Principles of ChemistryCHE107-003

• Bryan Spiegelberg• x7651• bspiegel@gac.edu• 208 Nobel Hall• Class: MTWF, 11:30 – 12:20• Final Exam:

– Monday, Dec. 18th, 10:30 – 12:30

Add me to ‘favorites’

• http://homepages.gac.edu/~bspiegel/– (just go to the chem department home page

on gustavus.edu)

• Class materials…up-to-date syllabi, review exams, powerpoint files, homework assignments, etc.

See me

• Office hours (208 Nobel):– Mondays 9 – 10am– Weds 1:30 – 2:30pm

• Make an appointment– Phone/e-mail

• Or stop by/catch me unannounced30 minutes before class/lab probably isn’t a

good time

Course Structure

• Lab/Lecture coordination– Lab illustrates concepts learned in lecture– Introduces you to important experimental

skills

*Lab material is fair game for exams

You can’t pass the course without passing the lab section

• Homework:– Assignments posted during class & on my

website

– Problems must be handwritten (show work!)

– Turn in to me at my office (or under the door)

– Due by 5 pm or else!• Usually due on Fridays (notable exception: this

week)

Course Structure

• Exams:– Five one-hour exams, each 10% of total grade

– Comprehensive-ish

– Known conflicts must be pre-cleared with me

– Two hour comprehensive final (20% of total)

Course Structure

Tips & Strategies

• Read, read, read– Know the lingo: vocabulary words– Follow the examples: work along!

• Attend class– Lab attendance = mandatory– Class attendance = expected/important

• I will take attendance for my own information

• Work together / Help each other

• Make use of available resources– Tutors: NHS 305

• Sunday – Wednesday 7-10pm• Thursday 7-11pm

• Have fun!

Tips & Strategies

Principles of Chemistry

Organic Inorganic Physical Analytical Biochemistry

The five major subdivisions of the field of chemistry:

This course is a little bit of everything; a foundation for all future chemistry

courses

and other sciences…

How do “principles of chemistry” relate to other sciences?

• Biology and Medicine

• Acids and bases

• Drugs and vaccines

• Aqueous reactions

• Environmental studies

• Aqueous reactions

• Fossil fuels

• Alternative energy

• Geology and Materials

• Solubility and precipitation

• Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals

• Metals

• Physics

• Atomic structure

• Intermolecular forces

• Energy

1.1

How do “principles of chemistry” relate to other sciences?

Chemistry is a systematic and experimental endeavor

Do experimentsRead the literature

Communicate our observationsNeed a common language

The scientific method is a systematic approach to research

A law is a concise statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions.

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a set of observations

tested modified

A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them.

(More observations)

e = mc2

Theory of relativity

Observation: Apples fall from trees

Hypothesis: Apples ‘fly’ to the ground

Test: ‘Kill’ apple on treeDoes it still fall to the ground?

YES

Observation: Apples fall from trees

Hypothesis: Earth’s gravity pulls the apples

Test & Retests are consistent with the hypothesis

Laws

Theory

Common Language:

Working with Numbers

Working with numbersGen Chem edition

• Units…what is a quantity measuring?– I’m 16 away from home

• Miles? Hours?

• Simplifying numbers:– Use of prefixes– Scientific notation

• Dimensional analysis– Comparing/converting units

International System (SI) of Units

Chemists’ (Scientists’) common language

Simplifying numbers…Prefixes

30 mm is how many meters (m) ? Simplify 30,000 m.

Simplifying numbers: Scientific NotationThe number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

6.022 x 1023

The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:

0.0000000000000000000000199

1.99 x 10-23

N x 10n

N is a number between 1 and 10

n is a positive or negative integer

Scientific Notation

1.8

568.762

n > 0

568.762 = 5.68762 x 102

move decimal left

0.00000772

n < 0

0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

move decimal right

Addition or Subtraction

1. Write each quantity with the same exponent n

2. Combine N1 and N2 3. The exponent, n, remains

the same

4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =

4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =

4.70 x 104

N x 10n

Scientific Notation

Multiplication

1. Multiply N1 and N2

2. Add exponents n1 and n2

(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =

28 x 10-2 =2.8 x 10-1

Division

1. Divide N1 and N2

2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2

8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =(8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =

1.7 x 10-5

35,000 x 0.012 = 4.2 x 102

• Dimensional analysis– Convert units

• 3.5 days = x seconds ?

Working with numbersGen Chem edition

1.9

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation

3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem was solved correctly.

1 L = 1000 mL

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1L

1000 mL1.63 L x = 1630 mL

1L1000 mL

1.63 L x = 0.001630L2

mL

The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour?

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

343ms

x1 mi

1609 m

60 s

1 minx

60 min

1 hourx = 767

mihour

meters to miles

seconds to hours

1.9

How many seconds in 3.5 days?

3.024 x 105 seconds

Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

density = mass

volume d = mV

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?

d = mV

m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

Homework assignmentDue 9/11/06

• Chapter 1– 18, 22, 32, 39, 46, 50, 55, 66