Princeton University Princeton University Undergraduate Task Undergraduate Task Force on Sustainable Force on Sustainable

DevelopmentDevelopment

A Selection of Case Specific

Implementation Techniques

Social

Environmental

Economic

About the Task ForceAbout the Task Force

Composed of eight undergraduate Composed of eight undergraduate students of public policy at Princeton students of public policy at Princeton UniversityUniversity

Consisted of one semester of research Consisted of one semester of research and collaboration on the topicand collaboration on the topic

Informed by individual research and Informed by individual research and presentations from outside experts presentations from outside experts

Focused primarily on sustainable Focused primarily on sustainable development projects in Africadevelopment projects in Africa

Objectives of the Task Objectives of the Task ForceForce

Address the question:Address the question:How can the WSSD commitments be How can the WSSD commitments be

successfully implemented?successfully implemented? Explore implementation Explore implementation

techniques by focusing on discrete techniques by focusing on discrete projectsprojects

Use case study findings to inform Use case study findings to inform broader policy recommendationsbroader policy recommendations

Structure of the Structure of the PresentationPresentation

Making Type II Making Type II Partnerships Partnerships Effective Effective

Preserving Preserving Biodiversity in Forest Biodiversity in Forest EcosystemsEcosystems

Water Resources Water Resources ManagementManagement

HIV/AIDS PreventionHIV/AIDS Prevention

Combating Diarrhoea in Combating Diarrhoea in ChildrenChildren

Reducing Indoor Air Reducing Indoor Air PollutionPollution

Photovoltaic Market Photovoltaic Market DevelopmentDevelopment

Reducing CO2 in the Reducing CO2 in the U.S. Transportation U.S. Transportation SectorSector

Presentation of Selected Case Studies

Conclusions and Questions

Effective Type II Effective Type II PartnershipsPartnerships

Thomas HaleThomas Hale

Possible Benefits and Possible Benefits and Dangers of Type II Dangers of Type II

PartnershipsPartnerships BenefitsBenefits

A way around A way around diplomatic diplomatic gridlockgridlock

Flexibility of Flexibility of approachesapproaches

Multi-sectoral Multi-sectoral strengthstrength

Speed of Speed of implementationimplementation

DangersDangers Imbalance of power Imbalance of power

among partnersamong partners Failure to engage Failure to engage

small, poorer groupssmall, poorer groups ““Green-washing” Green-washing”

and “blue-washing”and “blue-washing” Replace or detract Replace or detract

from Type I from Type I agreementsagreements

Trends Six Months After Trends Six Months After JohannesburgJohannesburg

The private sector is largely not involved The private sector is largely not involved Most partnerships lack sufficient Most partnerships lack sufficient

transparency guarantees transparency guarantees A few countries account for most A few countries account for most

government participation government participation Developing countries are largely not Developing countries are largely not

involved in leadership involved in leadership Some sectors have very few partnerships Some sectors have very few partnerships

(technology transfer, finance, forests)(technology transfer, finance, forests)

Toward a Development-Toward a Development-Maximizing RegimeMaximizing Regime

A committee to evaluate correspondence A committee to evaluate correspondence between Type I priorities and Type II between Type I priorities and Type II initiatives initiatives

A learning network to encourage A learning network to encourage information exchange and strengthen information exchange and strengthen partnershipspartnerships

A system of accountability built on A system of accountability built on transparencytransparency The obligation to report informationThe obligation to report information The right to receive informationThe right to receive information

Preserving Preserving Biodiversity in Forest Biodiversity in Forest

EcosystemsEcosystems

Karim ThomasKarim Thomas

Forest BiodiversityForest Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD)(CBD) Rapid global deforestation and effects Rapid global deforestation and effects

on biodiversityon biodiversity Economic, social and environmental Economic, social and environmental

functions of forestsfunctions of forests Importance of forests as repositories Importance of forests as repositories

of biodiversityof biodiversity Potential for technology transfer as an Potential for technology transfer as an

instrument for conserving biodiversityinstrument for conserving biodiversity

Three Case StudiesThree Case Studies Sumatra, IndonesiaSumatra, Indonesia

Illicit logging (50%) with local involvement Illicit logging (50%) with local involvement Community based conservationCommunity based conservation Education and reorientation of local economyEducation and reorientation of local economy

International Model Forest Network International Model Forest Network (IMFN)(IMFN) Clearinghouse mechanismClearinghouse mechanism Framework for multisectoral approachFramework for multisectoral approach Facilitation of technology transferFacilitation of technology transfer

Merck-INBio AgreementMerck-INBio Agreement Provision of technology and funding to preserve Provision of technology and funding to preserve

biodiversitybiodiversity Sharing of patent rightsSharing of patent rights Foundation for future cooperationFoundation for future cooperation

RecommendationsRecommendations Assist key countries with monitoring Assist key countries with monitoring

and enforcementand enforcement Support education and alternative Support education and alternative

livelihood programslivelihood programs Provide resources for technology and Provide resources for technology and

knowledge transfer mechanisms to knowledge transfer mechanisms to preserve biodiversity, such as IMFNpreserve biodiversity, such as IMFN

Consider impacts on biodiversity in Consider impacts on biodiversity in investments, loans, and grantsinvestments, loans, and grants

Designate ODA to biodiversity Designate ODA to biodiversity preservationpreservation

““Some, For All, Some, For All, Forever”Forever”

Water for Sustainable Water for Sustainable Development: Examining South Development: Examining South

AfricaAfrica

Priscilla Priscilla DelgadoDelgado

Water ScarcityWater Scarcity ““The challenge before all delegates at the The challenge before all delegates at the

Johannesburg Summit is to find ways to Johannesburg Summit is to find ways to maximize social and economic benefits maximize social and economic benefits from available water resources while from available water resources while ensuring that basic human needs are met ensuring that basic human needs are met and that the environment is protected.”and that the environment is protected.” – UNEP Executive Director Klaus – UNEP Executive Director Klaus ToepferToepfer

Global water demand has risen at Global water demand has risen at estimated 2.4% per annumestimated 2.4% per annum

High population growth and arid climate High population growth and arid climate create additional pressure on water create additional pressure on water resources in Sub-Saharan Africaresources in Sub-Saharan Africa

Case Study: South Africa Case Study: South Africa and the National Water and the National Water

Act (NWA)Act (NWA) South Africa implemented an South Africa implemented an innovative approach to deal with innovative approach to deal with impending water scarcity through impending water scarcity through integrated water resources integrated water resources management (IWRM) legislationmanagement (IWRM) legislation

NWA addresses three major goals: NWA addresses three major goals: Achieving environmental sustainability Achieving environmental sustainability

through the Environmental Reservethrough the Environmental Reserve Achieving equity through the Basic Human Achieving equity through the Basic Human

Needs ReserveNeeds Reserve Increasing efficiency of system through Increasing efficiency of system through

water pricingwater pricing

Recommendations for Recommendations for IWRM policies include:IWRM policies include:

Allocation of water for environmental needs and Allocation of water for environmental needs and basic needs of the poorbasic needs of the poor

Full-cost pricing for commercial users of waterFull-cost pricing for commercial users of water Management of water resources at the local Management of water resources at the local

catchment level that allows for broad catchment level that allows for broad participationparticipation

Investment in more efficient irrigation Investment in more efficient irrigation technology, as well as intensification of rain-fed technology, as well as intensification of rain-fed agricultureagriculture

A mechanism for international cooperation and A mechanism for international cooperation and information sharing among countries in a regioninformation sharing among countries in a region

Combating Diarrhoea Combating Diarrhoea in Childrenin Children

Nina Jenkins-JohnstonNina Jenkins-Johnston

The Global Burden of The Global Burden of DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea

In 2000, approximately 1.3 million In 2000, approximately 1.3 million children under the age of five died from children under the age of five died from diarrhoeadiarrhoea

Prevention mechanisms are keyPrevention mechanisms are key Access to clean drinking waterAccess to clean drinking water SanitationSanitation Hygiene and health educationHygiene and health education

Treatment can save livesTreatment can save lives NutritionNutrition Oral rehydration therapyOral rehydration therapy

Making Rural Water and Making Rural Water and Sanitation Facilities Sanitation Facilities

SustainableSustainable Rural versus urban disparity in Rural versus urban disparity in

access to safe drinking water and access to safe drinking water and sanitationsanitation The inefficiencies of the supply-driven The inefficiencies of the supply-driven

approachapproach The demand responsive approachThe demand responsive approach

Engaging communitiesEngaging communities Service providersService providers West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI)West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI)

Policy RecommendationsPolicy Recommendations Differentiate between “community Differentiate between “community

participation” and “community management”participation” and “community management” Educate communities about the causes of Educate communities about the causes of

diarrhoea and the importance of ORT, hygiene diarrhoea and the importance of ORT, hygiene and breastfeeding.and breastfeeding.

Focus on the key role of women in hygiene Focus on the key role of women in hygiene education education

Create committees to distribute Create committees to distribute responsibilities and ensure accountability.responsibilities and ensure accountability. Financial CommitteeFinancial Committee Training CommitteeTraining Committee

Establish evaluation criteria to measure Establish evaluation criteria to measure WAWI’s successWAWI’s success

AIDS Prevention in AIDS Prevention in Countries Countries

with Low Prevalencewith Low Prevalence

Extending Lessons fromExtending Lessons from Senegal to Niger Senegal to Niger

Michelle HemmatMichelle Hemmat

Country ComparisonsCountry Comparisons

SenegalSenegal First AIDS case First AIDS case

19861986 2001 prevalence 2001 prevalence

rate 0.5%rate 0.5% Credited with Credited with

stemming the stemming the epidemic through epidemic through successful successful prevention effortsprevention efforts

NigerNiger First AIDS case First AIDS case

19871987 2001 prevalence 2001 prevalence

rate 0.87%rate 0.87% Minimal Minimal

prevention activity prevention activity Potential for Potential for

epidemic to epidemic to explodeexplode

Strong tradition of government and Strong tradition of government and community action in the health sectorcommunity action in the health sector

Home to world renowned HIV/AIDS Home to world renowned HIV/AIDS scientistsscientists

Sexual education in schools and youth Sexual education in schools and youth groupsgroups

Prostitution is legal and monitoredProstitution is legal and monitored Blood screening and STD services are Blood screening and STD services are

integrated into health systemintegrated into health system Support and care for people living with Support and care for people living with

HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

Senegal’s Success in Senegal’s Success in HIV/AIDS PreventionHIV/AIDS Prevention

Policy recommendations Policy recommendations for Nigerfor Niger

Pursue a multi-sector approach involving Pursue a multi-sector approach involving government, NGOs and community government, NGOs and community groupsgroups

Increase surveillance of epidemic Increase surveillance of epidemic Educate population through schools and Educate population through schools and

media campaigns; target high risk media campaigns; target high risk groupsgroups

Ensure safe blood supply and access to Ensure safe blood supply and access to condomscondoms

Provide protection, treatment and care of Provide protection, treatment and care of people living with HIV/AIDS and STDspeople living with HIV/AIDS and STDs

Reducing Indoor Air Reducing Indoor Air Pollution in AfricaPollution in Africa

Shena M. ElringtonShena M. Elrington

Traditional StovesTraditional Stoves

Approximately ½ of the world’s Approximately ½ of the world’s population depends on unprocessed population depends on unprocessed biofuels for cooking, heating, and biofuels for cooking, heating, and lightinglighting

Biofuel is burned indoors in traditional Biofuel is burned indoors in traditional stoves which are inefficient and emit stoves which are inefficient and emit high levels of pollutantshigh levels of pollutants

Use of traditional stoves has negative Use of traditional stoves has negative health, environmental, and socio-health, environmental, and socio-economic effectseconomic effects

Kenya: Two Case StudiesKenya: Two Case Studies

The Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) stoveThe Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) stove An adaptation of the ‘Thai Bucket Stove’An adaptation of the ‘Thai Bucket Stove’ Three-tiered approach including research, Three-tiered approach including research,

training, and production and distributiontraining, and production and distribution The ITDG Smoke and Health ProjectThe ITDG Smoke and Health Project

Integrated intervention programIntegrated intervention program Not only stove dissemination – also Not only stove dissemination – also

smoke-hoods, eaves spaces, and windowssmoke-hoods, eaves spaces, and windows

Lessons Learned and Lessons Learned and Policy RecommendationsPolicy Recommendations

Participatory Intervention FrameworkParticipatory Intervention Framework Focus Groups, baseline assessment, and Women’s Focus Groups, baseline assessment, and Women’s

GroupsGroups 3 tiered intervention approach3 tiered intervention approach

Research and development, training and Research and development, training and demonstration, production and disseminationdemonstration, production and dissemination

Inclusion of quality control measuresInclusion of quality control measures Partnerships between women’s groups, Partnerships between women’s groups,

NGOs, private sector/local artisansNGOs, private sector/local artisans Role of NGOs, governments and the Role of NGOs, governments and the

private sectorprivate sector No subsidies other than start-up costsNo subsidies other than start-up costs Sustained and detached supportSustained and detached support Private sector, not government, involved in actual Private sector, not government, involved in actual

productionproduction

Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Technology in Technology in Rural AfricaRural Africa

Ashley D. CollinsAshley D. Collins

Reasons to Offer Reasons to Offer Photovoltaic (PV) Photovoltaic (PV)

Technology in Rural Technology in Rural Africa:Africa: Rural Africa has high levels of solar Rural Africa has high levels of solar

insolation and a highly dispersed insolation and a highly dispersed populationpopulation

Provide electricity to the large Provide electricity to the large portion of Africans currently off-grid portion of Africans currently off-grid

Increase the standard of livingIncrease the standard of living Aid in the development of the regionAid in the development of the region Decrease reliance on biomassDecrease reliance on biomass Decrease greenhouse gas emissions Decrease greenhouse gas emissions

and indoor air pollutionand indoor air pollution

Case Studies of Case Studies of Photovoltaic Technology Photovoltaic Technology

InitiativesInitiatives Kenya: Harold Burris’ contribution to the PV Kenya: Harold Burris’ contribution to the PV marketmarket Demand increases, training programs and wide Demand increases, training programs and wide

technology dispersion facilitated successtechnology dispersion facilitated success Obstacle of governmental instabilityObstacle of governmental instability

Zimbabwe: The GEF Solar ProjectZimbabwe: The GEF Solar Project Involvement of all actors, addition of a financial Involvement of all actors, addition of a financial

program, and establishment of governmental standards program, and establishment of governmental standards led to successled to success

Heavy subsidation attracted many “fly-by-night” Heavy subsidation attracted many “fly-by-night” companies offering faulty productscompanies offering faulty products

Ghana: The Ghana Renewable Energy Services Ghana: The Ghana Renewable Energy Services ProjectProject Built technical capacity in design, installation and Built technical capacity in design, installation and

maintenance through training of technical staffmaintenance through training of technical staff Lack of government support distorted market value, Lack of government support distorted market value,

making fossil fuels and biomass more appealingmaking fossil fuels and biomass more appealing

RecommendationsRecommendations Evaluate and Address Market Barriers for Evaluate and Address Market Barriers for

Successful Market DevelopmentSuccessful Market Development Technical barriers – through research and Technical barriers – through research and

development and technology transferdevelopment and technology transfer Financial barriers – with flexible financing Financial barriers – with flexible financing

optionsoptions Governmental barriers – through incentives Governmental barriers – through incentives

such as taxes and tariffssuch as taxes and tariffs Institutional barriers – through market Institutional barriers – through market

research and improved access to resourcesresearch and improved access to resources Consumer confidence barriers – through Consumer confidence barriers – through

increased technological efficiency and quality increased technological efficiency and quality signaling signaling

Sustainable Sustainable Development in the Development in the

United StatesUnited StatesReducing COReducing CO22 Emissions in the Emissions in the

Transportation SectorTransportation Sector

Elyse KovalskyElyse Kovalsky

WSSD and U.S. COWSSD and U.S. CO22 Final Report of the WSSD:Final Report of the WSSD:

““we commit ourselves to undertaking concrete actions and we commit ourselves to undertaking concrete actions and measures…taking into account…the principle of common measures…taking into account…the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities”but differentiated responsibilities”

““All countries should promote sustainable consumption and All countries should promote sustainable consumption and production patterns, with developed countries taking the production patterns, with developed countries taking the lead…”lead…”

US is largest COUS is largest CO22 emitter, accounting for 25% emitter, accounting for 25% of global emissions; per capita emissions are 7 of global emissions; per capita emissions are 7 times those of China, the 2times those of China, the 2ndnd largest emitter largest emitter

Environmental, national security, and Environmental, national security, and economic incentives for taking actioneconomic incentives for taking action

Targeting Targeting TransportationTransportation

Why the transportation sector?Why the transportation sector? Transportation emissions increasingTransportation emissions increasing Requires public awareness and involvementRequires public awareness and involvement Wide range of possibilities for addressing problemWide range of possibilities for addressing problem

Policy guidelinesPolicy guidelines Simultaneously pursue short- and long-term Simultaneously pursue short- and long-term

solutionssolutions Encourage public awareness in order to promote Encourage public awareness in order to promote

demand for changedemand for change Sustained federal government commitment to Sustained federal government commitment to

increasing vehicle efficiency and decreasing vehicle increasing vehicle efficiency and decreasing vehicle miles traveledmiles traveled

vehicle carbon

emissions

vehicle miles traveled (VMT) * fuel carbon content (lb. C/gal)vehicle efficiency (mpg)

=

COCO22 emissions reductions emissions reductions in the transportation in the transportation

sectorsector Increasing vehicle efficiencyIncreasing vehicle efficiency Short-term: Strengthening of current CAFE Short-term: Strengthening of current CAFE

standardsstandards Long-term: Investment in hydrogen fuel cell Long-term: Investment in hydrogen fuel cell

technology and planningtechnology and planning Decreasing vehicle miles traveled (VMT)Decreasing vehicle miles traveled (VMT)

Short-term: Changing price signals -- Short-term: Changing price signals -- elimination of indirect subsidies to private elimination of indirect subsidies to private transportationtransportation

Long-term: Land use planning and development Long-term: Land use planning and development of public and alternative transportation systemsof public and alternative transportation systems

ConclusionsConclusions

Overall Overall RecommendationsRecommendations

In the spirit of Johannesburg, implementation of In the spirit of Johannesburg, implementation of sustainable development commitments must be a sustainable development commitments must be a priority of the international communitypriority of the international community

Community involvement and capacity-building are Community involvement and capacity-building are essential to progress at the grass-roots levelessential to progress at the grass-roots level

Type II Partnerships may provide a vehicle for Type II Partnerships may provide a vehicle for involving a diversity of actors in implementation involving a diversity of actors in implementation effortsefforts

Greater integration of top-down and bottom-up Greater integration of top-down and bottom-up approaches will translate into improved approaches will translate into improved implementation implementation

Overall Overall RecommendationsRecommendations

Short-term and long-term goals must Short-term and long-term goals must be addressed simultaneously, with be addressed simultaneously, with emphasis on long-term considerationsemphasis on long-term considerations

Awareness, through media and Awareness, through media and education, is crucial to advancing education, is crucial to advancing sustainable developmentsustainable development

Social and environmental concerns Social and environmental concerns must be integrated into economic must be integrated into economic decision-making for long-term decision-making for long-term benefits and sustainabilitybenefits and sustainability

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