Primary Literature in Analytical Chemistry Teaching Michelle L. Kovarik Trinity College, Hartford CT

Why teach the literature? NIH IRACDA Program

For more information about the SPIRE program: spire.unc.edu

Institutional Research and Academic Career Development Awards

Fall 2011 Quantitative Analysis II Class North Carolina A&T State University

Program goals:

• train postdoctoral scientists for research and teaching careers in the biomedical sciences

• motivate a diverse group of new scientists at partner institutions and to promote collaborations in research and teaching

Why teach the literature? Student Benefits

R Mortellite, “Writing in Response to Reading,” http://languageeducation.pbworks.com/w/page/61203992/Writing%20in%20Response%20to%20Reading

Improvement in writing skills Knowledge transfer “Critical thinking” Attitudinal changes

write better.

Students who write

read more.

Students who read

Why teach the literature? Student Benefits Improvement in writing skills Knowledge transfer “Critical thinking” Attitudinal changes

Previous research on knowledge transfer: Yeong, “Using primary-literature-based assessments to highlight connections between sub-topics in cell biology,” J NUS Teach Acad, 2013, 3, 34–48.

Photo credit: Shearin and Ostrander. PLoS Biology, 2010, 8, e1000310.

Why teach the literature? Student Benefits Improvement in writing skills Knowledge transfer “Critical thinking” Attitudinal changes

Hoskins, Lopatto, and Stevens LM, “The C.R.E.A.T.E. approach to primary literature shifts undergraduates’ aelf-assessed ability to read and analyze journal articles, attitudes about science, and epistemological beliefs. Cell Biol Educ, 2011, 10, 368–378. Braun and Nückles, Scholarly holds lead over popular and instructional: text type influences epistemological reading outcomes. Sci Educ, 2014, 98, 867–904.

How do I do this? Challenges Finding time Choosing articles Scaffolding Assessing outcomes

How do I do this? Challenges

Rauschert, Dauer, Momsen, and Sutton-Grier, “Primary literature across the undergraduate curriculum: teaching science process skills and content,” B Ecol Soc Am, 2011, 92, 396–405.

Finding time Choosing articles Scaffolding Assessing outcomes

How do I do this? Challenges

Finding time Choosing articles Scaffolding Assessing outcomes

Photo credit: Kerry McQueeney / Solent News and Photo Agency, Daily Mail, 19 Sept 2011 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2039139/Arthritic-cat-world-owners-build-spiral-staircase-garden-fence.html

Assignment Article Topics Included Comparing methods DL Phillips, IR Tebbett, and RL Bertholf, “Comparison of

HPLC and GC-MS for measurement of cocaine and metabolites in human urine” J. Anal. Toxicol. 1996, 20, 305-308.

Figures of merit Internal standards Statistics Scientific writing

Acid-base chemistry M Dittrich and S Sibler, “Cell surface groups of two picocyanobacteria strains studied by zeta potential investigations, potentiometric titration, and infrared spectroscopy,” J. Coll. Int. Sci. 2005, 286, 487-495.

pH Isoelectric point pKa Titrations Buffers Biochemistry Scientific writing

Separation science B Wei, DS Malkin, and MJ Wirth, “Plate heights below 50 nm for protein electrochromatography using silica colloidal crystals,” Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 10216-10221.

van Deemter equation Resolution Electroosmosis Nanoscience

Analytical Chemistry Assignments

Assignments freely available at: home.asdlib.org About the assignments: Kovarik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2016, 408, 3045-3049.

Assignment Article Topics Included Spectroscopy CN LaFratta, I Pelse, JL Falla, MA Palacios, M Manesse,

GM Whitesides, and DR Walt, “Measuring atomic emission from beacons for long-distance chemical signaling,” Anal Chem. 2013, 85, 8933-8936.

Atomic emission Wavelength selection Signal processing Signal-to-noise ratio Limits of detection

Mass spectrometry RA Sowell, KE Hersberger, TC Kaufman, and DE Clemmer, “Examining the proteome of Drosophila across organism lifespan,” J. Proteome Res., 2007, 6, 3637-3647.

Strong cation exchange Electrospray ionization Ion mobility Mass analyzers Resolving power Tandem MS Quantitative MS Bioinformatics

Electrochemistry PEM Phillips, GD Stuber, MLAV Heien, RM Wightman, and RM Carelli, “Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking,” Nature, 2003, 422, 614-618.

Electrodes Cyclic voltammetry Redox chemistry Signal-to-noise ratio Selectivity and controls

Instrumental Analysis Assignments

Assignments freely available at: home.asdlib.org About the assignments: Kovarik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2016, 408, 3045-3049.

Capstone Assignments Analytical Chemistry

Questions based on: Wei, Malkin, and Wirth, “Plate heights below 50 nm for protein electrochromatography using silica colloidal crystals,” Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 10216-10221.

About the assignments: Kovarik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2016, 408, 3045-3049.

Out-of-Class Questions

Remembering What are the two overall factors contributing to plate height (H)?

Understanding The authors use silanes to polymerize the packing material and to form what is likely to be a very thin layer of short carbon chains on the surface (i.e., df is extremely low). If the stationary phase is so thin, how do the authors know that chromatography, rather than just electrophoresis, is occurring?

Applying Estimate the value of H for the lysozyme peak in Figure 2. Show your work to receive credit. Does your estimate match the authors’?

Capstone Assignments Analytical Chemistry

In-Class Questions

Analyzing Why would the A and C terms be negligible under the conditions used in this work? What evidence supports the authors’ assertion that the efficiency of their separations is limited only by diffusion?

Evaluating/Creating The authors specifically state that their goal for this work was not to achieve a practical method for protein separations. Imagine that an instrument manufacturer wants to use columns like these in a commercial HPLC instrument. What changes to the instrument and practical improvements in the column would be needed?

Questions based on: Wei, Malkin, and Wirth, “Plate heights below 50 nm for protein electrochromatography using silica colloidal crystals,” Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 10216-10221.

About the assignments: Kovarik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2016, 408, 3045-3049.

Articles in lieu of Textbook Bioanalytical Elective

Course Structure:

Thursday – lecture on course topic homework: read article on this topic, complete worksheet Tuesday – discussion of article Thursday – brief student presentations on related articles lecture on next course topic

Articles in lieu of Textbook Bioanalytical Elective

Articles in lieu of Textbook Bioanalytical Elective

Round and Campbell, “Figure facts: encouraging undergraduates to take a data-centered approach to reading primary literature,” CBE Life Sci. Educ. 2013, 12, 39-46.

Journal Club as Class Senior Seminar: Wine Chemistry

• Weeks 1-3 • Video introduction and readings on the chemistry of wine • Workshop on searching the literature • Sample presentation

• Subsequent weeks: Student Presentations

Student presenter is responsible for (1) selecting a peer-reviewed article relevant to the class theme (2) recruiting a faculty sponsor whose expertise complements the article

topic (3) grading your classmates’ article summary worksheets (4) presenting an overview of the article along with background

information and supporting data from at least four other peer-reviewed articles or reviews.

How do I do this? Challenges

Image credit: Bill Watterson

Finding time Choosing articles Scaffolding Assessing outcomes

What did they learn? Assessment

What did they learn? Assessment

What did they learn? Assessment

What did they learn? Assessment

What did they learn? Assessment

In evaluating the presentation, rate the following on a letter grade scale, from A+ to F. _____ The speaker provided context to relate the article to the themes of this course. _____ The significance, methodology, and major findings of the paper were presented

thoroughly and accurately. _____ Additional peer-reviewed sources were used effectively to supplement the

information from the article being presented. _____ The visual aids used were professional-looking and effective, and the speaker’s

delivery was well-paced, clear, and easy to follow. _____ The speaker’s ability to answer questions about the work demonstrated a high level

of understanding of the article being presented.

What did they learn? Assessment

Things I’d Like to Try Future Work

Activity based on: McDonough, “Improving journal club: Increasing student discussion and understanding of primary literature in molecular biology through the use of dialectical notes,” Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2012, 40, 330–332.

Photo credit: Katherine Nightingale

Annotation Skills

Things I’d Like to Try Future Work

Activity based on: McCallum, “A method for encouraging classroom discussion of scientific papers. B Ecol Soc Am 2010, 91, 363–366.

Illustration credit: James Baxter, https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/anatomy-of-an-article

Skimming Strategies

Acknowledgments Thanks!

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