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183

Index

actor constellations, 9, 150, 155, 158–61

Alevites, 102–4, 119, 150Anderson, Benedict, 3, 41anti-capitalism, 35anti-immigrant attitudes, see

xenophobiaassimilation, 25, 71, 105Austria, 19–20, 130–2, 138, 141, 155authoritarianism, 20–1, 28, 73, 77authority (religious), 9, 45, 47, 64,

100, 158–61Axial Age, 8, 154

Barker, Philip, 4–5, 39, 154–5, 160Belgium, 130–2, 134, 141–2boundaries, 9–10, 49, 142, 151, 156–8Brubaker, Rogers, 3–5, 7, 31, 148,

153, 161Bulgaria, 76, 130–2, 134, 138–9, 141Byzantine Empire, 70–1, 74, 155

caeseropapism, 159capitalism, 3, 43–4, 50, 76–7, 107Casanova, José, 2–3, 40, 159Catholicism/ Chatholic Church

and European integration, 27–8, 35, 58, 63, 151

in Germany, 20, 25, 27–8, 33–5and national identity, 4, 39, 45, 49, 149in Poland, 11, 45–7, 49, 58, 63, 149, 160and state, 160

Christianityand democracy, 56and Europe, 27, 34–5, 54, 69, 142and modernity, 33and national identity, 31, 74, 127,

137–41and socialism, 22

church-state relations, 8, 25, 79, 82, 86–7, 157, 160

citizenship, 31–2, 99–100, 114, 128, 149

ius sanguinis and ius soli, 25, 31civil society, 46, 104civilization

civilizational theory, 8, 69, 79, 153–4

European/Western civilization, 18, 33, 45–8, 54–8, 68, 71, 98

inter-civilizational relations, 24, 112, 152

Islamic civilization, 37cleavages, 5, 8, 19–20, 120, 126,

141, 157Cold War, 20–1, 64, 101–2collective identity, see under identitycommunism, 21–2, 39–40, 45–7,

56, 76–7constitution, 20–1, 51–2, 99, 101Constitutional courts, 24, 117, 123Constitutional patriotism, see

Verfassungspatriotismusconstructivism, 7–9Copenhagen criteria, 48, 106, 110cosmopolitanism, 6, 29, 37, 147–8Council of Europe, 12, 96, 101, 148culture

‘cultural defence’, 4, 133cultural heritage, 59, 96, 120,

141–2, 151‘cultural programs’, 154cultural repertoires, 8, 158, 161culture wars, see Kulturkampfhigh culture, 18–19inter-cultural dialogue, 32, 36multiculturalism, 31–5

Cyprus, 14, 77–85, 108, 130–2, 140–1Czech Republic, 40, 48, 130–2, 134,

136, 138–41

democracy, 20, 40, 71, 77, 103, 106, 118–21, 148

democracy deficit (EU), 5liberal democracy, 53–6socialist democracy, 22

184 Index

democratization, 41, 77–8, 106, 108, 110, 113, 133

Denmark, 19, 130–2, 138, 141differentiation, 2–3, 37, 41, 92–3,

158–9discourse analysis, 12discursive repertoires, 9–10, 150, 152,

155, 162diversity

diversity discourse, 120, 152, 161ethnic diversity, 70, 105, 109, 150religious diversity, 26, 30, 70,

105, 148Durkheim, Emile, 3

ecumenical movement, 28, 33–4, 151

Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., 7–8, 153–4elites, 5, 9, 25–36, 50–65, 79–90,

106–19, 156–8empire, see under individual namesempire contraction, 18, 20England, see Great BritainEnlightenment, 31–2, 54, 71–4, 95,

105, 149Estonia, 48, 130–2, 134–5, 141European Convention of Human

Rights, 82European Court of Human Rights,

1, 14, 82, 86–8, 90, 94–5, 157European Economic Community

(EEC), 12, 78, 86, 90, 106EEC accession (Greece), 78, 80

European Union (EU), 10–11, 24EU accession (Poland), 51, 59,

65, 150EU as an elite-driven project, 5, 50,

124EU candidacy (Turkey), 26, 34, 36–7,

80, 98, 106–7, 110, 149EU’s democracy deficit, 5, 124EU’s eastern enlargement, 10–11,

24, 26, 30, 34–8, 48, 146, 162EU-ization, 106-7, 110, 112

Euro-Skepticism, 34, 59, 117–18, 149

Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), see under Protestantism

Fascism, 22, 63, 76Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),

20–4Finland, 130–2, 134, 138, 141France, 49, 54, 59, 73, 130–2, 138,

141, 144, 159

German Democratic Republic (GDR), 21–4

Germany, 11, 17–38, 43, 48, 54, 59, 76, 93, 130–2, 134–6, 138–9, 141–2, 149, 151, 155

Giesen, Bernhard, 7, 19, 21globalization, 4, 28, 106, 126Gorski, Philip, 3–4, 158Great Britain, 4, 59, 73, 129–33, 138Greece, 4, 68–95, 121, 130–2,

134–5, 140–2, 149, 152, 155–6, 160–2

Habermas, Jürgen, 28, 148Habsburg Empire, 43, 45, 48headscarf affairs, 105, 113, 117–18, 120Hellenism, 70–1, 74, 81, 155Helsinki Summit, 106, 113, 150Holocaust, 22, 28Hroch, Miroslav, 39human rights, see under rightsHungary, 45, 48, 100, 130–2, 134, 141Huntington, Samuel, 69, 79

identitycollective identity, 6–10, 18, 125,

147, 156–7European identity, 5–6, 37, 47, 68,

91–2, 112, 126, 128, 130–3, 141national identity, 1, 3–4, 7–8, 125,

128, 138, 148, 152, 159, see also nationalism

identity cards, 81–2, 86–90identity politics, 68, 104–5immigration, 24, 26, 30–3, 37, 76, 94,

125, 147immigration law, 31institutions, 9–10, 93, 154, 156, 158intellectuals, 12, 27–8, 49, 55, 61,

65–6, 69, 74, 85, 147, 154, 157Iraq war, 54, 61

Index 185

Ireland, 4, 39, 130–2, 134, 138, 140–1Islam, 24–5, 96, 99–100, 111, 116

and democracy, 31, 33and Europe, 34, 151and nationalism, 99–100, 103,

121, 151Political Islam, 33, 36, 96, 102–4,

113, 121, 152Islamkonferenz, 25, 32Islamophobia, 25Italy, 1, 49, 76, 82, 86, 121, 130–2,

134, 138, 140–1, 155

Joas, Hans, 154, 157, 159John Paul II, 27, 33, 47–8, 51, 63–4,

66, 151

Kemalism, 96, 100, 103, 105, 120, 152, 161

Kohn, Hans, 7, 40, 125, 144Kulturnation, 21Kunovich, Robert M., 126–7Kurdish movement, 96, 101–5,

108–10, 119–20, 150Kuru, Ahmed, 159

language, 3, 7, 31–2, 71–3, 101, 114, 128, 137

Latvia, 130–2, 134, 138–9, 141Lausanne Treaty, 75, 100, 105Leitkultur, 26, 30–3, 35, 151liberalism, 44, 49, 61, 71, 75, 118, 155

liberal democracy, 53–6liberal market economy, 10, 106, 111neo-liberalism, 98, 103, 147

Lisbon Treaty, 36, 51–2, 56, 58, 63, 86Lithuania, 43, 130–2Luxembourg, 129–33, 141–2Luxemburg, Rosa, 43

Maastricht Treaty, 10, 24, 68, 79, 81–5Macedonia (Former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia), 69, 79–80, 86–90

McLeod, Hugh, 8, 159–60macro-sociology, 2, 5, 8, 126, 153–4Malta, 130–1, 136, 140–2Martin, David, 8, 40, 79, 133, 154

Marxism, 102, 111media, 12, 26, 37, 51–2, 65, 83, 93,

112, 120, 147, 151military coups/military regimes, 77,

102–4, 119, 151minorities, 20, 70, 96, 101, 105, 108,

119, 126, 152national minorities, 5, 19religious minorities, 20, 70, 157

minority rights, see under rightsmodernity/modernization

and Europeanization, 42, 60, 73, 98, 104, 107, 117, 149

modernization (economic), 43–4, 78, 101

modernization (political), 43, 58, 60modernization theory, 2–3, 61, 71,

97, 105, 126, 148, 153multiple modernities, 41, 153–4policies of modernization, 61, 71,

73, 112, 149and utopianism, 74–5

Morawska, Ewa, 41multiculturalism, see under culture

national identity, see under identityNational Socialism, 20, 22nationalism, 3–5, 7, 12, 20, 44, 69,

72–3, 103, 125, 148, 156civic/political nationalism, 18–19, 41cultural nationalism, 19, 22, 28, 45,

47, 54ethnic nationalism, 41everyday nationalism, 147liberal nationalism, 41pan-German nationalism, 19–21pan-Hellenic nationalism (Megali

Idea), 74pan-Turkic nationalism, 99, 121religious nationalism, 4, 6, 8, 10,

39–41, 49–50, 64, 77, 150–1, 154–5, 159–61

nation-building, 8–10, 79, 98–103nation-state model, 7, 99, 156NATO, 51, 53–4, 69, 77, 96, 101neoliberalism, see under liberalismNetherlands, 4, 87, 130–3, 138–9, 141Nipperdey, Thomas, 19, 20, 28

186 Index

Orthodoxy/Orthodox Churchand democracy, 71and Europe, 6, 71–2, 83–5and national identity, 70, 72, 76–7,

81, 89, 131, 150, 155and state, 14, 141, 161

Ottoman Empire, 12, 72–5, 97–100Ottomanism, 99–100, 121Tanzimat reforms, 12, 98

path dependence, 133pluralism, 18, 33, 92, 148, see also

diversityPoland, 4, 11, 13–14, 20–1, 30,

39–67, 129–35, 138, 141, 150–1, 154–5, 160

Portugal, 121, 130–2, 134, 138, 141, 155

post-nationalism, 6, 28, 34, 89–90, 148

Protestantismand Europe, 1, 28, 34, 142Evangelical Church in Germany

(EKD), 28and national identity, 33, 131,

143, 160and state, 6, 22, 141

Prussia, 19–20, 43, 45, 48–9

Reformation, 13–14, 19religion, see individual namesreligiosity, 47, 62–4, 69, 128, 133–7religious elites, 9, 34, 51, 55, 83,

157–61religious freedom, 1, 111, 160religious nationalism, see under

nationalismRevolutions, 19–20, 24, 45, 100, 105rights

cultural rights, 104, 119human rights, 46, 82minority rights, 5, 63, 69, 76, 88–9,

106, 111Risse, Thomas, 5–6, 7, 10, 14, 42, 53,

96, 126–8, 141, 148–9Rokkan, Stein, 8, 154Romania, 40, 130–2, 134–5, 141–2Russian Empire, 43, 45, 48–9, 73,

100, 160

secularism/secularizationKemalist secularism, 96, 104,

107–14, 117–18, 120–1and modernity, 49, 71–2secularization as decline of

religiosity, 33, 64, 136, 143secularization theory, 2–6,

133, 154Socialist secularism, 23, 47state secularization, 73, 90, 92,

159–62Seton-Watson, Hugh, 79Slovakia, 130–2, 138, 141Slovenia, 48, 130–2, 134–6, 138,

140–1Smith, Anthony, 3–4, 40, 125, 153social classes

middle classes, 44, 49, 126working classes, 159

socialism, 21–3, 44–7, 76, 101, 137, 151, 155, 160

‘solidarity’ movement, 46–8sovereignty, 7, 28, 41, 44, 63, 69, 97,

115, 117, 159Soviet Union, 18, 21–3, 45–7, 56, 76,

94, 155, 159Spain, 49, 121, 130–3, 136, 138,

141–2, 155Spohn, Willfried, 5, 8, 17–38,

41, 149state-formation, 10, 21, 79, 158state secularization, see secularizationsubsidiarity, 27, 35, 84, 86Sweden, 130–2, 134, 138, 141

Taylor, Charles, 3Tocqueville, Alexis de, 158tolerance/toleration, 32, 44, 105, 152transnationalism, 1, 5, 10, 24, 125–6,

141, 151, 161Turkey, 6, 12, 30, 34–6, 75–6, 80,

96–123, 131–2, 134–5, 141–2, 149–52, 156, 159, 162

United Kingdom, see Great BritainUniversal Declaration of Human

Rights, 46universalism, 7–8, 118, 148,

151–2, 154

Index 187

Verfassungspatriotismus, 21, 29Versailles Treaty, 20

Weber, Max, 158, 161Weimar Republic, 20–1Western civilization, see civilizationWesternization, 104, 106–9, 112, 152Wimmer, Andreas, 9, 156–7

Women’s movement, 104, 116World War I, 20, 75, 97, 100World War II, 20, 39, 45–6, 76, 101

xenophobia, 25, 29–30, 33, 126

Zubrzycki, Geneviève, 7, 9, 13, 40, 149, 160