Pride Campaign Barrier Removal Projects Viability and Potential Impacts Assessment Tool BRAVO: Barrier Removal Assessment and Viability Overview BESITANG

Pride Campaign Barrier Removal Projects Viability and Potential Impacts Assessment Tool

BRAVO: Barrier Removal Assessment and Viability Overview

BESITANG

Economics Technical Cultural/Politics Impacts& Metrics

BRAVO: Executive Summary (1 of 2)

Barrier Removal StrategyThere are some factors behind encroachment activities inside Besitang area in Gunung Leuser National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser/TNGL). They include the needs for cultivation area that have driven people to clear up forest area and convert it into cultivation area. Another factor was farmers’ dependence to monoculture system, which relies on certain commodities, such as palm oil and rubber. This has also driven farmers to expand their cultivation area inside TNGL area. The development of agro-forestry system will help farmers make the most of their land. While it increases the farmers’ land productivity, agro-forestry system will also stop forest clearing inside TNGL.Law enforcement is another solution to support the implementation of barrier removal strategy. Community groups involved in the development of agro-forestry system will be involved along with other groups to participate in activities to monitor and safeguard the forest area. Without monitoring and law enforcement efforts, the strategy to develop agro-forestry system will not work properly as forest destruction factors correlate one to the other.

The implementation of agro-forestry system may accommodate commodities, such as:- Rubber tree- Timber trees and gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)- Sereh (Cymbopogon nardus), planted along the river (2 lines)- Nilam (Pogostemon cablin ) or other plants- Fresh water fish farming (karamba, basket made of bamboo or rattan as fish breeding pool) in rivers or fish pond (kolam/bak)Agro-forestry system that accommodates such commodities will provide economic support to community and help the cultivated land to produce optimally. Such benefits of agro-forestry system will help local farmers to realize that they do not need to encroach into the protected area to find land area to be cultivated and generate income. Objectives of Barrier Removal StrategyThe development of agro-forestry system has the objective to stop encroachment activities. Some pre-requisite conditions in the community to achieve such an objective are: community understands the agro-forestry concept and later adopts it; the need for new area to be cultivated decreases; community income increases; and, finally, the encroachment activities stops.The development of agro-forestry aims at making the community understand the benefits and techniques to develop agro-forestry pattern in cultivation area outside the protected forest. Later, they are expected to adopt agro-forestry pattern to make the most of their land without further opening the forest area. Apart from the development of agro-forestry system, law enforcement and forest monitoring from encroachment activities will be conducted to stop the high rate of forest encroachment. Such activities will support the agro-forestry development and will serve as deterrent for the community to conduct encroachment activities.

BRAVO: Executive Summary (2 of 2)

Success Story & Barrier Removal Strategy RelevanceAgro-forestry development has been applied in many places in Indonesia. The implementations have brought positive impacts to nature conservation efforts and positive economic impacts to communities involved. Targeted Audience & Barrier Removal PartnersThe main targets to adopt agro-forestry system are farmers who have been practicing encroachment activities inside the forest area. They own cultivated areas that share boundaries with TNGL area. Other targets are farmers who potentially encroach the forest because their land is close to TNGL area. A strategy to enforce the laws and safeguard the laws is applied to farmers who potentially encroach, but are living outside the targeted area.Partners involved in barrier removal strategy are Mr. Dedi Natadireja with CV. Suburnik as partner to develop techniques for agro-forestry system development, Flora & Fauna International (FFI) as partner to mobilize the community, TNGL Agency with Higher Authority (Balai Besar TNGL) as the area authority who manages TNGL area. Timing for Barrier Removal Strategy ImplementationPreparation process prior to planning will start in July 2009. This phase will produce technical planning base line to be done in one month. The next step will be program technical planning phase (tahapan perencanaan teknis program) that will produce program needs tabulation. This will be followed by training and implementation phase that will end in June 2010. Implementation Method of Barrier Removal Strategy The agro-forestry system will be developed with organic pattern. The budget will be managed jointly by a group among the farmers. The farmers will be exposed to knowledge on land management and organic fertilizer making, so they can self-provide the need of fertilizer. The community will need to supply some of equipments they need, whereas the rest will be provided by program funding. The community will be involved in seeking the funding. The funding will be required to maintain the program’s sustainability. The available funding and income will be managed by farmer group so they may be used by other community.

BRAVO Scores

Feasibility Score: 1-4

Impact Score: 1-4

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Criteria Explanation Score

Costs

Preliminary projected costs

Funding to develop agro-forestry system are: seedlings supplying cost, equipment cost, consultant for technical facilitations fee, trainings cost, plot development cost, maintenance and fertilizer cost. Average cost needed is ±US$6,000. The details are: ±US$1,000 for equipments; ±US$2,000 for seedlings supplying and plot development; ±US$1,000 for training and group capacity strengthening; ±US$1,000 for consultancy and technical facilitation; and ±US$1,000 for maintenance.

Predictability of cost burden

It is not difficult to predict the costs needed to implement agro-forestry system. Adding the cost of each item needed will result in total average cost for the implementation of agro-forestry system. Dimension of demonstration plot will also determine the cost. However, the dimension of demonstration plot may be adjusted to the cost availability. Cost will also be determined by price fluctuation of the items needed.

3

Cost per behavior changed (ie per person in target audience

It is difficult to predict the cost per person in the targeted audience for behavior change at the moment. However, such a cost will be available at early phase of the implementation $

Average Score 3

BRAVO Besitang Details

Economics (1 of 3)

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Revenues

Description of revenue streams

Fundraising total: $ Sources: Earned income total: $ Sources:To this point, source of funding still relies on the grant provided by Rare. Campaign manager and institution linked to this program have been trying to generate more funding from other source, and so far are waiting for responses. Some of the potential donors include:-Village program funding for Tourism in Tangkahan. Namo Sialang Village will receive this funding in 2009.-Several other donors. We are currently waiting for their response.

Percentage of total cost available

1: 0 – 25% 2: 25 – 50% 3: 50 – 75% 4: 75 – 100% To this point, source of funding still relies on the grant provided by Rare 1

Likelihood of fundraising success

1 = Very low likelihood of raising the necessary funds; 4 = Likelihood of raising necessary funds almost a certaintySuccess in generating funding from different parties is possible. No response to the funding proposal to this point yet.

1

Fundraising timing

Fundraising efforts will still be conducted up to the implementation phase.

Funding Alignment

1 = Funding timeline is not aligned with project timeline; 4 = Funding timeline is well-aligned with project timelineTo this point, no other funding sources other than Rare . 1

Sustainable Funding

1 = Unsustainable funding source; 4 = Very sustainable funding sourceUnknown.

1

Profit/(Loss)

Difference between Revenues and Costs

Unknown

Average Score 1


Economics (2 of 3)

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Income Substitution (if applicable)

New income source relative to old income

1 = Income source is reduced by 20% or more; 4 = Income source is increased by 20% or moreThe implementation of agro-forestry system to accommodate certain commodities will benefit farmers as they will not depend on only one commodity. Dependence to only one commodity risks farmers to price fluctuation of the commodity. Such dependence will affect income. Incorporating different commodities with short, medium and long term in one plot will sustainably maintain farmers’ income.

4

New income source sustainability

1 = New income source is unsustainable; 4 = Income source is highly sustainableWith correct implementation, agro-forestry system as alternative economic income will be sustainable. Selling different commodities, each harvested in different time, will generate sustainable income for farmers.

4

Average Score 4


Economics (3 of 3)

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Technology

Attainability & Availability

1 = Technology and/or required assistance needed is unavailable; 4 = Technology is attainable and third-party assistance, if required, is availableTechnology and expert/practitioner needed is available. To implement the agro-forestry system, consultant in land cultivation and equipment/technology are also available. Experts/practitioners are available locally. Equipments are available locally and from outside of Sumatra.

4

Technology assistance

1 = Technology assistance is required, yet not available; 4 = Technology assistance is significant and availableTechnology assistances (in cultivation technology and technology to maximize the implementation agro-forestry results) are required. Facilitators are available..

4

Appropriate for circumstances

1 = Available technology is not appropriate for circumstances; 4 = Acquirable technology is suited for circumstancesRefinery technology is suitable in all kinds of situation. It does not depend on weather as it uses fuel. However, range of operational cost will very much depend on fuel price. 3

Average Score 3.7


Technical (1 of 2)

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Capacity /

Organizational Abilit

y

Barrier Removal Partner support

1 = BR Partner does not exist or is not willing to support the project; 4 = There exists a willing Barrier Removal PartnerThere is one barrier removal partner. He is an agricultural practitioner, currently facilitating an agricultural development program in Balige, North Sumatra, and is an organic fertilizer development formulator at CV.Suburnik. No contract has been established with him and the relationship is so far based on friendship. To involve him in the program will require a funding allocation for accommodation and other fees. He has been included in BRAVO design and process.

3

Barrier Removal Partner’s ability to drive change

1 = BR Partner lacks a track record of driving behavior; 4 = BR partner has a proven track record of driving behaviorPartner has the experience as community facilitator in several areas, including in Balige of North Sumatra, from 2007 until today. He has developed an agro-forestry system that accommodates commodities like coffee, rice and other horticulture vegetations with intercropping system. In developing community’s economy through agricultural practices, he uses empowerment and independence approaches, as well as organic method.

4

Budget planning and cost efficient execution

1 = BR Partner has not demonstrated sufficient budget planning skills and cost efficient execution of plans; 4 = BR Partner has proven proficiency in budget planning and cost efficient execution of past plansAccording to barrier removal partner, based on his experience, funding has not been an issue to a project success. In his opinion, project implementation can be adjusted to funding availability. With minimum funding, an agro-forestry funding can still reach its goal on condition that demonstration plot dimension and demonstration equipment should be minimized. To remove the barrier, famers need to be trained and be used to self sufficient (swadaya) practices, such as farmers use their own agricultural equipments, and farmers cultivate their own land.

3

Average Score 3.3

Other

Partners

Other critical partners

1 = Other partners do not exist or will not be impactful 4 = Other partners are available and capable of assistanceOther partners to implement barrier removal strategy:-TNGL Agency with Higher Authority (Balai Besar TNGL) as partner to implement law enforcement that will support the agro-forestry practices.-FFI Medan as partner to strengthen the targeted farmers’ capacity involved in monitoring and joint patrol to secure the area.-CV. Suburnik and Mr. Dedi Natadireja as technical partner in implementation of agro-forestry system..

3

Average Score 3


Technical (2 of 2)

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Community Leadership

Leaders and influencers in the community

1 = Dearth of strong leaders and influencers in the community; 4 = Visible leaders with clout to drive behaviorTo facilitate the adoption, approaches to key persons in the community, including head of villages and sub villages, persons with influence, leaders of community organizations and the organizations, are conducted.

4

Leadership willingness to endorse

1 = Unwilling to get on board with project; 4 = Firm commitment from leadership to help drive change effortsCommunity based institutions/organizations in every villages have supported the adoption of barrier removal project. At the level of head of village and head of sub village, as well as key leaders in the community, supports have been secured.

4

Average Score 4


Cultural/Political (1 of 2)

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Political Environmen

t

Current legislative and legal landscape

1 = Legislative and legal restrictions will hamper efforts; 4 = Legislative and legal framework will aid programThe majority of area inside Besitang in TNGL is area of cultivation/plantation. Consequently, the development of agro-forestry system as barrier removal project coincides with current regulations in Langkat District of North Sumatra.

3

Ability to drive legislative change

1 = Lack of knowledge regarding political environment and unclear timeframe for advocacy; 4 = Depth of political knowledge and ability to push for appropriate changes within a given timeframePride campaign for change in the area is aimed to trigger new policies that support the conservation of TNGL at least in the targeted villages. A change in regulation at local level will to a certain point affect the area socially. So far there is an impression that government is not implementing the regulations related to TNGL.

3

Average Score 3

Values

and Norms

Assessment of norms

1 = Plan is unconcerned with political and cultural norms 4 = Plan assesses and takes into account the values and norms governing the political and cultural environmentThe majority of community inhabiting the surrounding Besitang area of TNGL is farmers. Most of the land in the area is owned by government or private companies. The farmers are used to monoculture system, especially oil palm or rubber. Such a habit tends to make farmers reluctant in practicing agro-forestry system that accommodates different commodities in one plot. The community of different ethnic groups is generally mixed and lives together, although there are some settlements that group people based on their ethnicity. Local norms have very much been considered in organizing the community and conducting the campaigns.

4

Ability to address normative obstacles

1 = Normative obstacles are too formidable to be overcome; 4 = Obstacles are manageable and a clear tack to address them is employedThere is an important thing to consider when involving the community or targeted audience in the program. There has to be a success story example. The community will not change their cultivation pattern because they are used to such a pattern. They are convinced that their practices have been successful and that a change from the pattern they have adopted to a new one will disturb their land production. Farmers’ dependence to one commodity makes them dependent to price fluctuation of commodity they planted. This pattern triggers farmers to expand their land ownership to the protected area. Agro-forestry program will focus on land intensification that accomodate different plant commodities.

3

Average Score 3.5


Cultural/Political (2 of 2)

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Conservatio

n Impact

Likelihood of conservation impact

1 = Conservation impact is unlikely to be achieved; 4 = Conservation impact is very likely to be realizedThe agro-forestry program aims to increase local community’s economic value. It is also designed to support the conservation of TNGL in Besitang area. Values to be developed in such an agro-forestry system implementation are: (1) economic value, by developing high economic value plants to raise people’s income and prevent them from expanding their land to protected area; (2) conservation value, by designating the agro-forestry plot as area to monitor the protected area from illegal activities; (3) human-wildlife conflict mitigation value, by planting vegetations that certain wildlife species, especially elephant, dislike.

4

Impact sustainability

1 = The conservation impact goal is unlikely to be sustained in the long-term; 4 = The impact goal should be viable in the long-termThe agro-forestry pattern will be developed in community’s land, so the likelihood of community independently continue the program and adopt the change is greater. Since the lands belong to farmers, they will very likely continue the system if they sense the benefits of the new practice. Such an implementation will also allow farmers to take benefits of their own land area.

4

Average Score 4


Impact and Metrics (1 of 2)

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Criteria

Explanation

Score

Tipping Points

1st Tipping Point The first tipping point is the community understands that agro-forestry system will generate more income and optimize land use. It is expected that the need to open a new agricultural area will decrease and the need to encroach TNGL area will stop.The second tipping point is the implementation of agro-forestry system in a demonstration plot. It serves as a process to educate the community. Later, the community is expected to develop the practice to larger audience, so more farmers may adopt the system independently in their own area and do not encroach the forest.The third tipping point is to ensure up to 50 percent of farmers, who encroached the forest, to implement the agro-forestry system. Trainings will be organized to improve the targeted audience capacity in agro-forestry or other skills. TNGL area monitoring and patrolling will be conducted to secure the area from encroachment activities. Such actions will serve as deterrent and give obedience impacts to commitment to safeguard the protected area among the community. Metrics to be used are number of encroachment activity, number of farmers adopting barrier removal strategy, number of plants to rehabilitate in TNGL area, village regulations to support agro-forestry implementation, formation of group of people involved actively in adopting agro-forestry system, and members of community who are active in monitoring and safeguarding TNGL area.

4

2nd Tipping Point 3

3rd Tipping Point

3

Average Score 3.7

Metrics

Measurable outcomes

1 = The program lacks clear metrics or are difficult to measure; 4 = The program has established clear, measureable metrics

Conservation impacts of the campaign are easy to measure. The metric is number of encroachment. To measure this, TNGL Agency with Higher Authority is willing to work together to monitor and safeguard the area. Another metric is number of those adopting the barrier removal strategy. Measurable outcomes are number of plants to be planted, the establishment of group in the community that actively are involved in monitoring and safeguarding TNGL area, village regulations that support the agro-forestry implementation and joint efforts with the community to safeguard the area.

4

Average Score 4


Impact and Metrics (2 of 2)

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Category Subcategory ScoreAverage

Category Score

Feasibility

Economics

Costs 3

27 Revenues 1

Income Substitution 4

Technical Technology 3.7

33 Capacity / Organizational Ability 3.33

Other Partners 3

Cultural / Political

Community Leadership 4

3.5 Political Environment 3

Cultural Norms 3.5

Feasibility Score 3.16

Impact

Impact and Metrics

Conservation Impact 4

3.9 Tipping Points 3.7

Metrics 4

Impact Score 3.9

Barrier Removal Assessment and Viability Overview (BRAVO)

Composite Score

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Risk Factors

Risk Factors Consequence Mitigation Strategies

- Lack of support from local village government

- Wariness to adopt the agro-forestry system

- Lack of funding

- Program will face difficulty to mobilize community

- Strategy cannot be developed

- Simple strategy implementation

- To communicate intensively

- To communicate, disseminate issue, conduct training, educate community on agro-forestry benefits.

- To find more funding sources

- To apply self-sufficient community pattern

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Authors and approvals

List BRAVO authors and their affiliation

Documents

Pride Campaign Barrier Removal Projects Viability and Potential Impacts Assessment Tool BRAVO: Barrier Removal Assessment and Viability Overview BESITANG