usage model of virtualization, for example, is server consolidation, which can increaseserver utilization by deploying multiple applications on a single server. Power management invirtualization is very challenging because we need to actually save power in the real world whilemaintaining the performance and real-time assumptions of the guests. If guests are aware and capable of 

 power management, for example, we believe that we can further reduce power consumption, byactivating such facilities.

8.1PowerTOP

Computer programs can make your computer use more power. PowerTOP is a Linux tool that helps youfind those programs that are misbehaving while your computer is idle. The application that misbehavedthe most was the Linux kernel. However, as of version 2.6.21, the Linux kernel went tickless, and no

longer has a fixed 1000Hz timer tick. The result (in theory) is huge power savings because the CPUstays in low power mode for longer periods during system idle.

PowerTOP has these four basic goals:

• Show how well your system is using the various hardware power-saving features• Show you the culprit software components that are preventing optimal usage of your hardware

 power savings• Help Linux developers test their application and achieve optimal behavior • Provide you with tuning suggestions to achieve low power consumption

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8.2 Tickless Idle

Traditionally, the Linux kernel used a periodic timer for each CPU. This timer did a variety of things,such as process accounting, scheduler load balancing, and maintaining per-CPU timer events. Older Linux kernels used a timer with a frequency of 100Hz (100 timer events per second or one event every10ms), while newer kernels use 250Hz (250 events per second or one event every 4ms) or 1000Hz(1000 events per second or one event every 1ms).

With "tickless idle", the Linux kernel has eliminated this periodic timer tick when the CPU is idle. Thisallows the CPU to remain in power saving states for a longer period of time, reducing the overall system

 power consumption.

It's important to note that the benefits of tickless idle will be lost if the CPU is frequently awakened byunnecessary timer events. There are variety of enhancements and patches over the basic tickless idlefeature that provide incremental power savings. This project is a collection of all such enhancements.

8.3 Processor Power Management

Processor Power Management (PPM) is a key area within platform-level power management. Intel

 processors support many power management features. We want to make sure the Linux kernel leveragesthese power saving features for the end user.PPM has multiple dimensions, such as:

• Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology (EIST)• Intel Enhanced Deeper Sleep

To use these features wisely, some enhancements must be made to the OS. The Linux kernel has somedrivers and infrastructures in place, and there are more under development. This project will be a one-stop shop to find out everything you want to know about Intel PPM-related features, solutions, andenhancements that are being integrated into the Linux kernel.

8.4 Linux ACPI

The goal of this project is to enable Linux to take advantage of platforms that support ACPI (AdvancedConfiguration & Power Interface). ACPI has been supported on virtually all high-volume i386, x86_64,and ia64 systems, since 1999.

ACPI is an abstraction layer between the OS and platform firmware and hardware. This abstractionallows the OS and the platform to evolve independently. Not only should a new OS be able to handleold hardware, but an old OS should be able to handle new hardware.

The core of the Linux ACPI implementation comes from ACPICA (ACPI Component Architecture).ACPICA includes an ACPI Machine Language (AML) interpreter that is resident in the Linux kernel.Several other operating systems use the same ACPICA core interpreter, including BSD andOpenSolaris. ACPICA also comes with a simulator, test suites, and a compiler, to translate ACPI SourceLanguage (ASL) into AML.

8.5 ACPICA

The ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA) project provides an OS-independent referenceimplementation of the ACPI specification. It can be easily adapted to any host OS. The ACPICA code ismeant to be directly integrated into the host OS, as a kernel-resident subsystem. Hosting the ACPICA

requires no changes to the core ACPICA code. However, it does require a small OS-specific interface42

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layer, which must be written specifically for each host OS.

8.6 Battery Life Toolkit (BLTK)

The Linux Battery Life Toolkit (BLTK) provides Linux infrastructure to measure laptop battery life. Itis also useful for measuring the power performance of a desktop system, by providing an infrastructure

to launch typical single-user workloads for power performance measurement.

Battery Life Toolkit

The battery life toolkit consists of a test framework and six example workloads.

• Framework The toolkit framework is responsible for launching the workload, collectingstatistics during the run, and summarizing the results after a test is complete.

• Workloads The framework can launch any arbitrary workload, but currently has knowledge of 6example workloads:

o Idle

o Reader o Office

o DVD Player 

o SW Developer 

o 3D-Gamer 

8.7 Power QoS

Quality of Service power management (QoSPM) allows you to enable aggressive power managementfor your hardware subsystems, such as your network and CPU, without sacrificing the user's QoS

expectations. This project is targeted at the development, application, and enablement of the QoS Power Management (QoSPM) idea.

We want the systems to do the most aggressive power management they can at all times (the moreautomatic the better), subject to usability and performance constraints.

We expect hardware (mobile devices) to become smarter and more capable of extreme throttling. Weexpect the hardware to communicate in terms of latencies, throughputs, and timeouts. So, the discussionof this project focuses on these parameters.

By providing the QoS expectation information to the subsystems, they can then implement power 

 performance trade-offs that will go unnoticed to the system and user. We feel that it's generally better tohave the lower levels of the hardware/software stack implement the power management and, with thecommunication of QoS expectations to these lower levels, it will be possible to do so.

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8.8 Display and Graphics Power Saving

Graphics Power Saving Features

The Intel Graphics team along with the open source graphics community is working to implementseveral

 power saving features.

Feature StatusPotential

power savingsHardware

Framebuffer Compression

implemented in upstream driver, should be included in next release

up to 0.7W9xx mobile chips (such as,915GM, 965GM)

Backlight Controlcompletely implemented as of Inteldriver release 2.0

Up to 3 Wdevices connected to LVDSdisplays (e.g. laptopscreens)

Minimized VerticalBlank Interrupts

in upstream DRM branch, awaitingmerge to Linux upstream atmaintainer's discretion.

In progress All

Automatic DisplayBrightness

mechanism available, desktopapplications don't yet fully exploit it In progress

connected to LVDS displays(such as, laptop screens)

Display Refresh RateSwitching

not yet implemented, power savings yetto be evaluated.

In progress All

Dynamic Display Power Optimization

not yet implemented, power savings yetto be evaluated

In progress All

Display Power Saving(DPST)

not yet implemented, power savings yetto be evaluated

In progress All

Dual-frequency Graphics(DFGT)

not yet implemented, power savings yetto be evaluated.

In progress All

Rapid Memory Power Management (RMPM)

not yet implemented, power savings yetto be evaluated

In progress All

8.9 Device and Bus Power Management

It's important to attack device and bus power management holistically. At the most basic level, we needto make sure that the hardware is able to use the power management features that were designed for them. This really has two parts to it:

• We need to make sure that the operating system understands how to enable these features.• We need to make sure that the operating system isn't prevented from enabling the features.

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Currently the project is focused on three major subsystems:

• SATA• USB• PCIe

9. Granula-energy saving software

9.1 Affordable. Easy. Universal

A tool suite for businesses on top of the powerfulGranola power management software, GranolaEnterprise enables businesses to leverage the same 15-35% power savings of Granola across thousandsof laptops, PCs, and servers. Granola Enterprise centralizes the reporting and management of Granolarunning on your systems, putting your data securely in the cloud. Analyze and compare theenvironmental impact of Granola across your entire organization. With the fully interactive, web-baseddashboard, you have access to your data anytime, anywhere.

9.1.1 Granola Enterprise is affordable

Money is tight everywhere, and particularly so for purchases in green tech and efficiency. With a yearly

license paying for itself in 4 months, Granola Enterprise is an investment in the environment that just

makes sense. Discounts are offered at scale and for qualifying educational and nonprofit organizations,

making the return even faster.

9.1.2 Granola Enterprise is easy

Many software power management tools require complicated installations or setups, or worse:

complicated maintenance. Granola Enterprise is different; it installs in minutes using standard

installation tools. Since the management console lives in the cloud, there is no complicated installation

or set-up of clients, no databases and web servers to maintain and secure, and no headaches for 

administrators.

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9.1.3 Granola Enterprise works everywhere

Your computers are not one-size-fits-all; each system and workload has its own power management

requirements. Whether you use Windows, Linux, laptops, PCs, servers, or any combination, Granola has

you covered.

Since you can access the Granola Dashboard from anywhere, it’s easy to take control of your power 

consumption. Set up power schedules and policies on the fly, wherever you are!

9.2 Affordability, simplicity, and coverage you want

Granola Datacenter is priced so that a yearly license pays for itself in as little as 3 months. That's a

300% return on investment over a single year. Send us an email for information on how you can start

saving today.

Granola Datacenter shares the same ease of installation and management as Granola Enterprise. This

means leveraging standard, native packaging for the lightweight clients and monitoring and managing

the entire installation through the Granola Dash

9.3 Datacenter Power Management

• Manage your power, guarantee your performance.

• Eliminate energy waste on your critical and virtualized servers

• Get the benefits of energy management while guaranteeing server performance, availability, androbustness

• Reduce the load and cost of HVAC infrastructure

• Save up to 35% off your IT energy bill

• Address corporate and government mandates to reduce CO2 emissions

• Install yourself, configure in minutes instead of days, and begin saving immediately

• Manage and track your power savings across thousands of systems with software that is invisibleto users and has no noticeable impact on your IT infrastructure

Granola Datacenter cuts energy waste with software power management that you can trust toguarantee performance and availability in your critical and virtualized servers in the datacenter.

We designed Granola Datacenter using patent-pending techniques that enable user-defined

  performance service-level agreements (SLAs) between you and the power management

capabilities of your server. Since every watt of system power saved also reduces the heat output

of the server, you’ll see equivalent additional savings

9.4 Mechanism

Most critical and virtualized systems waste energy while running. For example, although the disk may be busy processing requests, other devices like the CPU may be sitting idle. You want to reduce

this energy waste and extra cost on every server but not at the expense of performance or availability.46

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Granola Datacenter allows you to specify a level of performance, or SLA, for the power managementto meet. Granola Datacenter considers your SLA settings when reducing the energy waste of idledevices inside each system. The result is energy savings up to 35% without affecting the criticalaspects of your business.

Granola Datacenter is designed to adapt to your changing needs. Server tasks are adjusted oftenthroughout the day, month, or year. Granola Datacenter software power management adaptsautomatically to the changing uses of your servers without your intervention. No matter howfrequently you change usage of a system Granola always optimizes for energy use within your SLA.

Additionally, the Granola Dashboard allows you to track, manage, and organize your energy savingsand your SLAs by system and groups of systems.

10 Microsoft and its role in efficient energy use..

10.1 IE 9

Microsoft claims its newest iteration of IE is the most energy efficient, but "claim" is the operative

word. When it comes to these types of tests, the proof is in the test methods. According to Mashable,

Microsoft has run a series of tests that show IE9 makes the fewest demands on a computer's battery.

When compared to Chrome 10, Firefox 4, Safari 5, and Opera 11, IE9 won out with FireFox 4 coming

in second and Opera 11 coming in dead last. The tests included a baseline power consumption with no

  browser running, power consumption when the browser showed an about:blank page, power 

consumption when looking at a typical news content website, and power consumption when browsers

ran Galactic and FishIE (performance tests created by Microsoft).

Electronista writes, "For the news site comparison, IE9 shaved 33 minutes from the theoretical life of a

56Wh battery when running the browser on a blank page. Chrome 10 reduced the run time by 1:07 hrs,

showing the worst performance, while Firefox 4 took 31 minutes off the idle time. The HTML5 tests

indicated similar results, with IE9 taking the lead and Firefox 4 coming in second. When all of the tests

were combined, Microsoft claims IE9 battery life extended to 3:45 hrs. Firefox fell behind by 10

minutes, while Chrome 10 and Safari 5 were nearly an hour short and Opera 11 came in last."

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Scenario IE9 Chrome 10 Firefox 4 Opera 11 Safari 5

about:blank 10.044 W 7.821 W 9.570 W 7.704 W 8.087 W

 News Site 11.042 W 9.951 W 10.617 W 8.757 W 8.835 W

Galactic 13.506 W 14.150 W 14.995 W 17.742 W 17.817 W

Fish 21.408 W 24.078 W 20.817 W 21.769 W 21.260 W

Battery Life 3:45 hrs 2:56 hrs 3:35 hrs 2:43 hrs 2:55 hrs49

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10.2 Energy-Efficient Processors from Intel Reviewed: Core i5-2500T, Core i5-2390T, Core i3-

2100T and Pentium G620T

Bridge processors have earned their right to be called revolutionary development of Coremicroarchitecture not only due to their very high performance. They have also offered users better 

 performance-per-watt. This immediately bumped up the battery life in contemporary mobile computers,making the dreams of a notebook that won’t need to be recharged for the entire day much more realistic.

Moreover, it is Sandy Bridge microarchitecture that should create an entire new class of portabledevices called ultra-books, which will combine the major advantages of tablets with those of classicalnotebooks. In other words, contemporary processor microarchitecture had a tremendous effect on thedevelopment of the mobile market.

However Sandy Bridge energy-efficiency affected not only the features of contemporary notebooks. Italso played an important part in the desktop segment, too. It is due to energy-efficiency that Intel wasable to roll out an entire desktop processor family with low power consumption. These processors foundtheir way into a specific type of home systems called

Of course, energy-efficient models are slightly inferior in features and functionality to regular 

 processors, which do not focus on low power consumption and low heat dissipation. But nevertheless,we can’t say anything bad about their performance, because they are still fast enough according totoday’s standards. The table below shows the distribution of nominal clock speeds in regular andenergy-efficient series.

* - Dual-core 35 W model with 2.7 GHz frequency

 formally belongs to the Core i5 series.

The clock speeds of regular processors are on the pink background. The blue background indicates thefrequencies of energy-efficient S-series CPUs with TDP lowered to 65 W. Light-green color indicatesthe frequencies of the T-series processors from the most energy-efficient series with 35 W or 45 WTDP.

In other words, S-series offers energy-efficient modifications of the fastest Sandy Bridge processors andensures a 30% power consumption drop at the expense of 20% of the clock speed. T-series offers more

dramatic energy savings, but at the same time it doesn’t include any quad-core processors with Hyper-Threading support, and the clock speed may be 25-30% lower compared with regular CPU models.

Today we are going to check out the most interesting energy-efficient processors – the T-series CPUs.Their TDP is so low that they can be used in the smallest Mini-ITX cases and be part of quiet fanlesssystems. Since their integrated Intel HD Graphics core in most cases replaces the external graphics card

 just fine and the power consumption of the chipset for Sandy Bridge platforms is only 6.1 W, acomplete system with a T-series CPU inside may easily be powered by a 60 W PSU and in this aspectget very close to contemporary mobile platforms. However, the question is: how much of performancewill the users sacrifice in the end for the sake of this economy? We will do our best to investigate and

address these concerns in our today’s article50

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11.Several ways to turn your computer green

11.1 Set Sleep Time for your PC

If you don’t tap your keyboard for 10 minutes, your PC will often go to sleep. Your PC’s screen is probably set to go into power-saving mode after a preset period. Although they’re not as power-hungryas old-style CRT displays, you can still save a great deal by having your flat-panel power off in thismanner.

To adjust the setting for your PC or laptop, go to Control Panel, Power Options and select a screen power-off schedule to suit. Note that screensavers don’t reduce energy consumption. You can alsoenable PC hibernation but, as with standby mode for other devices, this doesn’t completely power downyour PC. It’s all too easy to assume you’re keeping costs and power consumption down, even thoughthe current is still flowing.

You’ll see different power scheme options for desktop and laptop PCs. Your laptop can automaticallyadjust its power options depending on whether you’re running it from batteries or mains power.

You’ll find a range of energy-use calculators online, such as Energy Star’s (eu-energystar.org). Thesavings you can make depend on how much you use your PC and the size of your screen, but could be

£50 a year or more. energy star 51

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11.2Turn the whole system off 

According to a study by Fujitsu, the UK wastes £123m powering PCs left on out of hours. That’s notonly a lot of wasted energy - it’s a lot of money too.

An individual computer left on all the time costs about £37 a year to run. Switch it off at night andweekends and this figure can be reduced to just £10 a year. The energy saved could make almost 35,000cups of coffee, according to the Carbon Trust.

Some argue that a PC should be left on all the time because turning it on and off causes stress to thecomputer’s components. But if this were the case, the vast majority of PCs would suffer from suchdamage.

Another argument against turning off a computer is the energy required to start it up again. To be asgreen as can be, consider turning off your PC if it’s going to be inactive for more than 16 minutes.Beyond this time, the energy needed to run it outweighs the energy required at startup.

If you leave your PC on overnight because you don’t like waiting for it to start up first thing each day,set it to turn on automatically a few minutes before you arrive at the office. Restart your PC, hitting the

Setup menu key before Windows loads. Tab to the Power Management Options and enable the alarmand select a suitable time for your PC to restart.

You can also schedule your computer to shut down - a good option if you like to leave it on for your  backup program to run after you leave the office.

Turn on the printer only when you are ready to print. Printers consume energy even when idle.Similarly, a scanner sucks power in ready mode. Photocopiers are energy guzzlers too. Even when your PC is turned off, a phone charger plugged into your USB port will continue to draw energy.

11.3.Stop leaking power

It’s not enough to just switch off the computer. If you really want to make sure that the machine isn’tdrawing power from the mains, you need to physically unplug the computer or get out of your seat andswitch it off at the wall.

When you shut off your computer and the monitor goes black, your display is actually in standby modeand waiting for the PC to switch back on. Digital cameras, mobile phones and iPod power adaptors thatare left plugged in all the time also suck power from the outlet, even after you’ve disconnected thedevices you were charging. When you leave the adaptor plugged in, you’re losing an average of 2W.

The simplest way of ensuring that all your computer’s peripherals are completely turned off is toconnect them to a power strip that you can simply switch off. Several companies have caught on to the publicity surrounding standby energy wastage and offer timer and standby switches.

For home or office use, Micromark’s £21 timer plug will soon pay for itself in energy savings, whileBye Bye Standby lets you turn off several devices around the home from a central point.

11.4 Use Energy Star Laptops and Pcs

Energy Star stickers used to be seen plastered all over CRT screens that were unusual in having standbymodes. Flat-panels use far less energy than CRTs, but buying an LCD monitor isn’t the only way to

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conserve power. Look for the Energy Star logo when buying printers, fax machines, scanners and other  products. Energy Star 

Energy Star is an initiative that promotes energy-efficient hardware. The scheme saved $12bn (£6bn) onUS utility bills in 2005. To get the stamp of approval, products must meet guidelines such as having alow-power sleep mode. At the Energy Star site (energy-star.org) it’s easy to find products that meet theguidelines. It lets you search by category, brand and feature.

11.5 Use a flat-panel display

 Next time you’re looking to replace your PC monitor you should at least ensure that it’s a TFT model.Old-style CRT displays typically use 75W of power, while 25W is more typical of a flat-panel’s lighter footprint.

As well as drawing three times as much power so they can illuminate the phosphors that make up thedisplay, CRTs contain a vast amount more lead than flat-panel displays. A typical CRT containsapproximately 1.36kg of lead, while some LCDs contain only a few grammes. Philips has gone so far asto eliminate the lead content of some of its screens, such as the 19in 190C8FS.According to the EnergySaving Trust, a DAB radio uses 10 to 20 times less energy than the same broadcast via a digital TV.

11.6 Know your RoHS

ROHSThe European Union implemented RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive) in July2006. The directive restricts the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated

 biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ether in the manufacture of electronics.

Anything that’s available for sale or import within the EU should now comply with RoHS. However,it’s not a foolproof piece of legislation. Apple’s Steve Jobs claims some companies are using loopholesin the RoHS directive to continue to use toxic chemicals in their products. These companies claim their 

 products meet requirements "because of certain little-known exemptions granted by the EU", he says.

11.7.Go paper-free

Another way to do your bit for the environment, as well as save time and money, is by going digital. Wewaste more paper than we do anything else. The average office employee uses up to 50 sheets of A4every day, according to Envirowise. Much of this paper is thrown away - the group estimates that UK 

 businesses throw away five million tonnes of printing and writing paper each year.

Learn to resist the urge to print out emails and other documents for filing. Instead, read them onscreenand store them on your hard drive. If you need a record, create a PDF file. If you don’t already have aPDF creation package, try Backup4all novaPDF Lite 5.1, which can create PDFs of documents fromwithin any Windows application.

11.8.Timely checkup Of Reservations

There are all sorts of ways of offsetting your carbon footprint. The most effective is not to travel unlessit’s really necessary. Travelling not only requires you to spend money on plane tickets and a hotel, butalso includes a hidden cost. We checked out how heavy a burden a couple of intercontinental businesstrips plus a package holiday break within Europe could be. Our 10,000lb total (according to

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Broadband connections, webcams, video-conferencing and webcasting tools, along with email, ought tomake many business trips unnecessary. If you have to fly but are concerned about the CO2 you’ll create,consider donating to an organisation such as Native Energy or TerraPass. These companies calculateyour impact and suggest a monetary donation to go towards projects such as building renewable energysources.

11.9 Recycle Computers

Dispose of your old hardware responsibly. Consumer electronics and computers contain toxic materials,such as lead, that can seep into the ground if dumped improperly. British Computer Society president

 Nigel Shadbolt explains: "PCs contain many toxic components, so if they end up in a landfill we arecreating a real problem for the future.”

This is bad news, according to energy minister Malcolm Wicks. "Electrical and electronic equipment isthe fastest-growing category of waste across the EU, with an estimated 17-20kg per person producedevery year. The UK alone generated about one million tonnes of waste equipment last year," he says.

An older PC may no longer meet your requirements, but there are plenty of people who’d love to use it.Many charities will take an old PC and peripherals off your hands, or you can get in touch with

Computer Aid, which refurbishes machines for use by schools and in the developing world. You couldeven sell it on eBay or give it away through Freecycle.

Failing that, recycle it. According to the WEEE directive, electrical and electronic waste has to be dealtwith separately from other rubbish so that hazardous elements can be stripped out.

Electronics manufacturers and vendors cover the cost of this; your task is to get them to collect it, returnit to them or take it to your council’s recycling centre. If you can’t transport it, arrange for the council to

 pick it up.

Many electrical retailers run take-back schemes - check your PC vendor for details about how it isdealing with WEEE compliance. Note that you shouldn’t have to pay to return end-of-life goods. But,you can’t be too careful where stored personal details are concerned.

11.10 Solar Resources

Voltaic’s £189 Solar Back Pack consists of three solar panels embedded in the outside of the bag thatgenerate up to 4W of power. The bags have 11 adaptors for mobile phones and other devices, but are notdesigned to charge laptops.

The £45 Solio charger from Better Energy Systems gives about one hour of playtime or 10 minutes’ talk time from one hour of sunshine, according to the maker. Whether you’ll find a whole hour’s worth of sunshine within the British Isles is another matter.

Other solar chargers include the Freeloader (£99 from Firebox). If you’ve got your PC or laptopswitched on and have a couple of ports free, you could do worse than power up a pair of USBCell

 batteries for future use.

Laptop PCs require a little more power: unlimited-power.co.uk stocks Uni-solar Portable Solar ElectricPanels that can be used for this purpose. The marketing material states that they can provide power even

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with bullet holes or in partial shade, which suggests that these are really designed with the army inmind, but they are worth investigating. Prices start at £451.

Wind-up chargers are also available, although their efficiency is somewhat limited. For example, theMulti Mobile Charger (£6 from iwoot.com) gives you eight minutes’ talk time on your mobile if youwind it up for three minutes.

12 Conclusions and Future Work 

Continued improvement of the ENERGY STAR Office Equipment program depends on identifying newopportunities for saving energy, which requires ongoing field measurements to supplement datareported bymanufacturers and to characterize emerging power trends as they relate to ENERGY STAR criteria.ENERGY STAR criteria have been so effective at reducing energy use by monitors and PCs that are on

 butidle that the energy consumed when they are off or in active use (on) has become more important intermsof contribution to the typical unit energy consumption (UEC). Current ENERGY STAR criteria do notspecify off or on power, but our results suggest opportunities for saving energy in these modes.

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12.1Monitors

Trends in the monitor market are toward larger screen sizes (because they are easier to read and candisplaymore information) and LCD monitors, which (although more expensive) require less space, use lessenergyfor display, and recover from low-power levels more quickly than CRT monitors. Based on our sample,CRTs predominate among monitors larger than 17”, while LCDs predominate within the 15” size

category.Our results reveal a clear trend among monitor manufacturers to provide a single very low low-power level.In our sample of 35 CRTs and LCDs, both the median and the 25th percentile were 2W – well below thecurrent ENERGY STAR monitor criterion of 8W in deep sleep. Among LCD monitors, average deep

 sleep

  power was indistinguishable from off. We suggest the current monitor criteria (which specifies twolowpower levels) be revised to specify a single low-power level –  sleep, which is the term used to describe thesingle low-power level in other ENERGY STAR office equipment products.Our difficulty in measuring recovery times from low-power levels highlights the fact that – to the extent

that recovery time is considered as an element in future product criteria – the ENERGY STAR programneedsto establish clear and consistent methods for measuring recovery time for any given product category.On average, LCD monitors in our sample use 1W more when off than CRT monitors. Although 1W per monitor may seem insignificant, the cumulative impact on the UEC of this product category is not.Because the 25th percentile of  off  power consumption in our sample was 0W, we suggest that therevisedENERGY STAR monitor specification include a 0W off  power criterion. This would provide monitor manufacturers with an incentive to install more efficient power supplies or use internal power supplies.Regarding on   power, our results confirm that LCDs consume less power per unit area than CRTmonitors,

 but they also suggest that LCD on power consumption per unit area increases slightly with LCD size.Considering the uncertainties in our calculation of monitor display areas and the small size of our sample,the latter result is far from conclusive. We suggest that on power in LCDs merits further investigation.25Our difficulty in comparing on power consumption among monitors in our sample highlights the needfor a metric capable of normalizing on  power consumption across all monitor types and sizes. Wesuggest the ENERGY STAR program continue to develop the proposed “pixels per watt” metric for monitor on power.The process of resolving the discrepancy between measured and reported monitor on power revealedopportunities for improving ENERGY STAR Office Equipment program design and implementation.As aresult, the EPA is now working with researchers and manufacturers to develop standard methods for testiand reporting typical (not worst-case) power consumption of new monitors in all power modes.Whenthese procedures have been agreed upon, participating manufacturers will use them to generate reliabledata, which EPA will use to establish criteria for the revised ENERGY STAR monitor specification.

12.2Personal Computers

Current ENERGY STAR computer criteria specify  sleep   power according to the power supply’smaximumcontinuous output rating, which, besides being difficult to determine, says nothing about actual power 

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We suggest that revisions to the computer criteria be based on a more appropriate and identifiablemetric.When the data for all desktop computers in our sample was analyzed as a whole, the results indicate thatactual desktop computer  sleep power levels are far below even the lowest ENERGY STAR  sleep criteria(based on the maximum continuous output rating of the computer’s power supply), which thereforeneed to

 be revised downward if they are to apply only to the 25% most energy-efficient models on the market.Half of the desktop computers in our sample exhibited a second, higher low-power level. To the extent

thatcomputers spend time in low-power levels other than the lowest ( sleep) level, it may be worthwhile tospecify a second, higher ENERGY STAR low-power level called, for example, light sleep. We do not,however, have an estimate of the percentage of time computers spend in intermediate low-power levels.The range of off  power consumption among desktop computers in our sample was small (1-4W), anddoesnot suggest a need for an off   power criteria for ENERGY STAR computers. Desktop on  power consumptionranged widely, but appeared to be more closely associated with processor brand than with

 processor speed.We suggest that the trend toward increasing desktop computer on power be investigatedwith regard to minimizing computer on power without affecting functionality.Integrated computer systems exist in a variety of configurations, but as yet are relatively few in number,

although we can expect that to change. All three ICSs in our sample met the ENERGY STAR ICS