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Primatology
The study of primates and how their behavior is similar to human behavior
Primate Characteristics (Mammal)
• Intelligence (brain size)• Live birth• Infant dependency• Efficient Respiratory
System– Mouth, nose, diaphragm,
4 chamber heart = more active
• Constant body temp.• Fewer bones• Specialized teeth
Why did primates emerge?
• 70 million years ago, climate changed
• Forests developed-no more swamps
• Forests provide food and habitat– ARBOREAL: tree dwelling– Chewing teeth– Prehensile hands and feet (grasp)– Less need for claws
Primate Sense Organs
• Highly developed sense of touch• Poorly developed sense of smell• Highly developed sense of sight
– Stereoscopic (3 Dimensional sight)– Caused increased brain size– Color vision
Primate Skeleton
• Cranium (brain case) is high and vaulted• Foramen magnum (connects spine to
brain) is low and centered on skull• Smell decreased – nose/snout smaller• Clavicle and Scapula allow arm strength• Pentadactyl (5 digits) • Sexual dimorphism: different sizes btw
male and female
Primate Reproduction
• Usually few offspring
• Grips to mom as she climbs in trees
• Long period of dependency
• Sexes live together– Unpredictable sex times
What about all
those multiple births?
The Primate Order
L u m u ifo rm es(L em urs , lo rises , in d r is)
S tre ps ih in i
T ars ii P la ty r rh in i(N e w W o r ld M on k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G rea t A p es H om in idae(A frican ap e s, h um an s)
H om ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta r rh in i
H ap lo rh in i
P r im ates
Turned nose
Simple nose
L u m u ifo rm es(L e m u rs , lo rise s , in d ris)
S tre p s ih in i
T a rs i i P la tyrrh in i(N e w W o rld M o n k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G re a t A p es H o m in id ae(A frica n ap e s , h u m a n s)
H o m ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta rrh in i
H a p lo rh in i
P rim a tes
Madagascar only
Tarsiers
• Can move head 180 degrees
• Digits end with adhesive discs
• Nocturnal insect eaters
• Arboreal
L u m u ifo rm es(L e m u rs , lo rise s , in d ris)
S tre p s ih in i
T a rs i i P la tyrrh in i(N e w W o rld M o n k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G re a t A p es H o m in id ae(A frica n ap e s , h u m a n s)
H o m ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta rrh in i
H a p lo rh in i
P rim a tes
New World Monkeys• Live in South and Central America
• Flat nose, wide-flaring nostrils
• Arboreal with prehensile tails
• Walk on all fours with palms down
• Extra set of premolars
L u m u ifo rm es(L e m u rs , lo rise s , in d ris)
S tre p s ih in i
T a rs i i P la tyrrh in i(N e w W o rld M o n k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G re a t A p es H o m in id ae(A frica n ap e s , h u m a n s)
H o m ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta rrh in i
H a p lo rh in i
P rim a tes
L u m u ifo rm es(L e m u rs , lo rise s , in d ris)
S tre p s ih in i
T a rs i i P la tyrrh in i(N e w W o rld M o n k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G re a t A p es H o m in id ae(A frica n ap e s , h u m a n s)
H o m ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta rrh in i
H a p lo rh in i
P rim a tes
•Closely spaced, downward pointing nostrils
•Arboreal or terrestrial
•Two sets of premolars
L u m u ifo rm es(L em urs , lo rises , in d r is)
S tre ps ih in i
T ars ii P la ty r rh in i(N e w W o r ld M on k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G rea t A p es H om in idae(A frican ap e s, h um an s)
H om ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta r rh in i
H ap lo rh in i
P r im ates
L u m u ifo rm es(L em urs , lo rises , in d r is)
S tre ps ih in i
T ars ii P la ty r rh in i(N e w W o r ld M on k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G rea t A p es H om in idae(A frican ap e s, h um an s)
H om ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta r rh in i
H ap lo rh in i
P r im ates
L u m u ifo rm es(L em urs , lo rises , in d r is)
S tre ps ih in i
T ars ii P la ty r rh in i(N e w W o r ld M on k .)
S m a ll A p es A s ian G rea t A p es H om in idae(A frican ap e s, h um an s)
H om ino id ea O ld W o rld M o n k.
C a ta r rh in i
H ap lo rh in i
P r im ates
Similar characteristics of humans
• Lower bones of arms and legs• Opposable thumbs• Fovea Centralis (allows the primate to focus
on a particular object without losing sight of surroundings)
• Similar physical reproduction• Bipedal• Tool making (only chimps in wild)
Social Behaviors of Primates
• Live in group settings Families
• Hierarchy of Power
• Fight for power– Food– Territory – Sex
Social Behaviors of Primates• Group (Social) grooming
Social Behaviors of Primates• Interest surrounding new birth
• Play: somersaults, Tug-Of-War, King of the Mountain, Wrestle
Social Behaviors of Primates• Baboons choose friends as fathers
• Few are monogamous
• Territorial with women
• Promiscuous
Human Differences
• Humans are totally bipedal
• Our brains are three times larger
• Super long dependency of offspring
• Humans have a spoken/symbolic language
• Humans can reason
Human Differences
• Humans have social institutions to pass along culture
• Humans can control environment
• Division of labor
• Humans have different spinal cord, feet, pelvis
• Our legs are longer than our arms