PRINCIPLES OF SHARED RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAWassets.cambridge.org/97811070/78512/frontmatter/9781107078512... · PRINCIPLES OF SHARED RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

PR INC I P L E S OF SHAREDRE S PONS I B I L I TY

IN INTERNAT IONAL LAW

The Shared Responsibility in International Law series examines theunderexplored problem of allocation of responsibilities among multiplestates and other actors. The International Law Commission, in its workon state responsibility and the responsibility of international organisa-tions, recognised that attribution of acts to one state or organisation doesnot exclude possible attribution of the same act to another state ororganisation, but has provided limited guidance on allocation or repar-ation. From the new perspective of shared responsibility, this volumereviews the main principles of the law of international responsibility aslaid down in the Articles on State Responsibility and the Articles onResponsibility of International Organizations, such as attribution ofconduct, breach, circumstances precluding wrongfulness and reparation.It explores the potential and limitations of current international law indealing with questions of shared responsibility in areas as military oper-ations and international environmental law.

andre nollkaemper is the director of the research project on SharedResponsibility in International Law (SHARES), for which he obtained anAdvanced Investigator Grant of the European Research Council. He isalso Professor of Public International Law at the Faculty of Law of theUniversity of Amsterdam, where he established the Amsterdam Centerfor International Law (ACIL) in 1999.

ilias plakokefalos is a post-doctoral researcher in the SHARESResearch Project at the University of Amsterdam. He obtained his PhDfrom the University of Athens and has since specialized in internationalenvironmental law and the law of international responsibility.

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-07851-2 - Principles of Shared Responsibility in International Law: An Appraisal of the State of the ArtEdited by André Nollkaemper and Ilias PlakokefalosFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9781107078512

http://www.cambridge.org


studies on shared responsibilityin international law

This series produces high quality scholarship exploring questions ofshared responsibility in international law. It provides new perspectiveson the responsibility problems that arise from the increasing number ofsituations in which states, international institutions, and other actorsengage in concerted action in the pursuit of common objectives. Whilesuch concerted action generally aims to provide beneficial outcomes, alltoo often it results in harmful ones. If that is the case, the multiplicity ofactors involved in the concerted action may complicate the determin-ation and implementation of international responsibility. Books in thisseries examine the grounds on which international law does and shouldallow for shared responsibility between all actors involved, and how it canbe developed in a way that better enables the determination and imple-mentation of shared responsibility.

The series includes both works on positive international law andworks of a theoretical and interdisciplinary character.

The book series is part of the research project on Shared Responsibility inInternational Law (SHARES), which has been carried out at the AmsterdamCenter for International Law (ACIL) of the University of Amsterdam from2010 onwards.

General Editor

Andre Nollkaemper, Professor of Public International Law, University ofAmsterdam






PRINCIPLES OF SHARED

RESPONSIBILITY IN

INTERNATIONAL LAW

An Appraisal of the State of the Art

Edited by

A ND R É NO L L K A EM P E R

and

I L I A S P L A KOK E F A L O S

Assistant editor

J E S S I C A N . M . S C H E CH I N G E R






University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107078512

© Cambridge University Press 2014

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2014

Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataPrinciples of shared responsibility in international law: an appraisal

of the state of the art / Edited byAndré Nollkaemper and Ilias Plakokefalos.

p. cm. – (Studies on shared responsibility in international law)ISBN 978-1-107-07851-2

1. International law. 2. Responsibility to protect (International law)3. Strict liability. 4. Government liability (International law)I. Nollkaemper, André, editor. II. Plakokefalos, Ilias, editor.

KZ3410.P75 2014341.26–dc232014016834

ISBN 978-1-107-07851-2 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.






CONTENTS

List of contributors viiEditors’ preface ixList of abbreviations xiTable of treaties and other international legalinstruments xiv

Table of cases xxii

1 Introduction 1andr nollkaemper

2 Breach of International Obligations 25andrea gattini

3 Attribution of Conduct 60francesco messineo

4 Attribution of Responsibility 98james d. fry

5 Complicity in an Internationally Wrongful Act 134vladyslav lanovoy

6 Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness 169helmut philipp aust

7 Reparation, Cessation, Assurances and Guaranteesof Non-Repetition 208pierre d ’argent

8 Invocation of Responsibility 251annemarieke vermeer-knzli

v






9 Serious Breaches of Peremptory Norms 284eric wyler and len castellanos-jankiewicz

10 Countermeasures against Multiple Responsible Actors 312christian j. tams

11 Conclusions: Beyond the ILC Legacy 341andr nollkaemper and ilias plakokefalos

Index 364

vi contents






CONTRIBUTORS

pierre d ’argent Professor, University of Louvain (UCL); GuestProfessor, University of Leiden; Member of the Brussels Bar; formerly,First Secretary of the International Court of Justice.

helmut philipp aust Dr. iur., Senior Research Fellow, Faculty ofLaw, Humboldt University Berlin.

len castellanos-jankiewicz PhD Candidate and TeachingAssistant, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,Geneva. Former member of the SHARES Research Project (2010–2011),University of Amsterdam.

james d. fry Associate Professor of Law and Director of the LLMProgramme, University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law.

andrea gattini Professor of International Law, University of Padova.

vladyslav lanovoy PhD in International Law, Graduate Instituteof International and Development Studies, Geneva.

francesco messineo Former Lecturer in Law, Kent Law School(Canterbury); SHARES Expert Associate.

andr nollkaemper Professor of Public International Law at theFaculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, and director of theSHARES Research Project.

ilias plakokefalos Post-doctoral researcher in the SHARESResearch Project at the University of Amsterdam.

vii






christian j. tams Professor of International Law, University ofGlasgow.

annemarieke vermeer-knzli Legal Counsel at the Ministry ofForeign Affairs, the Netherlands; associated researcher at the AmsterdamCenter for International Law, University of Amsterdam, and SHARESExpert Associate.

eric wyler Lecturer, Graduate Institute of International andDevelopment Studies, Geneva, and Visiting Professor, Universite Paris2 Pantheon – Assas.

viii list of contributors






EDITORS ’ PREFACE

This is the first volume to appear in the book series Shared Responsibilityin International Law. It was produced as part of the research project onShared Responsibility in International Law (SHARES), which has beencarried out at the Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL) of theUniversity of Amsterdam from 2010 onwards.

This book series provides new perspectives on responsibility problemsthat arise from the increasing number of situations in which states,international institutions, and other actors engage in concerted actionin the pursuit of common objectives. While such concerted action gen-erally aims to provide beneficial outcomes, all too often it has resulted inharmful ones. If that is the case, the multiplicity of actors involved in theconcerted action may complicate the determination and implementationof international responsibility. The book series examines the groundson which international law does and should allow for shared responsi-bility between all actors involved, and how it can be developed in a waythat better enables the determination and implementation of sharedresponsibility.

This first volume lays the groundwork for the series as a whole bycritically reviewing the established principles of international responsi-bility as developed by the International Law Commission (ILC) – thatare widely considered to be the state of the art in the law of internationalresponsibility – from the perspective of shared responsibility. It discusseswhether these principles allow for and support the determination and/orimplementation of shared responsibility, whether they provide usefulguidance for the often complex questions of distribution of internationalresponsibility, or whether they contain obstacles. The volume also iden-tifies any developments that might de lege ferenda provide for a better fitbetween the law of responsibility and shared responsibility.

The second volume of the series will consider, from an extra-legalperspective, how responsibility is to be distributed among multiple wrong-doing actors. Given that international law often provides no clear direction

ix






for such distribution, it considers possible grounds for distribution.This volume will engage in a fundamental inquiry into the bases andjustifications for apportionment of responsibilities that could support anarticulation of critique of current international law, and provide a basis forreform.

The third volume of the book series will explore the practice of sharedresponsibility in international law. Based on the recognition that theapplicable rules and procedures for shared responsibility differ betweenparticular issue-areas, it will map relevant practices of shared responsi-bility in over forty issue-areas. This will enable an assessment of the fit ofthe prevailing principles of international responsibility, and will providebuilding blocks for a proposal for critique, development, and eventuallya broader theory of shared responsibility.

On the basis of the material in these first three volumes, a separatevolume will consolidate the insights on the state of the law, and thegrounds for development, into a new theory for shared responsibility ininternational law.

The present volume thus forms the essential foundation of a muchbroader project. It comprises eleven substantive chapters, includingintroductory and concluding chapters. Drafts of the chapters for thisfirst volume were discussed at a meeting of the authors on 7 and 8February 2013 in Amsterdam, to strengthen coherency throughout thevolume.

The research leading to this book has received funding from theEuropean Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Frame-work Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement n° 249499, aspart of the SHARES research project carried out at the ACIL.

We thank the members of the SHARES research team as a whole fortheir input during various stages of the project leading up to this volume.Our particular thanks go to Jessica Schechinger for her coordinatingwork in support of this volume and to Laura Chafey and BelindaMacmahon for editorial assistance.

Finally, our thanks go to everyone at Cambridge University Press fortheir assistance during the production process of the volume.

The manuscript was finalised on 1 March 2014; later developmentshave not been incorporated.

Andre Nollkaemper and Ilias PlakokefalosAmsterdam, 1 March 2014

x editors ’ preface






ABBREVIATIONS

ACIL Amsterdam Center for International LawADP Articles on Diplomatic ProtectionAFDI Annuaire français de droit internationalAFISMA African-led International Support Mission in MaliAIDI Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit InternationalAJIL American Journal of International LawAnn Air & Sp L Annals of Air and Space LawARIO Articles on the Responsibility of International OrganizationsARSIWA Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally

Wrongful ActsASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsASR African Security ReviewBYIL British Yearbook of International LawCAT Convention against TortureCEDAM Casa Editrice Dott Antonio MilaniCERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Racial DiscriminationCMLR Common Market Law ReportsCRISPP Critical Review of International Social and Political

PhilosophyDRC Democratic Republic of the CongoDRFTPCJ Droits: Revue française de theorie de philosophie et de

cultures juridiquesEC European CommunitiesECHR European Convention on Human RightsECJ European Court of JusticeECLI European Case Law IdentifierECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilECR European Court ReportsECtHR European Court of Human RightsEIA Ethics & International AffairsEJIL European Journal of International LawESA European Space Agency

xi






EU European UnionEUR euroFARDC Forces armees de la Republique democratique du CongoFRY Federal Republic of YugoslaviaGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGYIL German Yearbook of International LawHarv Int LJ Harvard International Law JournalHRLR Human Rights Law ReviewICC International Criminal CourtICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsICESCR International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural RightsICJ International Court of JusticeICLQ International and Comparative Law QuarterlyICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment DisputesICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former YugoslaviaIECL International Encyclopedia of Comparative LawIGC Intergovernmental CommissionILC International Law CommissionILDC International Law in Domestic CourtsILM International Legal MaterialsILR International Law ReportsIMF International Monetary FundIO international organisationIOLR International Organizations Law ReviewIRRC International Review of the Red CrossITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the SeaJ Conflict & Sec L Journal of Conflict & Security LawJIDS Journal of International Dispute SettlementJIEL Journal of International Economic LawJ Int Crim Just Journal of International Criminal JusticeJJIL Japanese Journal of International LawJ Phil Journal of PhilosophyJPR Journal of Peace ResearchJSL Journal of Space LawL & Pol Int Bus Law and Policy in International BusinessLGDJ Librairie generale de droit et de jurisprudenceLJIL Leiden Journal of International LawLOSC United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaMIJIL Michigan Journal of International LawMil L & L War Rev The Military Law and the Law of War ReviewMONUC United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the

Congo

xii list of abbreviations






NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNL The NetherlandsNPT Non-Proliferation TreatyNYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International LawNYU J Int L Pol New York University Journal of International Law and

PoliticsODIL Ocean Development & International LawOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPAHO Pan American Health OrganizationPCIJ Permanent Court of International JusticePepp L Rev Pepperdine Law ReviewPMSC private military and security companyR2P responsibility to protectRBDI Revue Belge de droit internationalRCADI Recueil des cours de l’Academie de droit international de La

HayeRGDIP Revue generale de droit international publicRIAA Reports of International Arbitral AwardsRiv Dir Int Rivista di Diritto InternazionaleRQDI Revue quebecoise de droit internationalRSDIE Revue suisse de droit international et europeenSFDI Société française pour le droit internationalSHARES Shared Responsibility in International LawSJIL Stanford Journal of International LawSZIER Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und

europäisches RechtUK United KingdomUN United NationsUNGAOR United Nations General Assembly Official RecordsUNPROFOR United Nations Protection ForceUNSC United Nations Security CouncilUNTS United Nations Treaty SeriesUS United StatesUSD United States dollarVand J Transnat L Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational LawVCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesWHO World Health OrganizationWTO World Trade OrganizationYJIL Yale Journal of International LawZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und

VölkerrechtZöR Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht

list of abbreviations xiii






TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONALLEGAL INSTRUMENTS

Agreement between Australia and the Republic of Nauru for the Settlement of theCase in the International Court of Justice concerning Certain Phosphate Lands inNauru, Nauru, 10 August 1993, in force 20 August 1993, 1770 UNTS 379: 237

Agreement between the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty Organizationregarding the Status of their Forces, London, 19 June 1951, in force 23 August 1953,199 UNTS 67: 245

Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United NationsConvention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to theConservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly MigratoryFish Stocks, New York, 4 August 1995, in force 11 December 2001, 2167 UNTS 3: 2

Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, ILC Yearbook2001/II(2) (ARSIWA): 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 37, 45, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 115,116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138,139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165,166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190,191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210,211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228,231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253,254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 267, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 296,297, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321,323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 331, 336, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 351, 354,355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361

Art. 1: 176, 177, 209, 300, 331Art. 2: 99, 122, 173, 176, 263, 331Art. 4: 64, 65, 69, 70, 76, 78, 79, 83, 85, 92, 211, 294Art. 4 (1): 294Art. 4 (2): 64, 65, 78, 79Art. 5: 64, 65, 69, 70, 77, 92, 211Art. 6: 64, 65, 70, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 118, 206, 211Art. 7: 64, 65, 211

xiv






Art. 8: 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 78, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 211Art. 9: 64, 65, 211Art. 10: 64, 65, 211Art. 10 (3): 342Art. 11: 40, 64, 66, 211Art. 12: 25, 26Art. 13: 25Art. 14: 25, 47Art. 14 (3): 37, 45Art. 15: 25, 26, 48, 261Art. 16: 10, 49, 115, 116, 117, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151,152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167, 173, 178, 181, 211, 214, 216, 227, 261,263, 290, 296, 297, 308, 321

Art. 16 (b): 159, 160, 173Art. 17: 10, 49, 119, 211, 212, 227, 233, 289Art. 17(b): 114Art. 18: 10, 49, 120, 121, 173, 193, 194, 211, 233Art. 19: 342Art. 20: 22, 170, 171, 173, 180, 181, 183, 185, 199, 203Art. 21: 22, 170, 171, 173, 180, 184, 185, 199, 203Art. 22: 22, 170, 171, 173, 180, 186, 190, 191, 199, 200, 203, 312Art. 23: 22, 37, 121, 170, 171, 173, 180, 191, 199, 203Art. 23(2): 192Art. 24: 22, 170, 171, 173, 180, 194, 199, 203Art. 25: 22, 138, 170, 172, 173, 175, 180, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 203, 357, 358Art. 25 (1) (b): 196Art. 25 (2) (a): 197Art. 26: 22, 170, 173, 175, 179, 180, 197, 199, 203, 286Art. 27: 22, 138, 170, 173, 180, 199, 201, 202, 203, 228Art. 27 (a): 192Art. 27 (b): 202Art. 28: 290Art. 29: 107, 290Art. 30: 107, 290Art. 30 (a): 209Art. 30 (b): 209Art. 31: 8, 28, 29, 161, 165, 166, 209, 226, 231, 290Art. 31 (1): 324Art. 32: 290Art. 33: 196, 290Art. 33 (1): 218Art. 33 (2): 219

table of treaties xv






Art. 34: 221Art. 35: 202, 221Art. 36: 221Art. 36 (2): 221Art. 37: 221Art. 38: 222Art. 39: 11, 222Art. 40: 197, 290, 291, 336Art. 40 (2): 285Art. 41: 34, 49, 52, 197, 290, 304, 305, 308, 311, 336Art. 41(1): 34, 197, 236, 305Art. 41(2): 34, 306, 308, 321Art. 42: 188, 199, 218, 257, 259, 260, 265, 315, 316Art. 42 (a): 259Art. 42 (b) (i): 259, 261Art. 42 (b) (ii): 259, 261Art. 44: 267Art. 46: 212, 220Art. 47: 10, 50, 111, 112, 128, 130, 217, 228, 233, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 243, 247, 252,253, 254, 255, 260, 265, 289, 320, 324, 325, 326, 341, 346, 359

Art. 47(1): 79, 80, 111, 330, 339Art. 47 (2): 329, 351Art. 47 (2) (a): 240Art: 47 (2) (b): 239, 248Art. 48: 32, 188, 189, 253, 254, 255, 257, 263, 264, 290, 309, 311Art. 48(1): 111Art. 48 (1) (b): 259Art. 48 (2): 218, 257Art. 48 (2) (b): 219Art. 49: 316, 318, 325, 327, 328Art. 49 (3): 318Art. 50: 316Art. 50 (1) (d): 315Art. 51: 316, 317Art. 52: 316Art. 52 (1) (a): 324Art. 53: 316Art. 54: 188, 189, 316, 319, 339Art. 55: 175Art. 56: 56, 361Art. 57: 313, 342Art. 58: 62, 296, 342

xvi table of treaties






Art. 59: 187Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, ILC Report on thework of its sixty-third session, UNGAOR 66th Sess., Supp. No. 10, UNDoc. A/66/10 (2011) (ARIO): 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 21, 22, 23, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 62, 64, 65,66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103,104, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143, 148, 151, 154, 156, 159, 161,162, 167, 170, 171, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199,200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221,222, 233, 234 , 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259,260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 289, 290, 307, 313, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 323, 325,326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 351, 355,356, 357, 359, 360, 361

Art. 1: 98, 331Art. 2: 62, 66, 331Art. 2 (d): 65, 91Art. 3: 50Art. 5: 76Art. 6: 64, 65, 68, 69, 211Art. 7: 64, 70, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 110, 118, 206, 211, 360Art. 8: 64, 65, 211Art. 9: 64, 66, 75, 211Art. 13: 116, 337Art. 14: 10, 115, 116, 135, 138, 141, 143, 147, 151, 154, 159, 167, 187, 211, 214, 216, 337Art. 15: 10, 118, 119, 187, 211, 233, 337Art. 15 (b): 114Art. 16: 10, 120, 211, 156, 162, 187, 211, 233, 261, 337Art. 17: 5, 103, 114, 119, 124, 126, 187, 211, 214, 215, 307, 337, 338Art. 17 (1): 124, 216Art. 17 (2): 124, 216Art. 17 (2): 125Art. 17 (3): 124Art. 18: 211, 233, 337Art. 19: 5, 342Art. 20: 22, 170, 180, 183, 199, 203Art. 21: 22, 170, 180, 184, 185, 199, 203Art. 21(3): 187, 200Art. 22: 22, 170, 180, 199, 200, 203Art. 22 (2): 313Art. 23: 22, 121, 170, 180, 191, 199, 203Art. 24: 22, 170, 194, 180, 199, 203Art. 25: 22, 170, 180, 195, 196, 198, 199, 203

table of treaties xvii






Art. 25 (1) (b): 196Art. 26: 22, 170, 179, 180, 199, 203Art. 27: 22, 170, 180, 199, 201, 202, 203Art. 27 (b): 202Art. 29: 107Art. 30: 107Art. 30 (a): 209Art. 30 (b): 209Art. 31: 209Art. 33 (1): 218Art. 33 (2): 219Art. 34: 221Art. 35: 221Art. 36: 221Art. 36 (2): 221Art. 37: 221Art. 38: 222Art. 39: 222Art. 41: 336Art. 42: 336Art. 42 (b) (ii): 259Art. 42(1): 236Art. 42(2): 321Art. 43: 218, 257, 260, 316Art. 43 (a): 259Art. 43 (b) (i): 259, 261Art. 43 (b) (ii): 259, 261Art. 44: 267Art. 44 (2): 268Art. 47: 212, 220Art. 47 (3): 334Art. 48: 50, 112, 128, 217, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 265, 290, 307,326, 341, 346

Art. 48 (1): 81, 96, 111, 325, 330, 339Art. 48 (2): 112, 113, 234, 325, 333, 334Art. 48 (3): 329Art. 48 (3) (a): 240Art. 48 (3) (b): 239Art. 49: 257, 263, 264Art. 49 (3): 263Art. 49 (4): 257Art. 49 (4) (a): 218

xviii table of treaties






Art. 49 (4) (b): 219Art. 49 (5): 255Art. 50: 325Art. 51: 327, 328Art. 51(3): 318Art. 54: 317Art. 55: 317Art. 55 (2): 317Art. 56: 316Art. 57: 188, 316, 319, 337, 338, 339Art. 58: 50, 51, 53, 115, 116, 135, 138, 141, 143, 151, 159, 167, 211, 214, 337, 338Art. 58 (2): 148Art. 58 (5): 148Art. 58 (1) (b): 114, 115Art. 59: 50, 51, 53, 211, 233, 337, 338Art. 59 (2): 120Art. 60: 50, 120, 121, 211, 233, 337, 338Art. 61: 50, 53, 114, 124, 211, 214, 215, 337, 338Art. 61 (1): 124Art. 61 (6): 126Art. 61 (7): 126Art. 61 (8): 126Art. 61 (2): 124Art. 62: 50, 54, 112, 211, 233, 307, 333, 338, 339Art. 62 (1): 338Art. 62 (2): 234, 338Art. 63: 50, 342Art. 64: 74Art. 66: 62, 342Art. 76 (1): 235Berlin Pact of Assistance, 27 September 1940, Hudson, International Legislation,vol. VIII, no. 591: 241

Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco, 26 June 1954, in force 24 October 1945,1 UNTS 16 (UN Charter): 139, 213, 287

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatmentor Punishment, New York, 10 December 1984, in force 26 June 1987, 1465UNTS 85 (CAT): 56, 273

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome,4 November 1950, in force 3 September 1953, 213 UNTS 221 (EuropeanConvention on Human Rights or ECHR): 30, 71, 72, 80, 87, 233, 277, 337

Convention on Cluster Munitions, Dublin, 30 May 2008, in force 1 August 2010,2688 UNTS: 139

table of treaties xix






Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, London,Moscow, and Washington DC, 29 March 1972, in force 1 September 1972, 961UNTS 187 (Liability Convention): 50, 59, 245, 328

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Paris,9 December 1948, in force 12 January 1951, 78 UNTS 277 (Genocide Convention):4, 40, 122, 135, 139, 145, 146, 152, 197, 272, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 321

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer ofAnti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, Oslo, 18 September 1997, in force1 March 1999, 2056 UNTS 211: 139

Covenant of the League of Nations, 28 June 1919, in force 1 October 1920, 225 Parry195: 292

Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, ILC Yearbook 2006/II(2): 265, 267, 268, 269,270, 354

Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities,ILC Yearbook 2001/II(2): 56

Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising outof hazardous activities, ILC Report on the work of its fifty-eighth session, UN Doc.A/61/10 (2006): 57

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva, 30 October 1947, in force 1 January1948, 55 UNTS 187 (GATT): 27

General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy(Kellogg–Briand Pact), Paris, 27 August 1928, 94 LNTS 57: 292

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of theWounded and Sick inArmed Forces in the Field, Geneva, 12 August 1949, in force 21 October 1950, 75UNTS 31: 33, 258, 292

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sickand Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Geneva, 12 August 1949, inforce 21 October 1950, 75 UNTS 85: 33, 258

Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva,12 August 1949, in force 21 October 1950, 75 UNTS 135: 33, 258

Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,Geneva, 12 August 1949, in force 21 October 1950, 75 UNTS 287: 33, 258

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16 December 1966,in force 23 March 1976, 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR): 39, 40

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, New York, 16December 1966, in force 3 January 1976, 999 UNTS 3 (ICESCR): 40

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,New York, 21 December 1965, in force 4 January 1969, 660 UNTS 195 (CERD):42, 321

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime ofApartheid, New York, 30 November 1973, in force 18 July 1976, 1015UNTS 243: 321

xx table of treaties






Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,Kyoto, 10 December 1997, in force 16 February 2005, 2303 UNTS 148 (KyotoProtocol): 27

Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriageby Air, Montreal, 28 May 1999, in force 4 November 2003, 2242 UNTS 309: 273

Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt, 18 ILM 362 (1979): 335Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Rome, 17 July 1998, in force 1 July2002, 2187 UNTS 3 (Rome Statute): 293, 294

Treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and theFrench Republic concerning the Construction and Operation by PrivateConcessionaires of a Channel Fixed Link, Canterbury, 12 February 1986, 1497UNTS 325: 60

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Useof Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, London, Moscow,and Washington DC, 27 January 1967, in force 10 October 1967, 610 UNTS 205(Outer Space Treaty): 50, 58

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, 10 December 1982,in force 16 November 1994, 1833 UNTS 3 (LOSC): 105

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, New York, 9 May 1992,in force 21 March 1994, 1771 UNTS 107: 27

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna, 23 May 1969, in force 27 January1980, 1155 UNTS 331 (VCLT): 39, 93, 114, 156, 191, 287, 314

table of treaties xxi






CASES

International courts and tribunals

Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independencein Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2010, 403: 159

Administrative Decision No. II, United States–German Mixed Claims Commission,Award, (1923) 7 RIAA 29: 164

Affaire du Lac Lanoux (France v. Spain), Award, (1957) 12 RIAA 281: 142Agim Behrami and Bekir Behrami v. France and Ruzhdi Saramati v. France,Germany and Norway, App. No. 71412/01 and App. No. 78166/01 (ECtHR,2 May 2007): 52, 89, 94, 277, 337

Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),Preliminary Objections, ICJ Reports 2007, 582: 268

Air Service Agreement of 27 March 1946 (United States of America/France), (1978)18 RIAA 417 or (1978) 54 ILR 338 (Air Service): 191, 316–318, 329

Akdivar and others v. Turkey, App. No. 21893/93 (ECtHR, 16 September 1996): 268Al-Jedda v. the United Kingdom, App. No. 27021/08 (ECtHR, 7 July 2011): 14, 94, 96Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. the United Kingdom (Admissibility), App. No. 61498/08(ECtHR, 30 June 2009): 86, 87

Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. the United Kingdom, App. No. 61498/08 (ECtHR,2 March 2010): 86

Antippa (the Spyros) case v. Germany, Case No. 285, (1926) 7 Greco-GermanMixed Arbitral Tribunal 23–8: 164

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), ProvisionalMeasures, Order of 13 September 1993, ICJ Reports 1993, 325: 237, 294

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), PreliminaryObjections, ICJ Reports 1996, 595: 295

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, ICJReports 2007, 43 (Genocide case or Bosnian Genocide case): 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 62, 64,65, 66, 78, 135, 141, 145, 151, 220, 221, 222, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 321,322, 332, 333, 336

xxii






Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (The Former Yugoslav Republicof Macedonia v. Greece), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2011, 1: 149

Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofRacial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,ICJ Reports 2011, 70: 42, 300

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congov. Uganda), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2005, 168: 40, 43, 146, 155, 273, 300, 309, 332

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002)(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,ICJ Reports 2006, 6: 264, 272, 273, 276, 295, 298, 300

Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium),Judgment, ICJ Reports 2002, 3: 216, 264

Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America),Judgment, ICJ Reports 2004, 12: 47

Aziz v. Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, App. No. 69949/01(ECtHR, 23 April 2002): 277

Banković a.o. v. Belgium and 16 Other States, App. No. 52207/99 (ECtHR,2 May 2007): 276

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), SecondPhase, ICJ Reports 1970, 3 (Barcelona Traction case): 190, 204, 263–264

Behring International Inc. v. Iran, Award, (1991) 27 Iran–US Claims TribunalReports 218: 164

Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm Ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland, App. No. 45036/98 (ECtHR, 30 June 2005) (Bosphorus): 75–76

British Claims in the Spanish Zone of Morocco (Great Britain/Spain), (1924)2 RIAA 615: 103

Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning theinterpretation or application of two agreements concluded on 9 July 1986 between thetwo States and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow WarriorAffair, Decision, (1990) 20 RIAA 217 (Rainbow Warrior): 158, 195

Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections,ICJ Reports 1992, 240 (Nauru or Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru): 14, 71, 72, 73,112, 128, 231, 235, 237, 238, 289, 326, 327, 329, 332, 345

Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France),Judgment, ICJ Reports 2008, 177: 275

CME Czech Republic BV (The Netherlands v. Czech Republic), Partial Award, (2001) 9ICSID Reports 113: 165, 231

Commission of the European Economic Community v. Luxembourg and Belgium,European Court of Justice, joined cases 90/63 and 91/63, (1964) ECR 626: 314

Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania),Merits, ICJ Reports 1949, 4: 38, 39, 64, 79, 123, 131, 145, 153, 165, 225, 226, 229, 230,231, 302, 323

table of cases xxiii






Dix Case, Award (1903–1905) 9 RIAA 119: 166Drozd and Janousek v. France and Spain, App. No. 12747/87 (ECtHR, 26 June 1992):85–86, 178

East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1995, 90: 14, 32, 33, 256,257, 264, 274, 298, 300, 302, 332, 356

Elettronica Sicula S.p.A (ELSI) (United States of America v. Italy), Judgment, ICJReports 1989, 15: 268

El-Masri v. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, App. No. 39630/09 (ECtHR,13 December 2012): 143, 155

Eritrea’s Damages Claims, Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission, Final Award (seewww.pca-cpa.org): 299

European Communities and Certain Member States – Measures Affecting Trade inLarge Civil Aircraft, Report of the Panel of 30 June 2010, WT/DS316/R: 279

European Communities – Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, Reportof the Panel of 5 February 1998, WT/DS62/R, WT/DS67/R, WT/DS68/R: 76, 99

European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of BiotechProducts, Panel Report, 29 September 2006, WT/DS291/R (Biotech): 75

European Communities – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, Report ofthe Appellate Body of 18 May 2011, AB-2010-1: 279

European Communities – Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indicationsfor Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs, Panel Report, 15 March 2005, WT/DS174/R: 75

European Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution ofBananas, Report of the Appellate Body of 9 September 1997, AB-1997-3: 279

European Communities – Selected Customs Matters, Panel Report, 16 June 2006, WT/DS315/R, and Appellate Body Report, 13 November 2006, WT/DS315/AB/R: 75

Eurotunnel Arbitration (The Channel Tunnel Group Ltd & France-Manche S.A. v. theSecretary of State for Transport of the Government of the United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Northern Ireland and le ministre de l’equipement, des transports, del’amenagement du territoire, du tourisme et de la mer du Gouvernement de laRepublique française), Partial Award, (2007) 132 ILR 1 (Eurotunnel): 19, 60, 71, 72,73, 131, 232, 345

Factory at Chorźow (Germany v. Poland), Jurisdiction, 1927 PCIJ Series A –No. 9, 21: 204Factory at Chorzów (Germany v. Poland), Merits, Claim for Indemnity, JudgmentNo. 13, 1928 PCIJ Series A – No. 17: 220, 240

Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1951, 116: 155Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1997,7 (Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros): 36, 44, 158, 176, 317–318

Guidance Regarding Jus ad Bellum Liability, Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission,Decision No. 7, (2007) 26 RIAA 1: 163, 300

Hess v. the United Kingdom, App. No. 6231/73 (ECtHR, 28 May 1975): 71–72Houston Contracting Company v. National Iranian Oil Company, Award, (1988)20 Iran–US Claims Tribunal Reports 3: 164

xxiv table of cases






Ilaşcu a.o. v. Moldova and Russia, App. No. 48787/99 (ECtHR, 8 July 2004): 14, 123,166, 276

Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, ICJReports 1959, 6: 268

Ireland v. the United Kingdom, App. No. 5310/71 (ECtHR, 18 January 1978): 47Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening),Judgment, ICJ Reports 2012, 99: 219, 269, 300

Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council of the European Unionand Commission of the European Communities, European Court of Justice, joinedcases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P, [2008] 3 CMLR 41 (Kadi): 75–76, 266

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa inNamibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276(1970), Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1971, 16: 143, 306

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004, 136 (Wall advisory opinion): 33, 39, 40, 216,258, 281, 292, 305, 306

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996,226: 44, 286

Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections,ICJ Reports 2004, 279: 196, 293

Lighthouse Arbitration (France v. Greece), Award, (1956) 23 ILR 352: 165Mastromatteo v. Italy, App. No. 37703/97 (ECtHR, 24 October 2002): 31Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. UnitedStates of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, ICJ Reports 1984, 392: 281, 332

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. UnitedStates of America), Merits, ICJ Reports 1986, 14: 66, 185, 292, 300, 305

Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Northern Ireland and United States of America), Preliminary Question,ICJ Reports 1954, 19: 23, 231, 256, 270, 273, 274, 275, 278, 281, 282, 302, 331, 332(Monetary Gold)

M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, App. No. 30696/09 (ECtHR, 21 January 2011): 276Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, ICJReports 2003, 161: 130–131, 139, 193, 245–246, 328

Parliament v. Council, European Court of Justice, case C-316/91, (1994) ECR I-653:99, 106, 327

Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Judgment, ICTY Case No. IT-95-17/1-T, 10 December 1998: 287Prosecutor v. Tadić, Judgment, ICTY Case No. IT-94–1-A, 15 July 1999, 38 ILM 1518: 65Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010,14 (Pulp Mills): 45, 146, 221

Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),Judgment, ICJ Reports 2012, 422 (Belgium v. Senegal case): 218, 263–264, 287

Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, App. No. 25965/04 (ECtHR, 7 January 2010): 276–277

table of cases xxv






Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion,ICJ Reports 1949, 174: 108, 266

Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission,Request to Render an Advisory Opinion of 28 March 2013, ITLOS Case No. 21,available at www.itlos.org: 2

Request of Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerningAvena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America),Judgment, ICJ Reports 2009, 3: 36

Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1951, 15: 295

Responsabilite de l’Allemagne à raison de dommages causes dans les colonies portugaisesdu Sud de l’Afrique (Portugal v. Germany), Award, (1928) 2 RIAA 1011 (Naulilaa):164–165, 318

Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respectto Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion, Seabed Dispute Chamber ofthe International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Case No. 17, 1 February 2011,(2011) 50 ILM 458: 44

Saddam Hussein v. Albania and others (Admissibility), App. No. 23276/04 (ECtHR,14 March 2006): 80

Samoan Claims (Germany, Great Britain, United States), Award, (1902) 9 RIAA 15: 166South West Africa cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), SecondPhase, ICJ Reports 1966, 4: 307

Southern Bluefin Tuna cases (New Zealand v. Japan, Australia v. Japan), Order of27 August 1999, ITLOS Reports 1999, 274: 46

Stojkovic v. France and Belgium, App. No. 25303/08 (ECtHR, 27 October 2011): 277United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v.Iran), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1980, 3: 146, 165, 225, 281

United States – Sections 301/310 of the Trade Act of 1974, Panel Report of 22 December1999, WT/DS/152/R: 313–314

Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1962, 6: 155Tugar v. Italy, App. No. 22869/93 (ECtHR, 18 October 1995): 277–278Turkey – Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products, Report of the Panelof 31 May 1999, WT/DS34/R: 279

National courts

Amnesty International Canada v. Canada (Chief of the Defence Staff) (F.C.), 2008Federal Court 336: 143

Amnesty International Canada v. Canada (Chief of the Defence Staff) (F.C.A.), 2008Federal Court of Appeal 401: 143

Attorney-General v. Nissan [1969] UKHL 3; [1970] 1 AC 179; (1969) 44 ILR 359:84–85, 94

xxvi table of cases






Canada (Justice) v. Khadr, 2008 Supreme Court of Canada 28: 143Edward Horgan v. An Taoiseach and Others, Irish High Court, Application forDeclaratory Relief, Case No. 3739P (2003) or (2003) 132 ILR 407: 141, 293

Filartiga v. Pena Irala, 630 F 2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980): 56Hasan Nuhanović v. The Netherlands, ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2008:BF0181(10 September 2008): 95

Hasan Nuhanović v. The Netherlands, ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2011:BR0133 (5 July 2011);also ILDC 1742 (NL 2011): 95, 344

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al., 621 F 3d 111 (S. Ct. 2013): 55, 56Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v. Coggins & Griffiths (Liverpool) Ltd andMcFarlane[1946] 2 All ER 345: 83

The Netherlands v. Hasan Nuhanović, ECLI:NL:HR:2013:BZ9225 (6 September 2013):96, 345

R. (Al-Saadoon) v. Secretary of State for Defence (High Court) [2008] EWHC 3098(Admin): 86

R. (Al-Saadoon) v. Secretary of State for Defence (Court of Appeal) [2009] EWCACiv 7, [2009] 3 WLR 957: 86–87

R. v. Hape, 2007 Supreme Court of Canada 26: 143Saleh v. Titan Corp., 580 F 3d 1 (D.C. Circuit 2009): 77Sayadi & Vinck v. l’Etat Belge, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, decision of18 February 2005: 266

US v. Yousef and Others, 327 F 3d 56 (2d Cir. 2003): 287

table of cases xxvii






Documents

PRINCIPLES OF SHARED RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAWassets.cambridge.org/97811070/78512/frontmatter/9781107078512... · PRINCIPLES OF SHARED RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW