Principles of Chemistry SPECTRUM Lecture 1

8/11/2019 Principles of Chemistry SPECTRUM Lecture 1

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WEEK COURSE PLANNING

1 Course Introduction

Matter and Energy

2 The History of Atom

3 Atomic Structure

4 Sub-Atomic Particles

5 Electronic Structure of Atoms The Classical theory

6 Photoelectric Effect

7 Spectroscopy

8 Quantum Mechanics

9 Tutorial 1

10 Test 1

11 Real Gases

12 Properties of Gases

13 Gas Laws

14 Tutorial 2

Course Planning


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Lecture notes shall be provided online at:

spectrum.um.edu.my


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States of matter

Laws on matter

Properties of matter


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an

of p

ele

no

typ

hig


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Matter is all that have mass and occupy space.

Atom is the smallest particl

of a chemical element that

can exist.

MATTER

MIXTUREPURE SUBSTANCE

HETEROGSoil, wood

HOMOGENEOUSSalt solution, alcohol, water

COMPOUNDWater, ammonia

ELEMENTHydrogen, carbon, iron

ATOM

MOLECULES


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LAWOF

CONSERVATION

OFMASS/MATTER

states that,matter changesform, but cannotbe created ordestroyed in anyordinary chemical

reaction.-

thermodynamic,kinetic,equilibrium

LAWOFDEFINITE

PROPOTIONS/CONSTAN

Tstates that,in a purecompound, theelements arealways present inthe same definite

proportion bymass.

-

stoichiometry

LAW

OFMULTIPL

E

PROPORTION

Sstate

whencombso in smalnumb

-

stoic


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Law of Conservation of Mass/ Matter

Established in 1789 by French Chemist, Antoine Lavoisier.

states that, matter changes form, but cannot be created or

destroyed in any ordinary chemical reaction.

Or more simply, the mass of products by a chemical reaction is

equal to the mass of the reactants.


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Law of Conservation of Mass/ Matter


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Established in 1799 by the French Chemist, Joseph Louis

Proust.

states that in a pure compound, the elements are

always present in the same definite proportion by

mass.

Law of Definite Proportions/ Constant

E.g., H2O

2.0160g (2 x 1.0080) of hydrogen will combine with 15.9994g of oxygen to p18.0154g of H2O

and

4.032g of hydrogen will combine with 31.988g of oxygen to produce 36.020g

Ratio of H:O is always 2:16 or 1:8


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Law of Multiple Proportions

Established in 1803 by the English Chemist, John Dalton.

states that, when element combine, they do so in a ratio

of small whole numbers.

If two elements A B

form more than one compound, AB, AB2, AB4then the ratios of the masses of the second element (B) which

combine with a fixed element (A)

will be ratios of small whole numbers (1,2,3.).


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PROPERTIES

OFMATTER


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Physical properties Chemical properties

H2 Colourless, Odourless

M.p.: -259 C, B.p.: -253 C

Flammable

O2 Colourless, Odourless

M.p.: -219 C, B.p.: -183 C

Supports combustion

Oxidising agent

H2O Colourless, Odourless

M.p.: 0 C, B.p.: 100 C

Non-flammable

Does not support combustion

PROPERTIES OF MATTER


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Law of conservation of energy: ..states that energy can be converted to one form to another

cannot be created or destroyed.

In any process, the total amount of energy is always constant.

Note: Similarity in the laws of conservation of mass and of energy.

Definition:

- Ability to do w

- potential of ca

- does not occu


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Examples of energy transfers and conversions

Documents

Principles of Chemistry SPECTRUM Lecture 1