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Principles of Vaccination
Revised March 2008
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-
Preventable Diseases
National Center for Immunization andRespiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Principles of Vaccination
Self vs. nonself
Protection from infectious disease
Usually indicated by the presenceof antibody
Very specific to a single organism
Immunity
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Principles of Vaccination
Protection produced by the person'sown immune system
Usually permanent
Protection transferred from another
person or animal Temporary protection that wanes
with time
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Principles of Vaccination
A live or inactivated substance(e.g., protein, polysaccharide)capable of producing an immuneresponse
Protein molecules (immuno-globulin) produced by Blymphocytes to help eliminate anantigen
Antigen
Antibody
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Passive Immunity
Transfer of antibody produced byone human or other animal toanother
Temporary protection
Transplacental most importantsource in infancy
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Sources of Passive Immunity
Almost all blood or bloodproducts
Homologous pooled humanantibody (immune globulin)
Homologous humanhyperimmune globulin
Heterologous hyperimmuneserum (antitoxin)
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Monoclonal Antibody
Derived from a single type, or clone, of antibody-producing cells(B cells)
Antibody is specific to a singleantigen or closely related group of antigens
Used for diagnosis and therapy of certain cancers and autoimmuneand infectious diseases
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Vaccination
Active immunity produced byvaccine
Immunity and immunologicmemory similar to naturalinfection but without risk of
disease
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Classification of Vaccines
Live attenuated
± viral
±bacterial
Inactivated
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Inactivated Vaccines
viruses bacteria
protein-based ± toxoid ± subunit
polysaccharide-based ± pure ± conjugate
Whole
Fractional
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Principles of Vaccination
General Rule
The more similar a vaccine is tothe disease-causing form of the
organism, the better the
immune response to thevaccine.
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
Attenuated (weakened) form of the "wild" virus or bacterium
Must replicate to be effective
Immune response similar tonatural infection
Usually effective with one dose*
*except those administered orally
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
Severe reactions possible
Interference from circulatingantibody
Fragile ± must be stored andhandled carefully
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
Viral measles, mumps,rubella, varicella/zoster,yellow fever, rotavirus,
intranasal influenza,rotavirus, vaccinia, oralpolio*
Bacterial BCG, oral typhoid
*not available in the United States
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Inactivated Vaccines
Cannot replicate
Less interference from circulatingantibody than live vaccines
Generally require 3-5 doses
Immune response mostly humoral
Antibody titer may diminish with time
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Inactivated Vaccines
Viral polio, hepatitis A,rabies, influenza*
Bacterial pertussis*, typhoid*cholera*, plague*
Whole-cell vaccines
*not available in the United States
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Inactivated Vaccines
Subunit hepatitis B, influenza,acellular pertussis,
human papillomavirus,anthrax, Lyme disease*
Toxoid diphtheria, tetanus
Fractional vaccines
*not available in the United States
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Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines
Not consistently immunogenic inchildren younger than 2 years of age
No booster response
Antibody with less functionalactivity
Immunogenicity improved byconjugation
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Polysaccharide Vaccines
pneumococcal
meningococcal
Salmonella Typhi (Vi)
H aemophilus influenzae type b
pneumococcal
meningococcal
Pure polysaccharide
Conjugate polysaccharide
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CDC Vaccines and ImmunizationContact Information
Telephone 800.CDC.INFO
Email [email protected]
Website www.cdc.gov/vaccines
