Primjena Okvirne Direktive o Vodama - Strucno usavr avanjegradst.unist.hr/Portals/9/docs/katedre/Privredna... · Cross - cutting issues Relevant Guidance Documents Arti cial and Heavily

Primjena Okvirne Direktive o VodamaStrucno usavrsavanje

Roko Andricevic

Sveuciliste u SplituFakultet gradevinarstva, arhitekture i geodezije

29. ozujka 2015.

Roko Andricevic (FGAG) strucno usavrsavanje 29. ozujka 2015. 1 / 58

Overview

1 Introduction

2 Structure of Guidance Documents

3 Key messages from Guidance Documents

4 Components of the River Basin Management Planning Process

5 Principles of Ecological Qualilty Ratio

6 Summary of outputs


Okvirna Direktiva o Vodama/Water FrameworkDirective

In 2000, the EU issued the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in order toensure an analysis of the state of water bodies and a review of the impactof human activity on the status of surface waters and on groundwater

The overall objective of the WFD is a ”good status” for all waters to beachieved by negotiated date. For surface waters, ”good status” isdetermined by a ”good ecological” and a ”good chemical status”.


WFD aims

Prevents further deterioration and protects and enhaances the statusof aquatic ecosystems

Promotes sustainable water use based on the long/term protection ofavailable water resources

Aims to enhance protection and improvement of the aquaticenvironment

Ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater andprevents its further pollution

Contributes to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts


Guidance Documents

Key issues from Guidance documents


CIS AchievementsFourteen Guidance Documents

1 Economics and the Environment2 Identification of Water Bodies3 Analysis of Pressures and Impacts4 Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies5 Transitional and Coastal Water - Typology, Reference conditions6 Intercalibration Network and the Intercalibration Process7 Monitoring8 Public Participation9 GIS and the WFD

10 Rivers and Lakes Typology11 Planning Process12 Wetlands13 Classification14 Intercalibration

In addition:

Risk Analysis principlesand others


Clustering of Guidance Documents

Planning and integrated management

Ecological Assessment

Analysis and Monitoring (surface and groundwater)

Cross-cutting


Planning and Integrated Management

Relevant Guidance Documents

Economics and the Environment (Doc. br. 1)

Public Participation (Doc. br. 8)

Planning Process (Doc. br. 11)


Ecological Assessment


Identification of Water Bodies (Doc. br. 2)

Transitional and Coastal Waters - Typology, Reference Conditions(Doc. br. 5)

Intecalibration Network and Intercalibration exercise (Doc. br. 6)

Rivers and Lakes - Reference Conditions (Doc. br. 10)

Classification (Doc. br. 13)

Intercalibration process (Doc. br. 14)


Analysis and Monitoring

Relevant Guidance Documents(surface and groundwaters)

Identification of Water Bodies (Doc. br. 2)

Analysis of Pressures and Impacts (Doc. br. 3)

Monitoring (Doc. br. 7)

Risk analsis principle

Groundwater:Technical Report 1 - Trend assessmentGW Workshop reports


Cross - cutting issues


Artificial and Heavily Modified water Bodies (Doc. br. 4)

GIS and WFD (Doc. br. 9)

Wetlands (Doc. br. 12)


Water Framework Directive: key messages

Protecting all waters, surface and ground waters in a holistic way

Good quality (‘good status’) to be achieved by ...

Integrated water management based on river basins

Combined approach of emission controls and water quality standards,phasing out of particularly hazardous substances

Economic instruments: economic analysis, and getting the prices right- to promote prudent use of water

Getting citizens and stakeholders involved: public participation


WFD Annex V

Establish monitoring systems for estimating the values ofbiological quality elements for each surface water category

For comparability the results shall be expressed asecological quality ratios for the purpose of classification

Divide the ecological quality ratio scale into five classes:high-bad ecological status

Establish values for boundaries between high-good andgood-moderate through intercalibration


Environmental objectives for surface waters

No deterioration

Good chemical status

Good ecological status

Phase out hazardous substances

Restoration


Planning - key tasks

Assessment of the current status and preliminary gap analsis

Setting up the environmental objectives

Establishment of monitoring programs

Gap analysis

Setting up the program of measures

Development of river basin management plans

Public consultation and information, active involvment of stakeholders

Implementation of the program of measures and preparation ofinterim report on the implementation


What does the assessment of current status mean?(Article 5, 6 and 7)

The assessment of current status is a vital first step in the planningprocess since it provides the baseline information concerning the riverbasin districts. It identifies the types of water bodies present in each riverbasin district for which environmental objectives must later be set, thepressures upon them and any special features that must be taken intoaccount. These features are consistent with the application of sustainabledevelopment principles and comprise for each river basin district:

Analysis of its characteristics

Review of the impact od human activity

Economic analysis of water use

Establishment of a register of protected areas including theidentificaton of waters used for the abstraction of drinking water


What is meant by Characterisation of the river basin

A water body is a coherent sub-unitin the river basin to whichenvironmental objectives will apply.

Each category is then sub-divided

into types based on physico-chemical

and hydromorphological factors that

might significantly influence the

biological quality elements

Examples of designation of surfacewater bodies


What is required by the Review of the Impact ofHuman Activity? (Article 5)

For surface water bodies these include significant pressures and risks associatedwith:

Point and diffuse sources of pollution from urban, industrial, agricultural andother installations and activitiesWater abstractions for urban, industrial, agricultural and other uses, includingseasonal variations and total demand, and loss of water in distribution systemsWater flow regulation, water transfer and diversionMorphological alterations to water bodiesLand use patterns including the main urban, industrial and agricultural areasand major fisheries and forestsOther significant antropogenic impacts

For groundwater bodies these include significant pressures and risks associatedwith:

Abstraction for drinking water, industrial, agricultural and other purposes.Volume and rates of abstraction, chemical composition, etc.Discharges to groundwater with location, rates and chemical composition, etc.Land use in the recharge catchment of the groundwater bodyVariations in water-table levelsPollution sources


The DPSIR approach


Economic Analysis of Water Use

Assessing how important water is to the economy and socio-economicdevelopment of the river basin district and initiating investigations oflikely trade-offs between socio-economic development and waterprotection

Investigation of the dynamics of the river basin districts. Thisincludes reviewing changes in general socio-economic variables, keysector policies that influence water use, economic growth and plannedinvestment linked to existing water regulation

The assessment of the current levels of recovery of the costs of waterservices: this is concerned with water service provision, the extent towhich financial, environmental and resource costs are recovered, howcost recovery is organised and the way in which key water usescontribute to the cost of water services

Recognise gaps in existing data, and the means to deal with them,and to collate information in a format that will be useful later


Register of Protected Areas

Register is needed for each river basin district indicating details and thelocation of protected areas and the legislation under which they have beendesignated. Although not exclusive, the Directive lists the following:

Areas that are either used, or are intended to be used, for the abstractionof drinking water for human consumption (Article 7)Areas designated for the protection of economically significant aquaticspeciesBodies of water designated as recreational waters, including bathingwaters designated under Directive 76/160/EECNutrient-sensitive areas including areas designated as vulnerable zonesunder Directive 91/676/EEC and areas as sensitive areas under Directive91/271/EECAreas designated for the protection of habitats or species where themaintenance or improvement of the status of water is an important factorin their protection, including relevant Natura 2000 sites designated underDirectives 92/43/EEC and 79/409/EEC


What are the outputs from the Assessment ofCurrent Status?

The assessment described above will provide an understanding of the river basindistrict in terms of:

The nature of its constituent water bodies and their grouping into types withlike characteristicsSituations where there are risks to the achievement of good status for surfaceand groundwatersSituations where higher levels of protection are necessaryHeavily modified and artificial water bodies where only good ecologicalpotential is possiblePossible situations where other derogations may be neededAn economic analysis of water use, its importance to the community, pressureson resources and how cost recovery is undertaken

This initial assessment provides the basis for the development of theenvironmental standards necessary to achieve good status for the waterbodies identified and for the development of the monitoring of surfacewater status, groundwater status and protected areas.


Classification System for Surface Water Bodies

The reason for the grouping by type of each water body in a river basin district is to allow the

identification of reference standards of the ecological conditions appropriate to each water body group

if each were in a pristine state. Since the purpose of the Directive is to maintain water quality, where

this is already at least of good status, and to restore waters failing to achieve this, it is essential to

have an effective means of classifying the status of the various types of water bodies. The Directive

requires that water bodies be classified in accordance with the following ecological status system using

biological, hydromorphological and physico-chemical elements set out in Annex V of the Directive.

The classification for surface water bodies is as follows:

High status Very little, or no, anthropogenic alteration to the physico-chemical andhydromorphological quality elements and biological quality elements expected for thetype of water body in pristine conditionGood status Reflecting undisturbed conditions or minimal disturbance. Values of thebiological quality elements for the water body type show low levels of distortion resultingfrom anthropogenic activity but deviate only slightly from those normally associated withthe water body under undisturbed conditionsModerate status The values of the biological quality elements for the water bodydeviate moderately from those normally associated with that body under undisturbedconditions and show moderate signs of distortion resulting from anthropogenic activityand are significantly more disturbed than under conditions of good status

Member States may further classify waters as Poor or Bad to reflect stagesof deterioration beyond Moderate status


Reference Standards for Surface Waters

Directive indicates in qualitative terms the nature of thehydromorphological, physicochemical and biological elements to beincluded in the assessment of the status of water bodies, it does not givequantitative values for these elements.

Member States use comparable ecological quality assessment systemsand harmonised ecological quality criteria

Ecological criteria are agreed for the designation of sites of goodecological status

Agreed numerical Ecological Quality Ratio values are established forthe class boundaries between high-good and good-moderate classes

The Ecological Quality Ratio for a water body is simply the ratio of theobserved biological value to the reference biological value. It is close toone for a water body exhibiting high status and close to zero for a waterbody exhibiting bad status.


Ecological Status of surface waters

Determined by the poorer of chemical and ecological status

Chemical status: concentrations of specific pollutants not exceedingspecified levels

Ecological status: expression of the quality of the structure andfunctioning of aquatic ecosystems


Ecological Status

Biological quality elements as basis for ecological classification

Ecological classification sets management goals


Quality elements for ecological status

Biological quality elements

Hydromorphological quality elements

Physico-chemical quality elements


Good ecological status

A condition in which:

Biological quality elements show only slight deviation from thetype-specific reference condition

Physico-chemical elements are at the levels capable of supporting thefunctioning of the type-specific ecosystem


Biological quality elements

Abundance Rivers Lakes Estuaries Coastal watersPhytoplankton - X X X

Macrophytes X X X X

Zoobentos X X X X

Fish X X X -


Hydromorphological quality elements

Rivers

water flow dynamics

river continuity

connection to GW

depth and width variation

river bed substrate and structure

riparian zone structure

Lakes

water flow dynamics

residence time

connection to GW

depth variation

local bottom structure

shore structure


Physico-chemical quality elements

Rivers

termal conditions

oxygenation

salinity

acidification

nutrients

specific pollutants

Lakes

transparency

termal conditions

oxygenation

salinity

acidification

nutrients

specific pollutants


How to assess ecological status?

1 Characterize surface water types (typology)

2 Define type-specific reference conditions for biological QualityElements (QE)

3 Use Ecological Quality Ratios (EQR) for classification

4 Calibrate the Member States biological monitoring results(intercalibration)


Surface water typology

Classification according to ecoregions (25) andecotypes (system A or B)

System A: altitude, catchment size, geology

System B: altitude, size, geology, latitude longitude and additionalfactors


Ecoregions for river and lakes


Example: Water types in the Netherlands (42)

20 types of lakes:

Large, deep bufferedIntermediate shallow peat lakesBrackish waters

18 types of rivers

Slowly flowing, downstream on sand

1 type of transitional water

3 types of coastal water


Reference conditions

A condition in which a water body has suffered no, or only veryminor, anthropogenic impacts to its: hydromorphology,physico-chemistry and biology

Potential methods:

spatial reference sites (present/past)

historical data

predictive modeling

stressor-response trajectories (curve fitting)

paleo-ecology

expert judgment


Reference conditions (1)

Problems with biological data:

availabilityquality & comparabilityhigh cost

Comparisons of different methods required (may not always lead tothe same results)

Need to agree on definitions of totally, or nearly, undisturbedconditions: what is considered pristine?


Setting reference values1. Spatially derived Reference conditions


Setting reference values2. Pressure-response relationships


Setting reference values3. Hindcasting based on statistical models


Standardized assessment of ecological status:Ecological Quality Ratio


EQR relation to the ecological status


Interpretation of normative definition

What are ’slight’, ’moderate’ and ’severe’ deviations?

Need for equal level ambition of WFD implementation:intercalibration




Classification

Agreement of normative definitions: ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘major’ and‘severe’ deviations from undisturbed conditions

Statistical errors related to variability in reference conditions and inbiological data need to be estimated and considered

Indicators have different responses to different pressures =¿ establishindicator-stress relationships


Classification of chemical status

Two categories:Good – when water body complies with all environmental qualitystandards of Annex V

Failing – when it does not comply


Classification of ecological status

The ecological status will be represented by the lower of theEQR-values for the biological and physicochemical monitoring resultsfor the relevant quality elements: One-out-All-out

Important to select indicators for the biological quality elements(practicability and cost-effectiveness of monitoring)

Intercalibration network to ensure comparability


Major outputs

Database of all discrete water bodies

Characterisation of each water body by ecological type

Description of reference conditions

Classification of the present state of each water body


Major steps to be taken (1)

Inventory of available data/information:

State variables: characterisation, classificationPressure variables: land-use, discharges, hydromorphological alterations

Assessment methods, models and other tools

Organisational structure

If needed: set up group of experts: ecology, chemistry, hydrology,statistics, modelling, GIS


Major steps to be taken (2)

Choose between differentiation systems A and B

Harmonise between member states within the same ecoregion

Apply selected system to identify all discrete water bodies

Collect necessary data that are not available

Define reference conditions

Define present class by the poorer of the ecological andphysico-chemical conditions


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