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Principles and LabsPrinciples and LabsChapter 3Chapter 3
Nutrition for WellnessNutrition for Wellness
Prepared by:
Karlyn Grimes, M.S. R.D.
©2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
OverconsumptionOverconsumption
CaloriesCalories
SugarSugar
Sodium Sodium
FatsFats
CholesterolCholesterol
AlcoholAlcohol
Chronic Diseases Related to Chronic Diseases Related to Dietary HabitsDietary Habits
StrokeStrokeCoronary Coronary Heart DiseaseHeart Disease
AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosisCancersCancersType 2Type 2
DiabetesDiabetes
Food Guide Pyramid Food Guide Pyramid Food GroupFood Group
Food ExamplesFood Examples
Bread, Cereal, Rice and PastaBread, Cereal, Rice and Pasta 1 slice of bread; ½ bagel
1 oz. ready-to-eat cereal
½ cup pasta or rice
VegetableVegetable 1 cup raw leafy vegetables
½ cup other vegetables
FruitFruit 1 medium piece of fruit
½ cup chopped fruit
¾ cup fruit juice
Milk, Yogurt and CheeseMilk, Yogurt and Cheese 1 cup milk or yogurt
1-1/2 oz. natural cheese; 2 oz. processed cheese
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs and NutsEggs and Nuts
2-3 oz. meat, poultry, fish;
½ cup dried beans; 1 egg; 2 T. peanut butter; 1/3 cup nuts
The Six Essential NutrientsThe Six Essential Nutrients
NutrientNutrient General FunctionGeneral Function
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Fuel NutrientFuel Nutrient
FatsFats Fuel NutrientFuel Nutrient
ProteinsProteins Fuel NutrientFuel Nutrient
VitaminsVitamins Regulatory NutrientRegulatory Nutrient
MineralsMinerals Regulatory NutrientRegulatory Nutrient
WaterWater Regulatory NutrientRegulatory Nutrient
Classifying the NutrientsClassifying the Nutrients
MacronutrientsMacronutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Water
MicronutrientsMicronutrients
Vitamins
Minerals
CalorieCalorie
DefinitionDefinitionThe amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram
of water 1 degree Centigrade; used to measure the energy
value of food and cost (energy expenditure) of physical activity.
Dietary CarbohydrateDietary Carbohydrate
DefinitionDefinitionA classification of dietary nutrient
containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
FunctionsFunctions1. Provide energy for work.2. Maintain cells.3. Generate heat.4. Regulate fat and protein metabolism.
Types of CarbohydratesTypes of Carbohydrates
Simple CarbohydratesSimple CarbohydratesFormed by simple and double sugar units with
little nutritive value.
Complex CarbohydratesComplex CarbohydratesCarbohydrates formed by three
or more sugar molecules linked together.
Dietary FiberDietary FiberA complex carbohydrate
in plant foods that is not digested but is essential
to the digestion process.
SolubleSoluble
InsolubleInsoluble
Dietary FatDietary Fat
DefinitionDefinitionNutrients containing carbon, hydrogen, some oxygen,
and sometimes other chemical elements.
FunctionsFunctions1. Provide energy for work.2. Part of the human cell structure.3. Insulator to preserve body heat.4. Shock absorber.5. Supplier of essential fatty acids.6. Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.
Types of FatsTypes of Fats
Simple FatSimple FatConsists of a glyceride molecule linked to one,
two or three units of fatty acids.
Compound FatCompound FatA combination of simple fats and other chemicals.
Derived FatDerived FatA combination of simple and compound fats.
Dietary ProteinDietary Protein
DefinitionDefinitionComplex organic compounds containing nitrogen
and formed by combinations of amino acids.
FunctionsFunctions1. Build and repair tissues such as muscles, blood,
internal organs, skin, hair, nails and bones.2. Form part of hormone,antibody and enzyme
molecules.3. Maintain the normal balance of body fluids.4. Used as a source of energy when carbohydrates are
not available.
Types of ProteinsTypes of Proteins
Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino AcidsNine of the 20 amino acids are essential because the
body cannot produce them.
Nonessential Amino AcidsNonessential Amino AcidsEleven of the 20 amino acids can be manufactured in the body if food proteins in the
diet provide enough nitrogen.
Amino AcidsAmino AcidsThe building blocks of proteins which contain
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The human body uses 20 amino acids to form various proteins.
VitaminsVitaminsA Regulatory NutrientA Regulatory Nutrient
Yield no energy Organic All are essential (13) Two typesTwo types: Fat-soluble and water-soluble Vulnerable to heat, light, chemicals, etc. FunctionsFunctions: promote growth and reproduction, and
maintain health; primarily acts as coenzymes & antioxidants
Measured inMeasured in: micrograms & milligrams
MineralsMineralsA Regulatory NutrientA Regulatory Nutrient
Yield no energy Inorganic Two typesTwo types: Macro-minerals and micro-minerals Some, but not all are essential (22) Indestructible FunctionsFunctions: structural role, coenzymes, part of
biological molecules, acid-base and fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission
Measured inMeasured in: grams
MineralsMinerals
Macro-mineralsMacro-minerals Calcium Phosphorus Chloride Potassium Sulfur Sodium Magnesium
Micro-mineralsMicro-minerals Iodine Fluoride Zinc Selenium Copper Cobalt Chromium Manganese Molybdenum
WaterWaterThe “Essential” NutrientThe “Essential” Nutrient
The ‘most critical’ nutrient for sustaining life.
A person can survive only 3 days without drinking water.
Makes up ~60% of body weight. You lose ~64-80 ounces of water
a day. Essential for body temperature
regulation, transportation of nutrients and wastes in the body, joint lubrication, all chemical reactions, and maintenance of blood volume.
Approximate Proportions of Approximate Proportions of Nutrients in the Human BodyNutrients in the Human Body
1% Carbohydrates
6% Minerals
16% Protein
17% Fat
61% Water
1% Carbohydrates
5% Minerals
12% Protein
27% Fat
56% Water
FoodFood
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
ATP/ATP/ATP-CP ATP-CP SystemSystem
Anaerobic/Anaerobic/Lactic AcidLactic Acid
SystemSystem
Aerobic Aerobic SystemSystem
Energy PathwaysEnergy Pathways
Energy Production Mechanisms Energy Production Mechanisms During Physical ActivityDuring Physical Activity
Balancing The DietBalancing The Diet
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate45-65% of total calories45-65% of total calories– Complex Carbohydrates: 20-45% of total calories– Simple Carbohydrates: <25% of total calories– Fiber: 25-38 grams per day
FatFat20-35% of total calories20-35% of total calories– Monounsaturated Fats: up to 20% of total calories– Polyunsaturated Fats: up to 10% of total calories– Saturated Fats: <7% of total calories
ProteinProtein10-35% of total calories10-35% of total calories
Required Daily Values for Food LabelsRequired Daily Values for Food LabelsBased on a 2,000 calorie dietBased on a 2,000 calorie diet
FatFat– 30% = 65 grams
Saturated FatSaturated Fat– 10% = 20 grams
CholesterolCholesterol– 300 milligrams
Carbohydrate (total)Carbohydrate (total)– 60% = 300 grams
FiberFiber– 25 grams (11.5 g per 1,000)
ProteinProtein– 10% = 50 grams
SodiumSodium– 2,400 milligrams
Required Food Label Daily Required Food Label Daily Values for Vitamins and MineralsValues for Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamin AVitamin A– 5,000 IU
CalciumCalcium– 1,000 mg
Vitamin CVitamin C– 75 mg
IronIron– 18 mg
The Benefits of a Vegetarian DietThe Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet
Weight control Low saturated fat &
cholesterol intake Higher fiber intake Higher phytochemical &
antioxidant intake Lower risk of:
– Heart disease– Type II diabetes– Cancer
Types of VegetariansTypes of Vegetarians
Vegans
Exclude all animal
derived food.
Ovolactovegetarians
Include dairy products
and eggs from the
animal kingdom.
Lactovegetarians
Include only dairy
products from the
animal kingdom.
Macrobiotic Diets
Exclude all foods except
a few types of
grains & vegetables.
Nutrients to Watch in a Nutrients to Watch in a Vegetarian DietVegetarian Diet
Protein Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Riboflavin Calcium Iron Zinc
Individuals Who May Need Individuals Who May Need Nutrient SupplementationNutrient Supplementation
Alcoholics and street-drug usersAlcoholics and street-drug users VegansVegans Individuals on low calorie dietsIndividuals on low calorie diets Older adultsOlder adults Newborn infantsNewborn infants Individuals with disease-related disordersIndividuals with disease-related disorders Individuals taking nutrient displacing Individuals taking nutrient displacing
medicationsmedications
Antioxidant ProtectionAntioxidant Protection
AntioxidantsAntioxidants: Compounds that prevent oxygen from combining with other substances in the body to form harmful compounds.
Oxygen Free RadicalsOxygen Free Radicals: Substances formed during metabolism that attack and damage structures in the body and can lead to various chronic diseases.
Vitamin CVitamin C5 to 9 servings of fruits 5 to 9 servings of fruits
and vegetables each dayand vegetables each day
Antioxidant EffectAntioxidant Effect
Appears to deactivate
oxygen free radicals
thereby lowering the risk
of developing heart
disease, cancer and
cataracts.
Food SourcesFood Sources Citrus fruit Kiwi fruit Cantaloupe Strawberries Broccoli and cauliflower Green and red peppers Cabbage
Vitamin EVitamin ESupplementation may be necessarySupplementation may be necessary
Antioxidant EffectAntioxidant Effect
Protects lipids from
oxidation thereby
reducing atherosclerosis
and stroke risk.
Food SourcesFood Sources Vegetable oils Yellow and green leafy
vegetables Margarine Wheat germ Oatmeal Almonds Whole grain breads and
cereals
Beta CaroteneBeta Carotene“skip the pill and eat the carrot”“skip the pill and eat the carrot”
Antioxidant EffectAntioxidant Effect
Soaks up oxygen free
radicals, but not linked
to reducing the risk of
heart disease and cancer.
Food SourcesFood Sources Carrots Squash Pumpkin Sweet potatoes Broccoli Green leafy vegetables
SeleniumSelenium
Antioxidant EffectAntioxidant Effect
Helps prevent damage to
cell structures. Reduces
the risk of prostate,
colorectal, and lung
cancer.
Food SourcesFood Sources Seafood Brazil nuts Meat Whole grains
FolateFolateA member of the B vitamin familyA member of the B vitamin family
BenefitsBenefits Recommended for all
premenopausal women because it reduces the risk of birth defects.
Lowers the risk for colon and cervical cancers, and atherosclerosis.
Food SourcesFood Sources Goal: 5+ servings of
fruits and veggies per day
Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified Foods
DefinitionDefinition
Foods whose basic genetic material (DNA) is
manipulated by inserting genes with desirable traits from one plant, animal or
microorganism into another one to either
introduce new traits or enhance existing ones.
Benefits of GM FoodsBenefits of GM Foods Disease resistance Resistance to
environmental extremes Less fertilizer and
pesticide usage Longer lasting Better nutritional profile Better tasting
Sources of Energy for Sources of Energy for Physical ActivityPhysical Activity
Glucose– Rest = supplies 1/3 of
the energy needs– Primary substrate for
exercise above 60% VO2 max
Glycogen– Liver (25%) and
muscles (75%) Carbohydrate loading
Fatty acids– Rest = supplies 2/3 of
the energy needs– Primary substrate for
exercise below 60% VO2 max
Creatine SupplementationCreatine SupplementationErgogenic EffectsErgogenic Effects
Prolongs the ability to perform high intensity exercise of short duration
Delays fatigue allowing for greater strength and muscle gains
Delays lactic acid build up
Creatine SupplementationCreatine SupplementationPotential Side EffectsPotential Side Effects
Water vs. muscle weight gain Muscle cramping, spasms
and strains Nausea Dehydration Kidney abnormalities Long term effects are
unknown
Creatine SupplementationCreatine SupplementationDosage RecommendationsDosage Recommendations
Loading PhaseLoading Phase 20-25 grams for 5-6
days, divided doses
Maintenance PhaseMaintenance Phase 2 grams/day
CommentsComments Take in combination
with a high-carbohydrate food
Not intended for endurance athletes
Amino Acid SupplementsAmino Acid Supplements
0.8 g/kg– 154lbs/2.2 = 70 kg x 0.8 g/kg
= 56 grams of protein/day
Not required for individuals eating adequate calories and a variety of foods
Extra protein is burned for energy or stored as fat
Avoid single amino acid supplements
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Common locations hip, wrist and spine
Men vs. women– 30% of men 75+ years
have osteoporosis– 30% of
postmenopausal women
Definition: softening, deterioration, or loss of bone mineral density that leads to disability, bone fractures, and even death from medical complications.
How to Maintain Bone HealthHow to Maintain Bone Health
Consume adequate calcium in the dietConsume adequate calcium in the diet
Consider calcium supplements Consider calcium supplements
Consume fewer soft drinks, coffee and alcoholConsume fewer soft drinks, coffee and alcohol
Keep protein intake in checkKeep protein intake in check
Perform regular weight bearing exercisePerform regular weight bearing exercise
Maintain regular menstrual cyclesMaintain regular menstrual cycles
Consider hormone replacement therapyConsider hormone replacement therapy
IronIronOxygen TransportationOxygen Transportation
AnemiaAnemia = lack of iron and fewer red blood cells leads to fatigue.
To enhance iron absorption consume foods high in vitamin C and cook in iron skillets.
Consume calcium and iron separately.Choose more beans, peas, green leafy
vegetables, enriched grain products, egg yolk, fish, and lean meats.
Dietary Guidelines for AmericansDietary Guidelines for Americans20002000
The ABC’s For Your Health
1.1. AAim For Fitness
2.2. BBuild A Healthy Base
3.3. CChoose Sensibly
Dietary Guidelines for AmericansDietary Guidelines for Americans20002000
1.1. AAim for Fitness Aim for a healthy weight.
Body Mass Index (BMI) Portion control
Be physically active each day. 30 minutes of moderate
physical activity most or preferably all days of the week (weight maintenance)
30 minutes+ for weight loss
Dietary Guidelines for AmericansDietary Guidelines for Americans20002000
2.2. BBuild A Healthy Base Let the Pyramid guide
your food choices. Choose a variety of
grains daily, especially whole grains.
Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily.
Keep food safe to eat.
Dietary Guidelines for AmericansDietary Guidelines for Americans20002000
3.3. CChoose Sensibly Choose a diet that is low
in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat.
Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars.
Choose and prepare foods with less salt.
If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.
Personal Health ResourcesPersonal Health Resources American Dietetic AssociationAmerican Dietetic Association
– http://www.eatright.org US Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition US Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition
Policy and PromotionPolicy and Promotion– http://www.usda.gov/cnpp
Dietary Guidelines from the Food and Nutrition Dietary Guidelines from the Food and Nutrition Information CenterInformation Center– http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dga/index.html
The Interactive Food Guide PyramidThe Interactive Food Guide Pyramid– http://www.nal.usda.gov:8001/py/pmap.htm
Nutrition and Athletic PerformanceNutrition and Athletic Performance– http://www.ms-se.com
Supplement InformationSupplement Information– http://www.acsm.org/health+fitness/comments.htm