PRICES SUBJECT TO - NASA · AN EVALUATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF ERTS DATA FOR THE PURPOSES OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION Robert J. Collins, Frederic P. McCown, Leo P. Stonis,

.TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

4. Title and S otitle . eport Dote

An Evaluation of the Suitability of ERTS June 1974Data for the Purpose of Petroleum Exploration 6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(sl 8. Performing Organization Report No.

See Front Cover9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.

Eason Oil Company5225 Shartel Avenue 11. Contract or Grant No.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73118 NAS5-2173513. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Type III Final

Goddard Space Flight Center ReportGreenbelt, Maryland 20771 Jan,1973 - Jan.1974

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

ERTS Experiment No. NASA #173

16. AbstractERTS-1 data give exploration geologists a new pers-

pective for looking at the earth. The data are excellent

for interpreting regional lithologic and structural relat-ionships and quickly directing attention to areas of

greatest exploration interest. Information derived from

ERTS data useful for petroleum exploration include: linear

features, general lithologic distribution, identification of

various anomalous features, some details of structures con-

trolling hydrocarbon accumulation, overall structuralrelationships, and the regional context of the explorationprovince. Many anomalies (particularly geomor-phic anomalies) correlate with known features of petroleum

exploration interest. Linears interpreted from the imagery

that were checked in the field correlate with fractures.Bands 5 and 7 and color composite imagery acquired duringperiods of maximum and minimum vegetation vigor are best

for geologic interpretation. Preliminary analysis indicatesthat use of ERTS imagery can substantially reduce the costof petroleum exploration in relatively unexplored areas.

17. Key Words (S, leeted by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement

Reproduced by

Geology, Petroleum Exploration, NATIONAL TECHNICALAnadarko Basin INFORMATION SERVICE

US Department of CommerceSpringfield, VA. 22151

19. Security Classil. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages •

Unclassified Unclassified

*For sale by the Clcaringnouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. Sprinlgfield. Virginia 22151.

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AN EVALUATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF ERTS DATA FOR THEPURPOSES OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

Robert J. Collins, Frederic P. McCown, Leo P. Stonis,Gerald J. Petzel, and John R. EverettEason Oil Company5225 North Shartel AvenueOklahoma City, Oklahoma 73118

June 1974

Final Report

Prepared for

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTERGreenbelt, Maryland 20771

I1!

CONTENTS

Page

I. PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . 3

III. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Background 5Objective 6General Considerations 7Acknowledgements 9

IV. APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

V. ANADARKO BASIN TEST SITE . . . . . . 18

General Description 18

Geology 20

Possible Role of ERTS 28

VI. EVALUATION OF ERTS IMAGERY . . . . . 32

Comparison of Scale and Format 33

Resolution of Imagery 36

Comparison of Bands 38

Standing Water 40

Stream Valleys 41Linear Features 43

Lithologic Boundaries 47

Tonal Anomalies 53

Other Factors 53

False Color Composite Imagery 54

Summary 55

Comparison of Seasonal Coverage 56

ii

PageVII. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Linear Features 65Lithologic Mapping 75Structural Interpretation of the

Geologic Map 83Recognition of Anomalies 90Interpretation of Areas of Special

Interest 97Elk City Area 97Woodward Area 99Buffalo Wallow Field 101Mobeetie Field 101

Cement-Chickasha Area 103Enhancement Procedures 106

VIII. ROLE OF ERTS DATA IN EXPLORATIONSTRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

IX. PROGRAM COSTS AND BENEFITS . . . . . 120

X. APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125A. Imagery Supplied by NASA 126B. ERTS Data Problems 129C. ERTS Descriptor Forms 131D. Acronyms 141

XI. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

iii

Illustrations

No. Page

1 NASA aircraft flight lines 14

2 Location map 19

3 Generalized stratigraphic column 22

4 Geologic map of Anadarko Basin 24

5 Cross section of Anadarko Basin 29

6 Location map of significant fields 30

7 Seasonal differences in lithogic interpretation 46

8 ERTS linears, bands 7, 5, 4 58

9 Rose diagram of ERTS linears 66

10 Pennsylvanian isochore maps 69

11 a)Known faults and linears 72b)Comparison of ERTS linears with known linears 73

12 Lithology: Wellington-Garber-Hennessey Contact 76

13 Lithology: Permian between Cimarron and North 77Canadian River

14 Lithology: Comparison of ERTS to large scale 79mapping

15 Lithology: Western end of basin 81

16 ERTS geologic map 85

17 Miscellaneous anomalies 91

18 "Hazy" anomalies 93

19 Closed anomalies 95

20 Interpretation: Elk City Area 98

21 Interpretation: Woodward Area 100

22 Interpretation: Buffalo Wallow and Mobeetie 102

23 Interpretation: Cement-Chickasha area fields 104

(Cont.)IV

Illustrations (Cont.)

No. Page

24 Enhancement: optical - bands 6, 7 110

25 Enhancement: optical - bands 5, 6, 7 111

26 Enhancement: optical - bands 4, 6, 7 112

27 Enhancement: digital - band 5 114

28 Enhancement: digital - band 7 114

Tables

No. Page

1 ERTS mosaics 12

2 Cost comparison of ERTS exploration 123

program with conventional program

1'

I PREFACE

The objective of this experiment is an evaluation of

the applicability of Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1

(ERTS-1) data for the purposes of petroleum exploration and

a preliminary assessment of the costs of using the data

relative to the costs of customary exploration approaches.

In particular, we wanted to determine the ability of ERTS

data to delineate major structural and lithologic features

and to test ERTS as a reconnaissance exploration tool in a

geologically well known area (the Anadarko Basin) in order

to assess its usefulness in an unknown area.

The experiment involves: interpreting black and white

and color composite ERTS imagery in the form of positive and

negative transparencies, and positive paper prints at scales

ranging from 1:1,000,000 to 1:250,000; testing and evaluat-

ing a variety of enhancement procedures - optical, electronic,

and digital; comparing the results obtained against published

maps and reports, geophysical data, and field work; and

evaluating the results in order to determine what useful

information can be obtained from the data and what bands,

formats, scales and techniques and procedures are best for

extracting the information. The work also includes a

careful comparison of spring and fall acquired imagery in

order to determine the best time of year to acquire imagery

for geological interpretation and make a preliminary

estimate of the number of times an area should be covered

1

for optimum interpretation,

Data from Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1

(ERTS-1) are exceedingly useful for petroleum exploration

purposes. ERTS data give exploration geologists a new

perspective for looking at the earth and reveal new avenues

of inquiry. The data are excellent for interpreting

regional lithologic and structural relationships and for

quickly directing attention to areas of greatest exploration

interest.

2

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

ERTS data are extremely useful for petroleum exploration

purposes. The data are excellent for interpreting regional

lithologic and structural relationships and quickly directing

attention to areas of greatest exploration interest. Per-

haps the most important contribution of ERTS is that it

provides the exploration geologist a new perspective for

looking at the earth and reveals new avenues of inquiry.

We found that most anomalies of various types (parti-

cularly the closed geomorphic anomalies) correlate with

known features of interest in petroleum exploration.

Many of the linear features interpreted from the imagery

correlate with previously mapped fractures and all inter-

preted linears checked in the field correlate with fractures

at the surface. In general, lithologic boundaries inferred

from the imagery parallel but do not coincide with mapped

boundaries of established stratigraphic units. In some

instances interpretation from ERTS imagery actually revises

mapping done at much larger scales. Analysis of the lith-

ologic and fracture maps produced from ERTS interpretation

focuses attention on some major questions about regional

features.

The results of the experiment indicate that bands

5 and 7 and color composites are generally the most

useful for geologic interpretation, and that 1:1,000,000

positive transparencies and 1:250,000 paper prints provide

the best format for geologic work. However, all bands must

3

be interpreted in order to extract the maximum amount

of information because each band contains some unique

information.

Additive color viewing is an easy, flexible, and

useful enhancement procedure, but digital processing of

the computer compatible tapes (CCT) holds the best potential

for enhancement in the future.

Detailed comparisons of all spring and fall acquired

imagery (essentially 6 cycles of imagery) indicates that

imagery acquired early in a dry fall and late in a wet

spring are generally the best for geological interpret-

ation, if one were restricted to using a limited amount

of imagery. However, this comparison reveals that each

set of imagery over an area contains a significant amount

of unique information and optimum interpretation would

require examination of imagery acquired over several years.

4

III. INTRODUCTION

Background

In our original proposal submitted to NASA in

April of 1971 we noted that:

"The United States petroleum industry must

find some means of arresting the currently

deteriorating cost/success ratio of domestic

petroleum exploration. The present state-of-

the-art of petroleum exploration could be

improved by the infusion of new financially

efficient exploration procedures, and we

believe that orbital imagery may constitute

one of these.

The results of this experiment indicate that this

intuitive postulate is true, particularly for the less

explored areas of this country and relatively unexplored

areas abroad.

This need for new, more cost-effective techniques

is particularly important. Our original proposal noted:

"Numerous governmental commissions and agencies as well

as oil and gas industry associations have recently

spotlighted the fact that the nation is now in

(and faces in the forseeable future) an energy

shortage of serious dimensions. Salient facts

and considerations are:

* Gas distribution companies have long lists of

customers waiting for new connections;

* Many industrial or utility plants face problems

of converting from gas to coal or oil with all

the attendant pollution and ecological problems;

* Importation of crude oil and liquid natural gas

is on and will be on the upswing -- the nation

is dependent on foreign supply.

5

* Prices for oil and gas at all levels of distribution

are rising (both foreign and domestic) thus bringingmore fuel to the furnace of inflation:

* Domestic inland exploratory spending and drilling

activity are at a record low level since WorldWar II:

* Domestic oil and gas reserves are decliningdespite substantial increases in demand; and

* The nuclear power industry has not expanded atthe rates predicted for earlier forecasts becauseof public opposition."

The need for increased effectiveness in domestic

petroleum exploration was urgent at the time we submitted

the proposal and has become even more so consequent to the

events of the past year.

A thoughtful appraisal of this situation can only

lead to the conclusion that every aspect of new technology

applicable to petroleum exploration must be exhaustively

tested in order to:

* Best utilize technical efforts using customary

tools by rapidly focusing exploration attentionon the most promising areas;

* Reduce the time required to go through theexploration cycle;

* Maximize the cost savings in both of these.

Objective

As stated in our original proposal the objectives of

this experiment are to:

1. Evaluate the ability of ERTS-1 imagery to contribute

to an understanding of the geology of the Anadarko Basin--

particularly to contrihute to our understanding of the

6

tectonic history of that basin as it relates to hypotheses

for oil and gas exploration; and,

2. Assess the realistic costs for utilization of

such data and specifically to assess the incremental value

of specialized advanced analytical techniques available to

small and middle-sized oil exploration companies.

As work progressed the objectives were broadened and

became an effort to determine:

The types and amounts of information of value topetroleum exploration that can be extracted fromERTS data.

The best data products, methods, and techniques touse to extract this information.

The costs of acquiring and using these data forSpetroleum exploration relative to the costs ofobtaining similar information using conventional means.

In particular we wanted to determine the ability of

ERTS data to delineate major structural features and to

test ERTS as a reconnaissance exploration tool in a geolog-

ically well known area in order to assess its usefulness

in an unknown area. We did not set out to find oil in the

Anadarko Basin, but rather have used it as a geologically

well known area with which to test a new exploration tool.

General Considerations

The Anadarko Basin lies in western Oklahoma and the

Panhandle of Texas. It is an area that has been extensively

explored for petroleum for more than 50 years.

In pursuing the experiment we relied primarily on

7

standard image interpretation techniques, and applied

these techniques to black and white and color composite

products in transparency and positive print forms. In

addition to this work we evaluated several photographic,

optical, electronic and computer enhancement techniques.

Throughout the experiment supplementary imagery acted

as a cognitive bridge between field work and published data

and ERTS-1 imagery and data. This imagery included high

altitude black and white multiband, color and color infra-

red photography, and infrared scanner data supplied by

NASA, and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) provided by

the Strategic Air Command.

As noted by many other remote sensing workers, one

of the most important lessons learned during this experiment

is that optimum exploitation of the space acquired imagery

depends upon effectively integrating the space acquired

data, aircraft acquired imagery, and ground data (field

work, published information and geophysical data). The

value of integrating all of these information sources

cannot be emphasized too strongly.

From our experiment we have found ERTS-1 data to be

an exceedingly valuable tool for obtaining a rapid geologic

assessment of large areas. In particular, ERTS data

provide a host of information on lithologic distribution

and structural features, and quickly draw attention to

anomalous features and areas that are of interest from the

8

standpoint of petroleum exploration. Such features include

major fracture trends and several types of anomalies which

are discussed below. ERTS data enable one to confirm,

refine or modify existing interpretations, and supply

a certain amount of new information, particularly about

regional relationships. Perhaps most important of all,

ERTS gives one a new perspective for looking at the earth

and raises many new questions that serve as a basis for

additional inquiry. ERTS is not a cure-all find-all, but

rather a starting point for regional explorations. In

order for information derived from ERTS-1 data to be useful

in petroleum exploration, it must be combined with a wide

variety of other types of data and included within the

structure of a rational exploration strategy.

Acknowledgements

We extend our gratitude to NASA for including us in

the ERTS-1 Principal Investigator Program and to those

individuals who made the program work, particularly Mr.

Richard Stonesifer, Mr. Herbert Blodget, Dr. Nicholas Short,

and the people of the NASA aircraft program. We thank the

many people who have shared their knowledge and experience

in the Anadarko Basin with us, including Drs. Mankin, Johnson

and Fay, and John Roberts of the Oklahoma Geological Survey,

Drs. Myers, Wickham, and Kitts of the School of Geology at the

University of Oklahoma, and Bill Jackson and Les Hellen of

Eason Oil Company. We are grateful to the many people who

9

have offered helpful criticism and suggestions during the

progress of the experiment. Special thanks go to Louise

Skinner and all the people who have typed, retyped and

reproduced this and our other reports, and to Don Bernard

of Eason Oil Company for his drafting.

10

IV. APPROACH

Members of the study team were generally familiar

with published materials on the Anadarko Basin and its

hydrocarbon potential. Additional library research was

done before arrival of the first ERTS-1 data and later on

in the course of the study. The interpretations and

analyses of the interpretations were done without direct

reference to any surface or subsurface maps or published

reports. Such comparisons and checks were made only

later in the study.

Our original request included RBV and MSS imagery.

Due to early switching and electrical problems on ERTS-1,

we have received the MSS coverage only. We used 70 mm.

positive and negative transparencies for production of

other photographic and enhanced products. 9.5 in. x

9.5 in. transparencies and prints at a 1:1,000,000 scale

were interpreted individually and as mosaics. Prints of

fall imagery, bands 5 and 7 at 1:250,000 were produced

and studied. We created six mosaics; four of fall and

two of spring coverage as shown in table 1 . Prints at

1:1,000,000 of fall imagery as received from NASA were

very dark. We did not print our own. Consequently, the

mosaic made from these prints was useful only marginally.

Also, we employed tapes of selected scenes, both fall and

spring. Complementary imagery employed included high

11

1:1,000,000 1:250,000

Fall Color, band 6 Bands 5, 71972

Spring Color band 61973

Table 1. Mosaics of ERTS-1imagery over the Anadarko Basin.

12

altitude multiband aerial photographs. This photography

was collected and supplied by NASA as an integral part of

our ERTS evaluation. It includes five rolls of 70 mm.

black and white, color and color-infrared photos, and

three rolls of 242 mm. (9.5" X 9.5") color and color-

infrared photos. In addition, the RS-7 Thermal Infrared

Scanner collected data on the same flight. The Strategic

Air Command supplied three short strips of Side-Looking

Airborne Radar (SLAR). Location of flight lines and

approximate ground coverage of the airborne imagery is

shown in figure 1. A complete inventory of imagery

received from NASA is included at the end of this report

as Appendix A. A description of the enhanced imagery is

included in another section of this report ( p.10 6).

Several types of interpretive maps were made on clear

acetate overlays from the imagery, photographs and enhanced

images. Initially, these were all done on one overlay

with colors used to distinguish one type of interpretation

from the other. We soon found that there was such a mass

of information derivable from ERTS, that each type of

information was best recorded on a separate overlay. There-

fore, we produced a set of overlays consisting of inferred

lithology, of linear features and of anomalies for bands

5 and 7 and the color composite of each frame.

We say "inferred" lithology because, in general, we

cannot recognize tonal or textural differences due directly

13

0"00.... . . ..... .- ........ Pm

exas! i !

-- - -- ----- -_.

-- - - -I- ---- .

._ '. . .. . ........

r r

Figure 1. '

Location and coverage of ERTSunderflight photography. 40 80 KIlometers

0 k 25 5Ml0 25 50 Miles

to exposed bedrock. What is seen on the imagery are tones,

textures, lines or patterns created by differences in dis-

tribution and reflectivity of various plant types, both

natural and agricultural and of soils and alluvium. Tonal

and textural differences may result from topographic effects

or contrasts in drainage patterns and densities.

Lithology was interpreted from bands 5 and 7 and from

the color composites of every usable scene. Only certain

scenes were interpreted for lithology from bands 4 and 6.

This same statement holds true for all interpretations.

A complete set exists for 5, 7 and color frames. Bands 4

and 6 were interpreted where a refined understanding was

desired or when we wished to compare and contrast information

and usefulness of all bands.

Linears or linear features include straight segments

of streams, alinements of streams, tonal linear anomalies

(dark or light zones), topographic alinements, tonal

contrasts across a line, linear lithologic contacts, or

any combination of these, one in line with the other.

Anomalies are of several kinds and these were inter-

preted onto acetate overlays as they were noted on the

imagery. They were keyed as to their basis on the imagery

or their geologic origin where this could reasonably be

inferred. Thus, there are tonal and textural anomalies

in the imagery. Geomorphic anomalies due to topography

or drainage patterns were recorded. There are "hazy"

15

anomalies which appear as slightly blurred areas. Many

of the anomalies are "closed" or roughly circular. Some

are due to radial or annular drainage patterns or to tone

contrasts. The basis for others is still obscure.

The individual overlays were compiled into regional

maps. This resulted in ERTS maps of:

- lithology (Spring and Fall)

- linears 10 km. or longer (Spring and Fall)

- linears 25 km. or longer (Spring and Fall)

- hazy anomalies (all imagery)

- closed anomalies (all imagery)

- miscellaneous anomalies (all imagery)

These regional compilations were used to locate and compare

ERTS features with geophysical data, surface and subsurface

geological maps and studies of known structures and features

of interest in petroleum exploration and with high-altitude

multiband photographs. The regional maps were analyzed

and interpreted both to evaluate ERTS imagery and for

further understanding of information derived from the

imagery.

Individual interpretations and regional compilations

of this material total 120 overlays. In addition, a number

of interpretations were done from the auxiliary photographs,

TIR and SLAR imagery. The high altitude photography was

particularly valuable as a bridge between the space acquired

ERTS imagery and ground features. It provided a means of

16

understanding the nature and origins of features detected

on ERTS images, reducing field checks. The photography

is particularly valuable for furthering study of anomalies

first noted on ERTS. The photography is also valuable for

working in the opposite direction. That is, interesting

features or anomalies are frequently noted on the photos

and it is desirable either to focus on these at the smaller

ERTS scale in order to understand what a particular feature

looks like on ERTS or to place them into the regional

perspective provided by ERTS. Initially, the photography

is also extremely valuable for learning and understanding

the kinds and nature of responses seen on ERTS images and

in general, becoming familiar with ERTS data.

In summary, small-scale photos and ERTS imagery contin-

ually feed back on each other, one serving to focus attention

on some part or aspect of the other, continually enriching

understanding of both sets of data.

17

V. ANADARKO BASIN TEST SITE

General Description

The Anadarko Basin occupies about 76,800 square

kilometers in western Oklahoma and the Panhandle of Texas

and is bounded approximately by 34045' and 37 0north

latitude and 97 30' and 101o30 ' west longitude. (figure 2 )

The basin was chosen as a test site because there is a

great deal of published information available on the surface

and sub-surface geology of the area, there are many struc-

tures that.act as traps for hydrocarbons, the Anadarko

Basin is similar to several other large epicontinental

sedimentary basins, Eason's geologists know the area well,

and it is convenient to our offices in Oklahoma City.

Climate of the area ranges from moist sub-humid in

the northand eastern parts of the area to semi-arid in

the westernpart of the area. Rainfall ranges from one

meter per year in the east to less than 40 centimeters

per year in the far west. Consequently, native vegetation

ranges from scrub oak in the east to short prairie grass

and sage in the west.

The entire area is extensively farmed and ranched

and most land holdings are divided along township and

range survey lines. This imposes a Pervasive north-south

and east-west oriented cultural lineation over much of the

area. Whereas this cultural lineation breaks up and other-

wise obscures many natural boundaries and lineations that

18

L i F

....... .. . . ...... . ._ _ _ _L....... . . . . -- Y... . . ... r~L

- ---- -

.. . . .i . . ... ! r 1 .. .

. . . . r.. . .r

- -- -- --- -- ----- ,--. .. ..--.

0 40 80 Kilometers

0 25 50 Miles

Figure 2. Map showing location of the Anadarko Basin andassociated features. Crosshatched area denoteslower Paleozoic sedimentary and crystallinerocks exposed in the Wichita Mountain Uplift.

19

might ordinarily be visible in the area, constancy of the

pattern makes it rather easy to separate man-made linears

from natural linears.

A second aspect of the extensive agricultural usage

of the area is that the tonal patterns produced by the

vegetation are bounded by the cultural linears. Much of

what we interpret is, in the final analysis, sensor

response to vegetation. Thus at some seasons of the year

the cultivated vegetation tends to mask natural boundaries

and at other times of the year vegetation serves to

accurately mark these boundaries.

In general, changes in topography parallel the changes

in climate and vegetation. Altitude of the surface steadily

rises from 300 meters in the east to 1,500 meters in the

west. Topography of the eastern part of the area is char-

acterized by gently rolling hills with local relief of

approximately 60 meters. In the west the topography is

characterized by flat undissected uplands and mesas and deep

canyons with local relief on the order of 350 meters.

Geology

The Anadarko Basin is a large west-northwest trending

asymmetric syncline. The south flank of the basin is much

steeper than the north flank. For the purposes of this

paper it can be defined by the -1000 meter structural

contour on the top of the Mississippian rocks. The axis of the

basin lies about 40 kilometers north of the Wichita Mountains

20

which expose early Cambrian crystalline rocks. The basin

is filled with approximately 18,000 meters of late Pre-

Cambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary and layered volcanic

rocks. The western end of the basin is covered by flat-

lying late Tertiary continental sedimentary rocks.

Rocks in the basin have undergone several periods of

deformation the most severe of which began in early

Pennsylvanian time and continued intermittently until

early Permian time, producing many structures of importance

to geologic exploration. The basin is bounded by the

Nemaha Ridge on the east, the Amarillo-Wichita mountain

front on the south, the Cimarron uplift on the west end

and the Central Kansas uplift on the north.

Stratigraphy and Geologic History

In general terms the layered rocks in the Anadarko

Basin can be divided into six major groups. (figure 3 )

The oldest.rocks in the basin consist of more than

7,000 meters of late Precambrian and early Cambrian sedi-

mentary and layered igneous rocks. Above the Cambrian

series are about 5,000 meters of pre-early Pennsylvanian

rocks - - sandstone, shale, and limestone, and approximately

5,000 meters of Pennsylvanian and early Permian clastic

rocks that mark a period of rapid subsidence and orogenic

deformation. Next higher in the sequence are about 1,000

meters of gently dipping Permian rocks - - mostly red beds

and evaporites that accumulated during late gentle basin

21

5ooo m, l------------------

-\\\\\\\\\\"

TTQT-7T iI5000 M I I I pre

I I I I I II I !1

7000 MU4U.

pre C

Figure 3. Simplified stratigraphic column for theAnadarko Basin, showing the late Precam-brian and Cambrian (pre-C, C) sedimentaryand igneous rocks, pre-Pennsylvanian.(pre-P) miogeosynclinal rocks, Pennsylvan-ian (P) clastic sedimentary rocks depositedduring orogenic downwarp of the basin anduplift of the Wichita-Amarillo Mountainsystem, and Permian (P) late stage basinfill composed of red beds and evaporites.A thin cover of Tertiary rocks (T)occurs in the western part of the basin.

22

subsidence with periods of restricted circulation (marking

the end of the evolution of the Anadarko Basin per se.)

Tertiary (primarily Pliocene Ogallala) fluvial and deltaic

clastic rocks overlie the west end of the basin, and

Quaternary deposits occur along the major rivers and as

large areas of wind-blown sand on the uplands (figure 4).

Evolution of the Anadarko Basin began in late Cambrian

time when seas spread into the mid-continent from the

Ouachita trough to the south. In the southern Oklahoma

embayment Precambrian clastic rocks were reworked and

deposited as the Reagan sandstone.

The embayment axis trended west-northwest from

central Oklahoma to the Sierra Grande highland to the west.

Several areas of high relief affected sedimentation. Among

these were Sierra Grande in the west, Llanoria to the

south, and the central Kansas arch on the northeast. By

the time of deposition of the Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle

group the crust in the vicinity of the present Anadarko

Basin had developed into a broad sag. Minor structural

adjustments caused thinning and local unconformities in

units near the margin of the basin. This pattern of

deposition continued essentially uninterrupted into mid-

Devonian time. As the basin gradually subsided, the

sea encroached on wider and wider areas during the deposi-

tion of the Simpson, Viola, Sylvan and Hunton formations.

Deposition was continuous near the center of the basin but

23

A'

Oto

S o -P.. .

Qtaa--.Anadarko~~ -i! ...- -_ ! -- - -...... --

--t - ----------- oo

Figure 4. Generalized -Geologic Map Of TheAnadarko Basin, --

ato - - -

---- - - - - - ----

9-)

- -- - - -

-Quaternary: terrace and - -alluvial deposits. -------- - - -

SQuaternary: cover sand - - - - -

on uplands Triassic A

I Tertiary: pilocene, Ogallala Permian: redbeds, undifferentiated. 0 0 2 soulo10 20 o0 40 50K .Scale: ,:2,000,000

Cretaceous Cambrian and Ordovcianoutcrops of Wichita Mtns. (After Branson B Johnson, 1972)

was repeatedly interrupted on shelf areas.

The entire region was uplifted in middle Devonian time.

The Hunton formation, a primary target in current deep

drilling programs, and all older rocks were bevelled, part-

icularly to the north and northeast exposing Precambrian

rocks in places. Wheeler (1955) suggests that.by this time

the Amarillo-Wichita trend was already a positive feature.

The siliceous shales of the Devonian-Mississippian

Woodford Formation accumulated on this irregular surface.

Woodford deposition continued into Mississippian times.

A thick carbonate section was deposited during the relatively

stable Mississippian period. At the end of Mississippian

time epierogenic uplift again occurred, seas retreated to

the basin deeps, and the top of the Mississippian was

eroded. Many features which later became prominent struct-

ural features began to develop as gentle folds and local

warps.

Springeran deposition was restricted to the deep part

of the basin. In the center of the basin deposition was

continuous into Morrowan time. Morrowan deposits over-

lapped Springer deposits toward the edges of the basin.

The Anadarko Basin and the Amarillo-Wichita-Criner Hills

uplift as they exist today developed within the large basin

in late Morrowan and Atokan time. This tectonic activity

known as the Wichita Orogeny raised the Amarillo and Wichita

Mountains by high angle faulting and developed a foredeep

to the north, creating the strong asymmetry of the Anadarko

25

Basin. This fault system parallels older structural trends

and consists mostly of normal faults (Wroblewski, 1967).

Marine deposition continued in the basin through Atoka

and Des Moines time. However, there is a wide spread un-

conformity at the top of the Atoka and there are local

onlap-offlap relationships throughout the Atoka and Des

Moines sections on the shelf. Coarse clastic rocks thin

northward from the mountains, interfingering and grading

into finer grained basin and shelf deposits.

The basin deepened rapidly during the Pennsylvanian

period. A new north 3 0 °west trending system of faults

formed,cutting older folds and faults (Wroblewski, 1967).

These structures formed during a period of down-to-the-

basin normal faulting. A third episode of Pennsylvanian

tectonic activity produced faults that trend north 450east.

These faults cut other Pennsylvanian faults but may have

been active in pre-Pennsylvanian time (Wroblewski, 1967).

Both the north 300 west and north 450 east sets of faults

are transverse to and apparently unrelated to previously

established structural trends.

The importance and persistence of old structures is

demonstrated by the Ft. Cobb, Cordell, Sayre and Mobeetie

features. These are pre-Mississippian faulted anticlines

trending northwest that were again deformed during Penn-

sylvanian time (Wroblewski, 1967).

26

Renewed orogeny in late Pennsylvanian time rejuvenated

older structures but deformation did not extend as far north

into the Anadarko Basin as did earlier activity. Missourian

and Virgilian deposition was widespread and continuous with the

lower Permian. Clastic rocks consistently grade into

finer grained basin deposits to the north. By late

Pennsylvanian times all but a few topographically high

remnants of earlier tectonic activity had been covered by

these deposits.

During Permian time the basin gently subsided. The

basin became filled and land locked and great evaporite

sequences accumulated.

Triassic and Jurassic deposits consist of isolated

evaporites and terrestrial materials that accumulated in

an arid upland. Little remains of Cretaceous rocks which

may or may not have once covered much of the region.

Apparently, the entire area was elevated and tilted to

the east during Laramide deformation.

Tertiary activity consisted of minor warping and the

accumulation of terrestrial deposits.

Rocks that crop out in the area include Permian red

beds and evaporites, Tertiary fluvial and deltaic clastic

sedimentary rocks, and Quaternary alluvium along major

rivers and the terraces adjacent to the rivers, and large

areas of wind borne sand on the uplands.

27

Most of the structures that trap hydrocarbons were

created during the intermittent tectonism that began in

earliest Pennsylvanian time and continued into earliest

Permian time. Most of the structural traps in the basin

are located in the highly deformed frontal zone north of

the Wichita-Amarillo Mountain trend (figures 5 and 6).

Possible Role of ERTS

Exploration for structurally trapped hydrocarbons in

the basin is exceedingly difficult because the important

structures are buried by Permian and younger rocks up to

2,000 meters thick that have undergone at most only gentle

deformation and for the most part mask the more highly

deformed lower Paleozoic rocks. The surface features that

reflect the deeply buried structures are extremely subtle

and may be masked by much younger structures produced by

the solution of Permian evaporite deposits.

Features of interest in petroleum exploration result-

ing from this complex history that might be detected in

ERTS imagery include:

Linear features marking old fracture trends thatmay have controlled deposition, formation ofstructural traps or routes of migration forhydrocarbons.

Patterns of lithologic units of the surface thatcould give clues as to the overall structure ofthe basin and the existence of hydrocarbon trap-ping structures.

Closed geomorphic, tonal or textural anomaliesthat might indicate buried structural featuressuch as fault blocks, domes or anticlines.

28

HOLLIS WICHITA ANADARKOSouth BASIN MTS. BASIN North

ASe a Le . -

-40,000

FEET ' 40 l- - ,

_zroc, , ?' -;-, . ... *u..* v ,. ... . -' + * . ' i ,!r< Av '

4 . . . . . j vr , 4, *

.... ,.,,f..,r ..... tnen 972

0 50 MILES O0 150 oter Johnson 972

Permian Ordovican and Cambrian(sedimentary rocks)

Pennsylvanian , Combrian (igneous ande imetomorphic rocks)

Mitelsippian, Devonian,and Silurian. ePrecambrian

S Fault, with relativemovement indicated.

Figure 5. Cross section through the Wichita Mountains andAnadarko Basin showing asymmetry of the basin andthe complex frontal structure composed of foldsand high angle faults. Line of section shown infigure 4.

29

0 7 C '7 9 9 39 n 4 14 t4 33 7 39 3 39 12 to I 4 1 S rd I 7r 7 9 ' 7 v I 13

r---T EXAS f F- .- ....... ........

7

- - _onG R- b--- -ORAVF OO-- A 7F ALFA

HAll FORD HLR P O6M O

6000

12

-- D T-- NS __ 8E MVR h i O R LS

I U, . U

...... ... ........

CARSON GAY EL)

LST R 1MAJOR STC L FEATURES IN TE ANADAPD RBASI t

2. Cordell AntlclinehsP ort Cobb AnticlineDC00

6. Apache Antiolins

0 MAJOR STRUCTURAL PRODUCING FIEEmic8tuwer

GRE

7. Hobeetia (011lI

oCA n )HAM

10. Wichita Creek J(CSOas)A H

. I oters anch (Gas) * ta s 2 s -o a s r t s r s s t t

ni 13. Elk City (Oil)1. North Custer Cit/ (--) Figre 615. Aledo (O l

16. Arnett i1)

19. Yelowstone(onlz *Location map of the Anadarko Basin showing the20. Laketon-East laketon (Oi & Gas)AADRQ:0"indunsOOil Gas) locatiOn Of major Structurally controlled oil and gas "i" 77(-**77977799 0...

23Wet Sharo (Gas)ono. fields and s ructural features. Structural contours ""i --.WestSarSRD..Rao) on top of Si ur0an-Devonian Hunton25. We Cticie )aeForatio n.

C~E =1,000

20 ' I-I. C

Sof GRRAY

r- 12. Cordell RAntcli(n

le o b 0 1 1) e ; _,'JA

i I . ~o, L o c t i o m ape l o f1 t h e A n d a k B a i h w n h e... .. . .:....o o o, locatio of ma o s r ct ra l c n ro le il a d a

M AJOR o, , STRU TURA a nd.V s t r u t u r a f e t u e . t r c u r l c o t orG. ...W O... .. ...

10. Gas .,00 SO$

Our hypothesis was that the synoptic view provided

by ERTS imagery might allow integration of a sufficient

number of these subtle features so, as in effect, to see

the deeply buried structures through the overlying rocks

(Melton, 1959), (Doeringsfeld, 19 6 4),(Trollinger, 1968).

Intensive petroleum exploration began in the basin

in 1917. Traditionally, exploration has concentrated on

structures along the south flank of the basin and on

shallow stratigraphic traps on the northern shelf of the

basin. It is only during the past five years that the

deeper parts of the basin have received extensive explor-

ation attention. At present there are more than 75 rigs

drilling in the basin for targets that range in depth from

several hundred meters to 7,800 meters. Since distribution

of the draft of this report, a new drilling record has been

set in western Oklahoma. The Lone Star #1 Bertha Rogers,

at 9,570 meters (31,441 ft.) is the deepest hole in the world.

However, it will have to be plugged back to 4,260 meters.

The Rogers exceeds the Lone Star #1 Baden (record holder

since 1972) by 410 meters.

31

VI. EVALUATION OF THE ERTS IMAGERY

An important step in evaluating the applicability of

ERTS imagery to petroleum exploration was to determine

which bands, scales and formats of imagery were best for

geologic interpretation in the Anadarko Basin, what times

of the year were best for acquiring imagery with the maximum

amount of interpretable geologic information and what kind

of resolution could be expected in the imagery. To do this

we carefully compared several different types of inter-

pretations made from prints and transparencies at several

scales of all bands and color composites of imagery acquired

at several times of the year.

From these comparisons we concluded that if one were

constrained to use a limited amount of imagery, by time or

funds available, one should use band 5 and 7 and color

composites of imagery acquired during periods of maximum

or minimum vegetation vigor either in the form of 1:1,000,000

scale transparencies or 1:250,000 paper prints. However,

if at all possible, one should interpret all bands of

imagery acquired at several different times of year. In

fact, in an area like Oklahoma, where the annual climatic

cycle is highly variable, one would at least want to

examine, if not interpret in detail, imagery acquired over

several years time.

32

Comparison of Scale and Format

We used prints at a scale of 1:250,000 (1" = 4 mi.)

for interpretation and compilation. At this scale, prints

of entire ERTS frames are inconvenient to handle, but

manageable. Imagery at this scale has several advantages

over small scale images. No magnification is needed for

most of our purposes and little or no detail is lost in the

enlarging process. The 1:250,000 scale permits careful

interpretation and precise location of data points and

geologic features and resolves features that are ambiguous

or difficult to define at smaller scales. It matches the

scale of standard 10 x 2 o USGS topographic maps. Also,

it is convenient for discussion and compilation purposes.

Transparencies of ERTS frames at 1:1,000,000 (l" = 16 mi.)

are convenient for handling, storage and study (provided a

light table is available). A near-maximum amount of

information can be derived from them although moderate

magnification (3x to 10x) is frequently required. The

same can be said for prints at the same scale except for

lighting difficulties. Transparencies eliminate glare and

a need for properly positioned overhead lighting and preserve

a bit more visual detail. However, prints can be made into

mosaics. Mosaics are convenient up to 30 or 35 frames, but

at 1:250,000, mosaics of 4 or 6 frames become difficult to

display and handle.

We used 70 mm. (1:3,369,000) positive and negative

33

transparencies mainly for enhancement and/or photographic

reproduction. The positives are also occasionally useful

for reference and projection in lantern slides.

Interpretation at scales of 1:1,000,000 and at 1:250,000

showed little difference in the amount and kind of information

derived from imagery. Tonal and geomorphic anomalies were

the same but there were some "new" textural anomalies

found at 1:250,000 that had not been noted at 1:1,000,000.

The larger scale permits more detailed and precise location

of lithologic boundaries than the smaller. We did, how-

ever, recognize the same units at both scales.

In mapping linears we noted differences in the number

and lengths of linears appearing on imagery of the same

frame at these two scales. In one test case (frame 1131-

16465) on band 7 we counted 1,557 linears. 186 of these

were unique to the larger scale image while 457 were unique

to the smaller. On band 5 there were 1,950 linears, 520

unique to the smaller scale, 565 unique to the larger.

Although there may be several reasons for varying counts

of linears from interpretation to interpretation, these

figures demonstrate that a maximum amount of information

on linears can be derived by employing at least two different

scales.

Interpretation at 1:250,000 consistently produced

linears of greater length than did those at 1:1,000,000.

The larger scale significantly extended the lengths of

34

linears previously noted on imagery at 1:1,000,000. Only

in a few instances did the smaller scale extend linears

from the larger.

In summary, we feel that one scale has no real inter-

pretive advantages over the other. The main advantages are

in terms of convenient format for study or display. Certainly

both scales add something and both should be used when

possible.

Parts of one scene were enlarged to 1:100,000 with

little apparent loss of definition. This is probably the

working limit for geologic purposes. An entire image

enlarged to this scale would be an unwieldy object. Enlarge-

ment to this scale should be produced only for areas of

special interest.

35

Resolution of Imagery

It is difficult to assess apparent resolution of

the imagery in the Anadarko Basin because of the variables

involved in recognition of different kinds of cultural

and geological features and the difficulty in distinguishing

recognition from resolution. We might generalize about

recognition of non-linear and linear features. Non-linear

features include warehouses, ponds, quarries, buttes,

fields, woodlots, etc. Ponds as small as one acre (68

meters in diameter) can be recognized on band 7 in high-

contrast situations. However, 100 meters seems to be the

practical minimum dimension needed for recognition of

individual fields, buildings and other features as well

as ponds.

Linear features (bedrock joints, roads, creeks, etc.)

whose width is much less than 64 meters are easily recognized

because of their length, either from their own reflectivities

if they stand in strong contrast to their surroundings, or

from the difference in reflectivities of areally extensive

features on either side. For example, creek beds as

narrow as 15 meters can be recognized by topography,

shadow, or vegetation contrasts or a combination of these.

The length of creeks and their meandering habit distinguish

them from hedgerows, or fence rows, for instance. The

smallest feature we have noted is in a high contrast

36

situation on band 7 where two highly reflective bridges

cross a lake. One visible bridge has a roadway 8.5 meters

wide plus two sidewalks 1 meter each or a total of 10.5

meters (34 ft.). The other bridge has only 7.3 meters

(24 ft.) of roadway and no sidewalks, yet is visible on

ERTS images. A working limit for recognition of linears

by their own reflectivity seems to be 20 meters. Linears

of essentially zero width such as fence lines, lithologic

contacts or faults are recognized by contrasts in reflect-

ivity on either side of the line.

37

Comparison of Bands

One of the first steps in handling and interpreting

ERTS-1 imagery was to determine the applicability and

utility of each of the four MSS bands to analysis of struct-

ural and lithologic features. We concluded that bands 5

and 7 are most useful for initial geologic interpretation.

Their utility is optimized when they are used together.

Band 4 is the least useful. Bands 6 and 7 contain largely

redundant information, yet the minor differences between

the two are exceedingly important for geologic interpretation.

The subtleties of tonal difference in many instances corres-

pond to differences in lithology or surficial composition.

We emphasize that these conclusions are of a general nature

only. No study is complete until all four bands have been

studied and compared. There are items of information

unique to each band.

Another conclusion is that color composites contain

the most information of any single product. In addition to

tonal variations, there are color differences in the com-

posites which either add information or make interpretation

quicker and easier. One drawback is the imperfect regis-

tration of bands in making the composites. This causes

loss of resolution and detail and renders them less "sharp"

than individual black-and-white bands.

We compared the following aspects of the imagery

examined: overall contrast; tonal signatures and relative

38

visibility on each band of common features such as roads,

quarries, towns, clouds, snow, native and cultivated

vegetation, gross lithologic types, bare soil, shadows,

river bottoms, clear and silty water bodies, etc.; scan-

line visibility; variations in tone between lines; atmos-

pheric haze; effects of contrast reversals between bands,

and effective resolution. Examples of some of the above

are:

Healthy plants appear white on band 7, black onband 5.

Water is black and in high contrast to allother features on band 7, while it may belight gray to black on band 5 depending onsilt content.

Most standing bodies of water are difficultor impossible to locate on band 4 because thereflectivity of turbid water in this band isvery close to that of several types of soils,rocks and plants. This results in overalllow contrast.

'Cities, large towns and major roads stand outas light areas in a background of medium grayson band 4.

In comparing bands, we found that for the same types

of information, contrasts and tonal quality vary from

region to region and even within regions. Thus, a state-

ment here that a given band is best for fracture analysis

means it is best for this purpose in western Oklahoma and

the Texas Panhandle and not necessarily everywhere. The

reason for this variation is that overall contrast and tonal

signature are determined by the distribution of relative

sizes of areas covered by, and degree of intermixing of

39

areally extensive features (particularly soil and rock types

and vegetation types). The distribution and reflectance of

these features will vary with climate, season and topography.

Thus, the sparse vegetation of western Oklahoma may provide

a high contrast situation in band 5 but images in band 5

taken over southeast Oklahoma or southern Missouri may be of

very low contast due to profuse vegetation in those areas.

Standing Water:

Lakes and ponds appear black on band 7. Since plants

are ubiquitous and on band 7 are white to light gray when

healthy, ponded water stands in stark contrast to light

background. This makes locating and inventorying water easy

and rapid. Moreover, ponds are visible at the limits of

resolution of the imagery, namely as small as 34 meters in

radius. Band 6 generally reveals standing water quite well

but is somewhat more subject to scatter by atmospheric

moisture and haze. In some instances, there is less contrast

between land and water than in 7, and some small ponds that

are quite visible on band 7 are not seen on 6. Band 6 is

more sensitive to turbidity in water than is 7 and may show

strong plumes of silt when no hint is these is seen on 7.

The tonal qualities of water are quite variable on

band 5. Clear water is near black. Silty water may appear

medium to dark gray on 5, depending mainly on the silt

content and its dispersion in the upper portions of water

bodies. Because its tone varies on 5, water may produce a

40

low or high contrast with adjacent surface materials. In

addition, since 5 is generally a high contrast band, many

kinds of features show up well and, as a result, water bodies

may be lost among many other high contrast features.

Terrestrial water bodies are difficult to locate on

band 4 images. Regardless of turbidity, water is seen as

middle gray tones similar to the tones of many rock, soil

and vegetation types, and shorelines may be impossible to

detect. Often a water body can be distinguished from surr-

ounding features only by its "smooth" uniform tone. Subtle

tone differences and light shadows may lend a slight texture

to the surrounding surfaces.

Stream Valleys:

The varying appearances of stream valleys between

bands 5 and 7 and in different parts of the study region

reinforce the observation that the generalizations made

are valid only for the region considered. In some frames,

small and intermediate size streams (3 to 70 kilometers long)

are seen easily on band 5 in situations where live plants

(low reflectivity in this' band) are concentrated in the valleys,

and slopes and uplands are of high or moderate reflectivity.

The valleys then are dark or almost black and stand in

marked contrast to some of the slopes and uplands which

appear light gray.

On some of these frames in band 7, the plants near the

streams are white or at least irregularly bright and higher

41

surfaces are also moderately bright to medium gray in tone.

The resulting contrast is lower than in 5 and opposite in

tone. Thus, in some frames both 5 and 7 may be useful for

drainage analysis but, when contrast is good in both 5 and

7, band 7 often proves more useful for locating and tracing

small streams and valleys. Band 6 is similar to 7.

Short streams are often difficult to see on band 4

because contrast is low. Rugged or badlands topography

enhances valleys in this band as it does in all others.

Major streams such as the Red, Washita, Canadian and

Cimarron Rivers are markedly different from the small

streams because they have large meanders, wide valleys,

braided channels and broad expanses of their beds exposed.

The beds of the Red, Canadian and Cimarron usually show as

continuous bright strings on bands 4 and 5. These river

beds contain large expanses of quartz sand which in the

field is white to pale yellow to reddish brown to pale red.

In band 7, the bed material has a lower reflectivity over-

all. Band 7 is sensitive to a variety of factors which

affect reflectivity and make the beds of these rivers much

less distinct than they are on 4 and 5. The freshly

washed channel is bright, but moisture and standing water

along with some vegetation and surface particle types

reduce reflection at points along the stream. The result

is a discontinuous or mottled, moderately bright thread on

the imagery which is easily lost among surrounding features.

42

The beds and valleys of the Washita and North Canadian

are generally narrower than those of the aforementioned

streams. Water is restricted to narrow channels, and trees

and shrubs close in the banks. Farming and ranching extend

close to the channels. Farming does not reach into the

wide, braided beds of the other major streams but is

restricted to the adjacent floodplain and, in some instances,

to older terraces. White or highly reflective sand is

exposed only occasionally because trees and shadows cover

portions of the channels and because much of the riverbeds

are wet or water-covered. Moreover, the narrow riverbed

easily is lost among varied tones produced by the agricultural

lands lining the banks. In addition, the vegetation is

spotty, being variously dense, scattered or absent. Different

reflectivities are also produced by variations in soils and

lithology exposed in riverbanks which produces a string of

irregular bright and dark features against a "mottled"

background. These factors all make it difficult to determine

the exact courses of the Washita and North Canadian.

Linear Features:

Most of the above discussion on minor streams is

applicable to linear features. In fact, fault and joint

traces are most frequently revealed by drainage alinements.

Linear features in the imagery may include a variety of

things: roads, imagery processing effects, scanlines,

strike of rock units, drainage alinements,anomalously straight

43

stretches in streams; lines of vegetation, springs and water

bodies; plateau and fault scarps; anomalous alinement of

tonal features; even political boundaries where surveying or

land use practices change abruptly. As used here the mean-

ing of "linear features" or "iinears" is restricted to

naturally occurring features that are inferred to be related

to fractures in the crust. This excludes all cultural and

political effects and artifacts of imagery production and

handling. Lineation may refer to joints, faults or an

expression of layering, thus is a non-specific term.

An early surprise in viewing ERTS-1 imagery was the

discovery of linears of great length that seemed not to

have been recorded in the literature. Most of these are

subtle alinements not defined by any single major feature.

These linears may be 20 to 150 kilometers or more long

and be indicated by a subtle alinement of many kinds of

features such as vegetation lines; straight streams;

abrupt changes of streams from meandering to linear

channels; tonal differences in soils, cultivation in

elongate fields perhaps influenced by the topography

near the linear; and unresolved tonal alinements.

No generalizations can be made about the appearance

of such extended linears on various bands. Only a small

number appear on all bands. Many are so subtle that a

particular linear may be seen on one band, or two, but

not on the other bands. Or, they may be so subtle that

44

they can be seen on a.second band only after being "dis-

covered" on a first. Some of these linears are related

to the very old, regional tectonic features. Those we have

checked in the field are expressed at the surface as joints

and faults. That is, they are real and have structural

significance.

Most linears, ranging from 3 to 20 or 25 kilometers

long, were recognized most easily on band 5 and 7, although

large numbers can be recognized on 4 and 6 with more care-

ful study (figure 7). These linears are defined by straight

streams, alinement of 2 or more stream valleys, vegetation

alinements, by tone difference in surface materials (mainly

soil and weathered rock), by anomalous cultivation patterns,

and by combinations of these factors. Comparisons of

several overlays of linears show that some linears match

between the two bands but that the majority are different.

That is, although bands 5 and 7 are both excellent for

tracing linears, they exhibit different fractures and must

be used to complement each other (figure 7). Band 6 is

generally as useful as 7 and because of slight differences

from 7, it may reveal some linears better than 7. Band 4

also can be used for tracing linears, and these will usually

be helpful additions to the other bands. Contrast is lower

in 4, but the marked differences in reflectivities of various

features from other bands is important. There are linears

seen on 4 that cannot be seen on other bands.

45

B

A

CC

< D

Figure 7. Comparison of lithologic interpretations derived fromimagery collected in October, 1972 (left) and in April, 1973(right). A shows detail obtained in spring which is absent inthe fall. B, C and E show boundaries derived from fall imagerywhich are either indecipherable or only poorly defined in thespring. D shows a contact drawn with more detail and precisionin the spring than in the fall. u

Lithologic Boundaries:

Agricultural activities affect most of the surface

area of the test site. The disturbances caused by man's

activities generally obscure geologic features, lithologic

boundaries in particular. As a result, no single band can

easily be accepted as most useful for purposes of delin-

eating rock units. All bands must be studied, compared,

contrasted and the results combined into a reasonable

interpretation.

In general, we found it difficult to recognize many

mapped lithologic boundaries. The difficulty arises partly

because of the effects of agriculture and the fact that

on ERTS images most rock units in the area have no readily

distinguishable tonal differences from adjacent mapped

units. This may in part be because several of the estab-

lished units are defined on features that do not affect

reflectivity, such as fossil evidence. There are many

exceptions to this generalization. Many factors aid in

distinguishing known units. These same factors can be used

to define new "imaged units" or"photolithologic units".

Units are easily established when there are contrasts in

any or all of the following features: grain size, degree

of consolidation, plant growth, agricultural practices,

surface effects of ground water, topographic expression

(e.g., plateaus, badlands, rolling hills, cliffs, stream

density and/or pattern), tone or reflectivity. Such features

47

may or may not coincide with established rock units. More-

over, their occurrence may be irregular and interrupted.

In such cases, either a new set of units, termed here

"image units" is established, or disconnected, irregular

units are mapped which are difficult to interrelate and

analyze.

One example of successful lithologic mapping is the

Wellington-Garber contact where a moderate topographic and

vegetation contrast occurs. In fact, we were able to re-

define the contact and revise existing maps changing the

position of the contact 10 to 12 kilometers in some places.

Second, the region around and to the west of Elk City,

Oklahoma, is a generally flat to rolling surface. It is

underlain by Quaternary and Tertiary deposits above gently

dipping more dissected Permian strata. Agriculture domin-

ates the flat upland and groundwater and planting practices

differ slightly between Quaternary and Tertiary areas. In

addition, there is less agriculture and a different topography

in the Permian. Generally, it is not possible to distinguish

one Permian unit from another.

Several features are used to interpret lithologic

boundaries in the imagery; all of them can give ambiguous

results. These are tonal and textural clues, created by

any or all features such as: stream patterns and density,

topographic breaks and shadows, vegetation types and dis-

tribution, tones of soil and bedrock, and even the distribution

48

of farming patterns.

One example is found in southwestern Oklahoma in an

area where agriculture is limited to high, flat areas above

lower, dissected or badland topography. Most of the high,

farmed areas have a high reflectivity on bands 5 and 7 and

include Tertiary and Permian units. These bright areas

might well be interpreted from band 7 as one unit as is

done in the band 7 geologic map west of Elk City (figure 16,

p.8 5 ). This interpretation is satisfactory if it is under-

stood that the unit is an "image unit" and may bear no

relation to established stratigraphic units. If one wishes

to map units that can be properly interpreted as rock units

or mapped formations, other bands must be studied. Band 5

yields much the same results although subtle differences

are apparent within the area. Figure 15, p.81 combines

information from all bands. Compare the Elk City area in

this illustration with the same area in figure 16. Band 4

interpretation compares well to a geologic map and clearly

distinguishes the Tertiary (light) unit from Permian units

which are dark in this band. Band 5 and 7 are generally

most useful for study of rock units, but all bands must be

examined for a complete analysis. Band 7 on some frames shows

more detail than 5 and more units (not necessarily equivalent

to mapped rock units) are mapped with more clearly defined

boundaries. Conversely, interpretations made from band 5

show fewer units and different units with more generalized

49

boundaries. At some times of the year, where surface and

vegetation contrasts are just right, 5 and 7 are remarkably

similar in overall appearance and in much detail. Commonly

as noted earlier, a contrast reversal exists between 5 and 7,

resulting in a difference in the kind and/or amount of

information extractable from the bands.

Native vegetation is sensitive to underlying rock

composition, topography and drainage and is often a good

indicator of the extent of rock units. This then makes

band 5 and 7 particularly useful for mapping rock units,

because vegetation is usually dark in 5 and, when healthy,

bright in 7. These bands are most useful where plants

growing on one unit stand in strong contrast to the soils

and rocks of an adjacent unit and where adjacent units

support different biotas. For instance, Hennessey and

Wellington shales support grasses, shrubs and associated

low growing plants with trees near streams and in draws.

Thus, these units appear lighter than the associated

Garber which supports a tangled growth of scrub oaks and

hickories on a well-dissected surface. The contrast

between grassland and timber is easily traced. In fact,

our interpretation suggests that some parts of the contact

between Garber and Wellington should be revised. Native

vegetation, like agricultural practices and plant species,

is sensitive to factors related to the underlying geology

and hydrology. Crops that dominate the agriculture of one

50

area are only minor crops elsewhere. Farming is limited

to relatively flat or rolling areas and is only spotty in

more rugged lands. The presence of cultivated areas on a

flatland will emphasize the contrast between flat and

dissected lands.

Where vegetation is sparse, units (again, not nec-

essarily matching published lithologic units) may often

be distinguished by the tone differences seen on different

bands. An area of exposed rock might appear all of the

same tone on 6 while two shades of gray are distinguishable

in the same area on 4.

Textures created by degree of dissection of the surface

or by varying resistances of rock layers to erosion are also

helpful for interpretation of units. Visibility of textures

varies in different bands, and band 4 may be more useful than

5, 6 or 7.

Care must be taken in defining units, especially on

the basis of tone. Rocks may appear in various shades of.

gray for any number of reasons including moisture content,

grain size of surface materials, degree of compaction of

grains, density and type of vegetation, health of vegetation,

lateral variation in atmospheric haze, color and composition

of rocks, degree of weathering, slope, and agricultural

practices. Likewise, textural differences may provide a

convenient basis for defining units, but these units may

subdivide or combine mapped formations.

51

Fresh bedrock and soil exposures generally appear

brighter on all bands than do corresponding weathered and

plant covered exposures. For example, most new roads are

quite conspicuous (on band 4 in particular) as bright

lines. Older roads are usually difficult to see. Appar-

ently, weathering and plant growth on the shoulders and

adjacent stripped land lowers the reflectivity of these

surfaces. Paved surfaces likewise become darker in time.

Dunes, quarries and salt seeps all are highly reflective.

Active sand dunes are bright on all bands. Their tone on

7 is just discernably brighter than on 5 and 6. They are

somewhat less bright on 4. Gypsum quarries show a moderately

high reflectivity on bands 5 and 4 and a slightly lower

reflectivity on 6 and 7. Areas encrusted by salt such as

Salt Creek, Great Salt Plains and several other areas along

the Cimarron River, generally are highly reflective in

bands 4 and 5 and moderately so in 6 and 7. The presence of

detrital material such as clay, mixed with the salt may tend

to lower reflectivity in one or more bands. This is apparent

in Salt Creek Canyon which is visible but not readily

detectable on all bands. Large limestone and sandstone

quarries and sand and gravel pits are bright on all bands.

Both contrast and reflectivity are lower on 7 than on the

other bands. Highest contrast between quarries and back-

ground is found in band 4 and is also good in 5. Quarries

in granite are generally smaller than those in other types

52

of rocks. Because they are small their apparent bright-

ness is lower than other fresh rock types. Granite is

brightest on bands 4 and 5, less so on 6, and is only

moderately bright on 7.

The preceding visual comparisons of the reflectivities

of several rock types on the 4 MSS bands do not necessarily

indicate that automatic discrimination of gross rock types

may be feasible. The apparent reflectivites on the imagery

at our disposal are subject to many variations in collection,

handling, and processing.

Tonal Anomalies:

These are places within areas of more or less uniform

tone which exhibit a tone either brighter or darker than

that of the surrounding area. The basis for the tonal

anomaly may or may not be related to geologic features.

For instance, a narrow elongate zone somewhat lighter

than nearby surfaces may indicate a linear fracture zone.

Other features such as carbon black plants, irrigation

districts and unrecognized thin clouds may create similar

tonal anomalies. We did not specifically study different

types of tonal anomalies and their comparative detectability

on various bands.

Other Factors Influencing Geologic Interpretation of ERTS-1Imagery:

Haze and clouds may affect geological interpretation.

Clouds and haze are most transparent to the wave lengths of

53

light recorded by band 7 and least transparent to those

recorded by band 4. Cloud shadows are most clearly seen

on band 7 and least noticeable on band 4. In general, the

presence of clouds and even thin haze or fog can be detected

by comparing the apparent area of cloud coverage as seen in

band 4 and 5 with cloud shadows seen on bands 6 or 7. One

must exercise caution when interpreting features seen through

clouds on bands 6 and 7 because thin clouds or haze can

alter tone or reduce contrast in such a way as to lead to

erroneous conclusions.

Cities, new roads and major roads have moderate to

high reflectivity in all bands. They are best detected

on band 4 which exhibits a more even, lower overall contrast

than the others. Band 5 usually offers the most detail

within large cities. Urban areas have lowest contrast

with other features on band 7.

Light snow cover often enhances linear features and is

an aid for interpretation. Reflectivity is highest on

bands 4 and 5, lower on 6 and 7. Thin snow cover or a

light "dusting" of snow is seen most easily on band 5.

False-Color Composite Imagery:

Color imagery adds the advantage of hue. Because the

eye can detect so many subtleties of hue and shade, a great

deal more information is available and is more easily

extracted than from black and white imagery.. In fact, some

subtleties supply information which cannot be garnered from

54

one band alone or even two. As one example, some bright

areas on band 7 might easily be interpreted as having a

healthy vegetation cover, while a color composite might

show these areas are better interpreted as fallow fields with

highly reflective sandy soils.

There are a few drawbacks to the use of color images.

Bands must be combined in perfect registration which is

often impossible. Imperfect registration causes color

haloes and loss of sharpness or definition. Also, there are

a few subtle features visible only on a single band which

may be masked by combination with other bands.

Summary:

Color imagery is the most readily useable and contains

the greatest amount of information, combining as it does

two or more bands. Some details and subtleties are best

studied on individual bands. Band 4 has the lowest over-

all contrast and is most affected by haze. In fact, this

band gives an impression of having been fogged. Band 5

and 7 are most useful for geologic uses. They offer high-

est contrast in areas where there is a variety of vegetation,

soil, rock, stream and cultural features. Contrast is

lowest where entire regions have a more or less homogeneous

plant cover. Band 6 is largely redundant with 7.

55

Comparison of Season Coverage

In the Anadarko Basin the primary sensor response is

to vegetation while the surfaces of bare rock and soil

play the next most important role in creating image responses.

Atmospheric conditions particularly affect responses seen

on band 4. There is no subsurface information received

directly by ERTS. Vegetation, both native and agricultural,

vary with climatic and topographic conditions. The Anadarko

Basin is located in a climate zone where seasonal changes

are strong and both plants and soils contribute significantly

to image responses. Thus,differences in imagery collected

at different times is substantial. Furthermore, the

climatic cycle in this area is highly variable and imagery

would have to be collected over a period of several years

(5 - 10) to even begin to sample the possible variations.

Response in areas drier than the Anadarko Basin depends

mainly on soil and rock while moister and warmer areas

present mainly vegetation responses to ERTS. Applicability

of ERTS data to other basins was not tested by us.

The comparison presented here is based on images

acquired from October 25, 1972, through December 2, 1972,

and from March 20, 1973, through April 23, 1973. It is

drawn from extensive notes made about the imagery during

the course of interpretation. We have no summer or winter

coverage.

56

Because vegetation responses play a vital role in the

information content of the ERTS imagery of the area, one

would need to study imagery from all four seasons in order

to evaluate fully ERTS-1 imagery (see figure 8). Indeed,

several years' coverage is needed for exhaustive study since

seasons are variable, arriving earlier or later one year

than the next, varying in calendar length, and being affected

by different combinations of climatological factors and

extremes.

We concluded that, if we were forced to choose a

limited amount of imagery for geological studies, we would

choose imagery from an early dry fall and a late wet spring.

In particular, we concluded that a combination of

band 5 dry-fall imagery and band 7 wet-spring imagery are

the most readily interpretible for our purposes. That is,

given a budget short on time and money, the above combination

would allow the greatest amount of information to be

derived in a minimum of time at lowest cost. Ideally, of

course, all bands of every coverage should be studied for

optimum information. In practice, however, as the number

of bands and coverages increase so do requirements of time

and manpower, even considering the synoptic nature of

ERTS data.

The choice of combinations was made because not only

are spring and fall in contrast to each other, but also the

greatest differences between band 5 and band 7 are found

57

, ," ..-. '.- ." - .' ". .- > i '-1 ', 1 I ., \ F' " , '>- 1Y '. '

\\\

7" . k % 1, .'7\ , -- \ , _' .r\t -, '-' ' . , ' . , , " >, ,

0 5 10 20.

N m<

ivm

0 10 20 30m

Figure 8 . Each ERTS band contains some unique informationas shown here. Band 7 linears were compiled for part of oneframe. Next, linears were added from band 5 that did notmatch any from band 7. Examples are A and B. Last, band 4linears (such as C and D) that matched neither band 7 nor 5were added.

58

• " I " ""\ " ' "" "] ...z ... '" / ,, ,,', J . 9 ;l l __ 7 ". , I{ .,, "7- ,'

' .. I , 1 " . " , ' t " ' ' ' ../ " ' ; I J S ~ - " , ; '

I .' f '

..... "...., "', 1 , " ! .,. I i _( 1 ,... ./ ,. , " " F .II- -S

\~~~ A, ., , , / .. .. -. .>' \ _-! \ ' .,, ,<"/ , ' ,, " ,..,., .: P -- " ".,A"$L / , .

1~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ 5' 10 2,0 , , . " Y-. -. . -, r .

0 510 230

Figure 8. Each ERTS bnd contains some unique informationas shown here. Band 7 linears were compiled for part of oneframe. Next, linears were added from band 5 that did notmatch any from band 7. Examples are A and B. Last, band 4linears (such as C and D) that matched neither band 7 nor 5

were added.

58

from one season to the next. A more practical approach is

to use both bands 5 and 7 for both seasonal extremes.

Addition of bands 4 and 6 will provide the broadest inform-

ation base possible, but 5 and 7 contain the greatest amount

of easily extractable geologic information.

Analysis shows that band 7 spring imagery has some

advantages over fall imagery in the same band. Cultivated

areas have a more uniform tone on spring imagery, decreas-

ing cultural effects and increasing perceptibility of

lithologic trends which are longer and more continuous

than on fall images. These trends are interrupted and/or

are interpretable with difficulty in the fall. However,

fall imagery is useful for adding detail to gross litho-

logic units as interpreted from spring coverage. Whereas,

spring imagery may mask certain important lithologic

boundaries, and fall image interpretation may create a

confusing arrangement and large number of units, combining

interpretations from the two seasons refines the results

with fall detail added to gross spring units.

Stream valleys and badlands stand in strong to moderate

contrast with agricultural patterns on spring images.

Valleys of most large rivers are especially apparent in

the spring probably because of recent high water and the

presence of flowing water in the channels. The North

Canadian River channel is the main exception to this

statement. It is practically indistinguishable on all

frames and bands except for spring band 5.

59

On band 7 spring images where uplands are cultivated

and slopes contain little vegetation, uplands are light

and bluffs, badlands and valleys are darker. In other areas,

well-vegetated (mainly agricultural) stream valleys stand

out light against darker hills on the same image.

Comparison of two frames of band 7 taken over the

same area in spring (5 April and 23 April) demonstrates

the value of using as much seasonal coverage as is pract-

icable. The overall contrast of 23 April is greater than

on 5 April. Tonal anomalies such as those near Watonga

and Drummond Oklahoma, are more marked. In fact, the later

images are superior in all respects to the earlier. Streams,

topography and detail within cities are more distinct in

the 23 April images.

We conclude that a combination of band 5 fall imagery

with band 7 spring imagery is the prime minimum choice of

imagery because of the extreme differences between the bands

in these seasons. However, we cannot make a clear choice

of seasons for band 5 alone. Band 5 images acquired in the

two seasons should be studied together since they complement

each other, one revealing what the other does not. In

other words, trade-offs of types and amounts of information

and/or relative ease of interpretation involved in such a

choosing do not favor one coverage or the other. They

both contain unique and valuable information.

60

In general, roads, towns, airfields and quarries are

more visible on the fall band 5 images (30 November) than

on the spring (5 April). There are some exceptions, e.g.,

detail within many cities is enhanced by spring vegetation,

and a few roads and towns stand in higher contrast to

surrounding vegetated areas than in the fall.

Topographically and texturally expressed features are

better expressed on fall imagery because there is less

visual confusion being provided by agricultural patterns,

vegetation dominating valleys and a lower sun elevation

angle. Bluffs, badlands, stream valleys and certain

textural anomalies also appear more clearly on fall imagery.

Rock and soil types all tend to have similar bright-

ness and are relatively difficult to distinguish one from

another. Where contrasts do exist, however, they are more

easily recognized on fall images, where they are not

obscured by vegetation and cultivated patterns. One example

is the contrast between Quaternary alluvium and Permian

rocks or soils on the north side of the Cimarron River.

Variations in soils, rocks, topography, drainage,

availability of groundwater, and farming practices create

many contrasts in vegetation on spring images that are not

visible in the fall. The vegetation in many places creates

continuities within inferred units, while the appearance

of the same unit on fall coverage may be interrupted. The

reverse is true in some instances. For example, alluvium

61

along the north side of the Cimarron is easily distinguished

by its high reflectivity from Permian units in fall band 5

images. The alluvium cannot be mapped as one widespread

unit from spring images.

Major river beds are more easily distinguished in the

fall, but visibility varies along the course of the streams.

Some stretches of the beds are more easily discerned in

one season than in the other.

Lakes are more turbid in the spring than in the fall.

Turbidity frequently lowers contrasts between water and

surrounding areas, making interpretation more difficult.

In brief, band 5 is best- interpreted for two or more

seasons because one complements the other.

Band 5 coverage of late spring is more useful than

the same coverage earlier in the spring. In comparing

coverage from 5 April 1973, with 23 April 1973, we noted

lakes were less turbid and stood in higher contrast on

23 April images than on 5 April. Likewise, river beds were

brighter and vegetation was more widespread and darker,

resulting in higher contrast and greater continuity of

units. Images from 23 April contain light-toned anomalies

which are more apparent than on earlier images. Details

of drainage may be somewhat enhanced by the higher 23 April

contrast (between Canton and Waynoka, Oklahoma,) or may

be obscured as compared to 5 April by a wider and denser

distribution of agricultural areas which may "camouflage"

details.

62

We found imagery in both band 5 and 7 acquired early

in a dry fall to be preferable to late wet-fall imagery.

For band 5, though overall contrast is higher and atmosphere

clearer on 30 November, more detail and continuity can be

seen on 25 October imagery. For example, several litho-

logic contacts are easily distinguished in October which

are not visible, or at least are less discernable in

November. Some small streams are obscured in November,

but major river valleys are more easily detected than in

October.

Strong differences appear on band 7 between 25 October

and 30 November of the Oklahoma City area. Comparison

emphasizes the advantages of using both coverages when

practicable. While many details are enhanced on November

imagery, several large rock or alluvial units are more

distinguishable on October scenes. November scenes are

camouflaged by growing agricultural crops (mainly winter

wheat) while October scenes have large areas dominated by

dead or dormant plants, live plants, fallow fields and

exposed soils. Many streams or valleys are obscured in

November where both uplands and lowlands are cultivated

or where vegetation response is similar in both places.

In other places, especially the east side of the frames

where uplands are not farmed and are dominated by trees and

brush, creeks and lowlands are quite noticeable on November

63

but obscure or indistinguishable on October. Vegetation

contrasts are greater in October and bare rock-(or soil)

vegetation contrasts are lowest. November images show bare

rock (or soil) is clearly differentiated from vegetated areas.

In addition to the difference noted among the various

cycles of imagery, we noted some variations across the

area on the same cycle of imagery. We believe these are

largely the result of the climatic gradient across the

test site.

We made no detailed comparison of seasonal coverage

in bands 4 and 6. What study we did on these two bands

and on their seasonal differences, quickly lead to the

conclusion that coverage acquired in at least two contrast-

ing seasons must be interpreted for optimum results.

64

VII. RESULTS

Linear Features

Evaluating information on linear features interpreted

from ERTS data is difficult. We noted literally thousands

of linears ranging in length from 2 kilometers to more than

150 kilometers.

Most of the test site is farmed and ranched and surveyed

on a one-mile township-range grid. The greatest part of

the grid is defined by roads. While the road and field

pattern imposes a strong north-south and east-west linear

system, the system is generally quite distinct, not easily

confused with natural linears. Our rose diagram(figure 9 ) of

directional frequency of linears shows a strong maximum

centered approximately on north 4 east. This peak is

a legitimate result of our interpretation of linear

features. We took care during interpretation on 1:1,000,000

scale imagery to avoid including cultural linears. Frequent

checks were performed against topographic and base maps and

against ERTS imagery at a 1:250,000 scale. Since compiling

these statistics we have re-checked many linears to be

sure they are not cultural. Moreover, the peak is just

east of north, not directly north. And there is no strong

east-west peak which might be expected to accompany a

strong north-south trend if the trends resulted from the

surveyed grid.

It is difficult or impossible in most instances, to

65

330 340 350 360"30 20 10 0 10 20 30

32040 40

310 so5050

300 60

60 60

290 7070

280 80

80 80

270 90 I i 909 0

. .

Figure 9

Azimuths of linears > 10 km. in length.0

Groups = 10 . (Derived from ERTS imageryacquired Fall 1972 and Spring 1973).Total number of Linears: 2,817

distinguish fault related from joint related linears or

either of these from stratigraphic linears. It is easier

to make distinctions when abundant surface and subsurface

data are available, where field checks can be made or where

aerial photographs are available.

Because of the widespread occurrence of Quaternary

surficial materials and lack of aereally extensive outcrops

of bedrock over the region, it is generally impossible to

tell type, direction and amount of movement involved along

interpreted faults. It is possible to formulate generalized

hypotheses about the tectonics of the basin and associated

Amarillo-Wichita uplift, but not to give even approximate

figures on fault movement.

One result of our interpretation of linears is

summarized in the rose diagram. The length of the graphs

of each subgroup is directly proportional to the number

of linears equal to or greater than 10 kilometers in each

azimuth group. Inspection shows three maxima. These

peaks center near north 45 0 west, north 4 0east and north

45 0 east. The peaks coincide with the azimuths of linear

sets which are quite noticeable upon visual inspection

of compilations of linears. In addition, the set centering

on north 83 0west is visually prominent because of the

great lengths of some of the linears in this set.

Although the regional sets of linears are easily

defined, their significance is not easily determined.

67

Most linears, including the most prominent sets, seem to

be of most significance on a secondary level. That is,

there seem to be no characteristics that set "important"

linears apart from "trivial" linears. Anyone familiar

with the Anadarko Basin could associate certain linears

with known subsurface features. It would be desirable to

relate linears to potential hydrocarbon traps where little

or no subsurface data are available. Our success at this

second task has been less than hoped.

There is evidence that at least the regional sets

of linears are fault related. Two major linears (figure 10)

in northwest Oklahoma trend north 3 0 oeast and coincide

with linear zones of thickness shown on isochore (thickness)

maps compiled by Gibbons (1965). These linears probably

represent faults that were active in Pennsylvanian times

and affected sedimentation. There are several linears

associated with subsurface limits of various evaporite

units. One linear trending north 3 0 °east through Texas

and Beaver Counties, Oklahoma into the Texas Panhandle

coincides with the approximate western limit of some of

the Cimarron evaporites. Another linear of this same

set runs northeastward from T9N, R26W in Beckham County,

Oklahoma into central Roger Mills County. The Yelton

salt of Permian age occurs in two locations. One extending

from western Beckham County into central Wheeler County,

Texas. The other occurs in the northeast quarter of

68

TEXAS OKLAHOMA

Atoka -Des Moines

0 6 12 Knm.

KANSAS* - - - -- - - e

C7

TE AS 0KLAHOMA

Lower Missouri

0 6 12 Knm.

After Gibbons (1962)

Figure 10. Isochore map of Pennsylvanian sediments in northern AnadarkoB W showing correlations of regional lnears (heavy lines), trending30 with thick strata (patterned areas).

69

Beckham County and extends into northwest Washita County,

Oklahoma. The linear lies between these two salt bodies

and within 4 kilometers of the western occurrence. We

have field checked this linear and found that one portion

of it is occupied by an anomalous straight segment of the

Washita River where the river makes an abrupt northeastward

turn. The portion of the linear west of Elk City is a

zone of anomalous dips (up to 150 as compared to regional

dips of 10 to 2 o ),.subdued topographic lows, and contains

native brush and grass instead of agricultural or grazing

crops.

One linear trending north 50 west appears to be a

fault truncating the west end of the main Wichita Mountains

near the western border of Commanche County. Other linears

coincide with the frontal deformed zone of the Wichitas

which form the south flank of the basin. These linears

also coincide with producing structures which are part

of the frontal zone and they trend about north 400 west

from near Duncan, Oklahoma to the Alden and Apache fields

in T6N, R12W. They can be traced north 700 to 80 o west to

the Erick field in Beckham County, Oklahoma.

Another linear that coincides closely with oil and

gas fields is parallel to the previously described north

400 west linears, and extends from T9N, R15W in southeastern

Washita County, Oklahoma into T22N, R26W in northwest Ellis

County, Oklahoma. Figure 2 shows that the axis of the

70

basin changes azimuth in southern Caddo County.

Figure 11 compares our interpreted linears with

published known or hypothesized regional faults. The

faults appear as interpreted for basement rocks (Ham et al,

1963), surface exposures, well-log and geophysical inter-

pretations (Harlton, 1951, 1963), regional analysis, well-

log and geophysical interpretation (Wroblewski, 1967), and

several other sources. We interpreted many linears which

coincide with and/or extend published faults, including

the Stony Point and Blue Creek Canyon faults and extensions

of the prominent Meers Valley fault, all in the Wichita

Mountains.

The one fault that we felt should most certainly be

visible is the Meers Valley fault. We did not map it

during our interpretations and can find only the most

subtle of linears even when concentrating specifically on

the location of this fault.

Although we can confirm or extend many published

faults there are two published sets for which we see

little or no evidence. These are the north 60 west set

in western Oklahoma and the north 45 west set in the Texas

Panhandle. Most of the lengths of these faults are

hypothetical extension of faults known in oil fields

separated from each other by many miles. They are accepted

as valid by only a few geologists familiar with the area.

In summary, there are many instances where ERTS-based

71

I LOK L A.

TEXAS

Figure Ila. Base map showing knownand hypothesized faults and linears.

Figure 1Ib. Heavy linesemphasize ERTS linears thatcoincide with and/or extendpreviously known orhypothesized linears as shown in I

11 a.

linears coincide with known or hypothesized faults and

linears compiled from studies of basement rocks, inter-

pretations of specific oil and gas fields and seismic

studies, older air photo interpretation and from maps of

surface geology. They coincide with the main features of

the Anadarko Basin and Wichita Mountains. Many linears or

systems of linears were previously unknown or unmapped.

They are prominent and of great length. There are a few

concentration of linears, for instance, in the region just

south of Weatherford, Oklahoma. However, there is little

evidence the imagery would set any given linear or set

of linears apart from others or which indicate that they

hold any particular significance to petroleum geology.

74

Lithologic Mapping

ERTS is useful for inferring lithologic distribution.

This statement is true even in the Anadarko Basin, which

is an area of low relief and gentle dips. Local relief

varies from 30 m. to 150 m. with extremes of 350 m. in

Palo Duro Canyon and the Wichita Mountains. Dip of surface

rock varies from less than 1 degree over much of the area

to 3 to 6 degrees in some areas. Rocks in local highly

deformed areas such as the frontal Wichita Mountains may

dip 10 or 20 degrees to as much as 60 degrees.

Although relief is low and dips are gentle, we are

able to map some lithologic units that correspond to

published map units. The correspondence of ERTS-derived

units to published units is generally inexact. That is,

many ERTS-units combine two or more mapped units or ERTS

"lithologic boundaries" may be located slightly to one side

or the other of published contacts. ERTS contacts may also

extend beyond published contacts or terminate more abruptly.

In some instances, contacts seen on ERTS imagery are so

distinct and clear we believe that they can be used to

revise published information. One example (figure 12 )

occurs near Guthrie, Oklahoma where it appears that the

Wellington-Garber contact lies some 13 km. to the east of

where it is shown on published maps. This shift has been

confirmed by field work and aerial photo interpretation

done by Dr. R. O. Fay (verbal communication 1973) of the

Oklahoma Geological Survey.

75

Ph9

~~NORMAN

O 10 20 30 km '

Figure 12.ERTS interpretation (right) of the contact between Henneseyshale (Phy) and Garber sandstone (Pg) from Norman tonorthern Oklahoma County matches the contact published on

the State Geologic Map (left). From the county line, thecontact trends northeasterly until it approximates theGarber-Wellington (Pw) contact as interpreted by R. O. Fay

of the Oklahoma Geological Survey (dashed line). The ERTSinterpretation may indicate a facies change within the Garberand Wellington which in turn affects groundwater distributionand plant types (Fay, oral communication). Differencesbetween published maps and ERTS-1 maps are important forremapping of formations and for posing questions for furtherstudy.

76

Fort Supplyo "t Con d'an 0RiveO

.... Canton Reservoir mOklahoma

0City

0 5 10 20

0 10 20 30 km

Figure 13. Permian units in the vicinity of Canton Reservoir (center), western Oklahoma.The state geologic map (top) contains more units and contacts are more precisely definedthan on the ERTS-derived map (bottom). The same general structure and stratigraphicrelationships are apparent on both maps, however. Lakes are shown by a cross hatched pattern.

The lithologic units mapped from ERTS along the divide

between the North Canadian and Cimarron Rivers differ greatly

from published contacts. Here ERTS units combine two or

three published units in places and subdivide these units

in other places. Despite the differences as illustrated

in figure 13, our interpretation reveals the same gross

structure. Strike and apparent dip remain the same.

Dissection patterns are the same and changes in strike

along the units reveal the same structural features as

do published units.

A comparison of ERTS interpretation with published

work more detailed than the state geologic map is shown

in figure 14. It is apparent that even at the small

scale and low resolution of ERTS, a great deal of detailed

information is available. Correspondence between published

and ERTS-based maps is good. However, on the basis of

ERTS data we can not confidently assign given mapped

areas to the same units as those appearing in the literature.

Quaternary sand cover in the Texas Panhandle is easily

mapped. Moreover, the ERTS mapping coincides precisely

(making allowance for ordinary drafting difficulties) with

published state maps. The close match is a direct result

of strong contrasts between the sand and surrounding or

underlying units. The contrasts are due to topography,

reflective differences of the mapped units and agricultural

practices. The sandy unit is moderately reflective, occupies

78

P

q

PQ VO

Tf P

0 . 5 10 20 i

Skm

10 10 20 30.~ 30

Figure 14

The map at top is derived from two large scale maps,1:126,000 (Kitts, 1965) and 1:84,000 (Kitts 1959),of Ellis and Roger Mills Counties, Western Oklahoma.The lower-map was made from ERTS images at 1:1,000,000(as shown). While the amount of detail is far greaterin the published maps, the ERTS map preserves themain features of the.area, even to defining riverterraces at some places.

Key: P = Permian, Tpo = Pliocene Ogallala, Q = Quaternary

79

high, flat areas, is extensively farmed and contains

hundreds of small, shallow playa lakes. In contrast is

the underlying Pliocene Ogallala formation which has low

reflectivity, is dry and dissected, and is used mainly for

ranching (figure 15).

Reflective differences of surface materials and

vegetation differences enable us to distinguish among

several types of surficial Recent or Quaternary deposits.

One example is in the Elk City, Oklahoma area(figure 15).

On band 5, but not band 7, of fall coverage of the area,

one can distinguish a 40 square kilometer patch of

Quaternary sand from the underlying (and surrounding)

soils derived from the Elk City formation. Moreover,

both these units are distinguishable from sandy deposits

associated with the North Fork Red River just to the

south and from Ogallala sediments to the west. Indeed,

our ERTS mapping in this area subdivides part of the

Ogallala. Based on these observations these units should

be restudied to see if reassignment or subdivision of units

need be made. It may be that the differences we detect

are so subtle that no practical distinction is possible or

desirable. On the other hand, the fact that such distinc-

tions can be made from ERTS is important and suggests that

ERTS imagery can help provide answers to long standing

stratigraphic problems.

Our conclusions on using ERTS imagery for lighologic

mapping are summarized on the following page:

80

FORT SUPPLY

GS W

64;

as

QQs

f Q Pec *ELK CITY e

a P No RTHFORK

0 5 10 20MLI *I

0 10 20 30Km.

Figure 15. The area shown extends from Sanford Reservoir in Hutchinson County,Texas to Elk City in Beckham County, Oklahoma. Qs, Quaternary cover sandoccupies flat topped uplands in Texas. To, Tertiary Ogallala (Pliocene)is actually mapped as four units on ERTS. My subdivisions are shown bysubscripts. P = undifferentiated Permian units. Pec = Elk City unit(Permian). A patch of surface material just west of Elk City was mappedas Ogallala from ERTS images, but was originally field mapped as Quaternarysand (Qts). Qal = Quaternary alluvium.

Difficulties and limitations of ERTS for lithologic

mapping:

- Many mapped rock units have similar reflectivitiesand cannot be distinguished from each other on ERTS.

- Large areas are covered by Recent to Quaternarydeposits. The total area is somewhat greater thanpreviously mapped. These deposits mask older units.

- Small scale and low resolution limit precision oflocating boundaries and identifying small orisolated lithologic features.

- ERTS rock units usually do not coincide exactlywith published units. Even the multispectralnature of ERTS data does not permit identifica-tion of lithology or rock composition. Theseparameters can only be inferred crudely fromgeomorphology, drainage texture, relief, etc.

Value and advantages of ERTS for lithologic mapping.

- Large areas can be mapped quickly.

- Major structural and lithologic features arediscernable.

- Existing interpretations of some local areas canbe improved.

- Regional relationships among lithologic, structuraland geomorphic features can be studied.

- Areas for further study or geophysical work canbe located.

- Some units can be subdivided on the basis of theirreflectivities.

- Interpretation permits evaluation and revision ofpublished information.

- Low resolution and regional coverage suppress oreliminate a large amount of distracting detailpermitting subtle large scale differences to bedefined and studied.

82

Structural Interpretation of the Geologic Map

Careful study of the geologic maps made of the test

site during this experiment demonstrates that using only

ERTS images the Anadarko Basin can be defined as a regional

feature. (Refer to figure 16 for this discussion).

Interpretation shows that there may be a large basin

occupying most of the area. Clearly there is a homoclinal

dip to the south and southwest in the northern part of

the site, with an uplift on the south which exposes base-

ment rocks. If the area is interpreted as a basin, it is

probably asymmetrical with the axis paralleling and just

north of the southern uplift. The basin noses (strike

of the rocks changes through about 1400) in the south-

east part of the study site. The western, broader end

of the basin is overlain by younger, essentially horizontal

rocks, indicating a probable unconformity.

There is some indication of nosing in the rock pattern

mapped in the Duncan area (D). Mapped units in the Permian

show a change in strike. The change indicates a synclinal

nose (plunging northwest), which is a much sharper nose than

appears on the state geologic map.

83

The inability to distinguish some major mapped rock

units points up one of the difficulties encountered in

mapping from ERTS imagery. Units are distinguished on the

basis of tone, texture, pattern of tones and standard

photogeologic inferences. In addition, hue or color is

used when mapping from color composite imagery. Factors

that can affect the tone, texture, and other visual

clues recorded on the imagery include moisture, facies

and vegetation changes, differences in climate, topography,

slope, and weathering products. Where these factors

produce similar photo-responses on adjacent rock units,

the units can easily be combined as one image unit. This

is the reason El Reno, Hennessey and Wellington rocks may

be combined at one place, but distinguishable at another.

Several features in the north indicate the broad

outlines of a basin or at least a homoclinal structure.

Valleys of the Washita (W), Cimarron (C) and in particular

the Canadian (Cn) and North Canadian (N) rivers trace

broad arcs from west to east. The assumption might be made

that these major streams reflect an adjustment to regional

structure, in particular to changes in strike of the

underlying rocks and thus partly define the northern

reaches of a basin. Supporting this hypothesis are

several features. In Oklahoma, north and northeast-

facing bluffs and slopes parallel these rivers. Likewise,

small streams interpreted as obsequent and resequent flow

84

Reproduced frombest available copy.

Qts :

Figure 16. Geologic map derived from ERTS imagery of

the Anadarko Basin test site. Key: C = Cimarron River;Qts = alluvial plain; Tpo = horizontal Tertiary sediments;N = North Canadian River; Cn = Canadian River; W = Washita

River; Pdy = Doxey Shale; Pec = Elk City member; WM =Wichita Mountains (crystalline); S = sedimentary Wichita

Mountains; D = Duncan area.

85

northeast and southwest, respectively, into the major streams.

The bluffs and small streams indicate the underlying rocks

dip southwestward on the east, but dip more southerly as one

moves west or northwestward along the main rivers. Moreover,

the Cimarron and North Canadian have large alluvial plains

(Qts) on the northeast indicating the combined effects of

several factors. Migration of streams downdip has cut

steep slopes on the southwest and left broad plains northeast.

Westerly winds have carried material out of the river beds

onto their northeast flanks. The major rivers turn eastward

at about 98 o west longitude, (the Washita turns at about

98030 ' west), indicating a change in structure or a cross-

strike course.

Another clue to the synclinal nature of the area can

be seen in the rock pattern in the Elk City - Burns Flat

area. The Doxey (Pdy) member of the Quartermaster formation

crops out continuously on the north, east and south of the

Elk City (Pec) member (or Quaternary terrace material cover-

ing the Elk City member), forming a southwesterly-directed

nose. However, the Quartermaster units at this scale appear

to be nearly horizontal or at least of low dip indicating

they are little-deformed. They may have been deposited

after the greatest subsidence had occurred or they may

indicate this is merely a gentle regional downwarp, not a

basin which has undergone strong subsidence and deformation.

86

Some inferred lithologic units indicate the basin is

asymmetric. They have a narrower outcrop pattern just north

of the Wichitas than they do farther north and east.

To the west of Elk City is a region of horizontal strata

(Tpo) which contrasts with the dipping rocks of the basin

and overlie the latter with unconformity. It is difficult

to determine the dip of bhe strata exposed in the deeper

parts of river valleys in the Oklahoma-Texas Panhandles,

but those exposed in the bluffs and slopes appear horizontal.

Likewise, the uplands appear topped by flat-lying Quaternary

deposits.

Within this region of horizontal strata there is one

slight indication of a broad structure. The Canadian River

flows within a wide, broadly curved valley flowing northeast

in eastern Hutchinson County, Texas, then curving eastward

in northern Roberts County and flowing east-southeast in

northwestern Hemphill County. The rocks in the area belong

to the Tertiary (Pliocene) Ogallala formation. Within the

upper part of this formation there are several layers of

caliche. An attempt was made to map the caliche since

its reflectivity is considerably higher than that of the

rest of Ogallala sediments. Mapping the caliche indicates

that there is a slight nosing of strata in the Roberts-

Hemphill area. The Canadian may breach a slight fold that

is asymmetric, the north side having steeper dips.

However, the caliche is irregular in occurrence, appears

87

to wash out and cover lower slopes in some places, and is

difficult to define and trace on the imagery. As a result,

the inferred structure may be based upon a fortuitous

pattern produced by other conditions. That is, the

caliche may occur in a series of localities such that these

places form an arcuate pattern. Nonetheless, there is the

possibility this broad bend in the Canadian results from

a breaching of an anticlinal feature.

In the southern part of the study site there is an

uplift of faulted and abundantly jointed rocks. The out-

crop of these rocks can be traced from Lawton westward to

the area of Mangum, Oklahoma. These outcrops comprise

the Wichita Mountains (WM). The strongly jointed rocks

can be interpreted from ERTS imagery as exposed basement.

There is another large outcrop of rocks (S) north of this

main mass of basement rock, which is neither obviously

jointed nor layered. The exposure may be interpreted

as sedimentary rocks involved and associated with the

deformation and uplift of the basement rocks to the south.

There is some evidence on the imagery that the Wichita

uplift limits or is involved in the structure of the basin

previously described. There is a trend of tonal and linear

anomalies extending eastward from the Texas-Oklahoma

border near Erick, Oklahoma. It passes just north of the

Wichitas and bends around to the southeast at what appears

to be the eastern end of-the Wichitas near Lawton. Such

a trend might be construed as a fault zone forming a

88

boundary between the basin and the uplift. Another poss-

ibility is that this is a zone of steeply dipping beds

which are the southern flank of the basin. Thus, analysis

of the information interpreted from the ERTS imagery would

lead to the correct conclusion that the area is underlain

by a large west-northwest trending asymmetrical syncline.

89

Recognition of Anomalies

During interpretation of ERTS imagery we identified

a variety of different types of anomalies.

We found fewer than 30 anomalies that could be described

as tonal and fewer than a dozen textural anomalies. The

tonal anomalies are the result of unusual reflectivities

possibly produced by peculiar conditions in the rock, soil,

plant cover or cultural activity in any given locality

(see figure 17).

Where it was possible to identify cultural causes for

a tonal anomaly we eliminated it from further study. Pre-

liminary analysis shows a strong correlation between oil

fields and tonal anomalies. No attempt was made to relate

correlating fields to depth of production or type of trap.

This correlation may not necessarily reflect underlying

geologic conditions but may be fortuitous or result from the

activities of man.

Textural anomalies may be the result of drainage patterns

that are more dense than patterns in adjacent areas. They

may reflect differences in size and shape of agricultural

fields in a cluster, which in turn may reflect anomalous

topographic or soil conditions. Other textural anomalies

appear as a mottled surface surrounded by a surface of more

even overall tone or from indistinct effects which might be

described as "grainy" or "jumbled" or "rough" as opposed to

adjacent "smooth" or regular surfaces. A preliminary

90

-- --- 4-... . L , 0,

ml

: _

... A 0.

F 0'

KC

- -.-.---I----- - - o

rei 0

Figure 17. Compilation of several anomaly types. Included are several circular and arcuateanomalies, two hazy anomalies (H), drainage and topographic anomalies, repeated patterns, tonal(To), textural (Tx) and geomorphic anomalies (Ge).

comparison of maps of textural anomalies to an oil and gas

field map shows some correlation between fields and anomalies.

Textural anomalies need further testing.

We have mapped about 60 "hazy" anomalies (figure 18).

"Hazy" areas appear on the imagery as if image detail is

lost or the scene has been smudged or partially erased.

They are not atmospheric or photographic processing'effects.

The number of these anomalies varies with changes in season,

but many of them persist from season to season. They are

more numerous in western portions of the test site than

in the east. "Hazy" anomalies are located mostly in areas

of Quaternary deposits near major streams and along the

eastern thin edge of Tertiary Ogallala sediments. That is,

they occur mostly in areas with sandy material at the

surface. Some of these anomalies are located on stabilized

dunes as indicated by a check of three areas containing

"hazy" anomalies. Examples are the large anomaly in the

large meander of the Canadian River in Ellis County, Oklahoma,

and several others along the north side of the Canadian in

Texas. However, the correlation with sandy areas is not

entirely consistent. One of the sites checked has no dunes

or thick sand deposits. Published maps also show that some

"hazy" areas are not on sandy surfaces. "Hazy" anomalies

have a high correlation with known producing oil and gas

fields. Most of these fields are stratigraphic traps rather

than structural traps. We did not check against depth of

production. These anomalies may be the result of man's

92

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

1107

,o

SI I _ I

0%0

I s I g o1

Dashed where limits are uncertain.

activities during oil exploitation, they may reflect the

nature of the substrata or may have their origin in some

type of geochemical effect caused by hydrocarbons leaking

from the reservoir or production equipment. "Hazy" anomalies

seem to be unique to ERTS imagery, and are most easily

identified on band 4. Moreover, a brief inspection of

available SKYLAB S190A photographs did not reveal any "hazy"

areas.

The most numerous anomalies (figure 19), are arcuate

or near-circular features which we term closed anomalies.

Most closed anomalies are geomorphic features such as

annular or radial drainage patterns, bends and arcs in

stream valleys, circular or arcuate tonal and topographic

features, field patterns, etc. We believe closed anomalies

hold the most promise for locating potential hydrocarbon

reservoirs. Although other anomaly types may have a higher

correlation with producing fields of all kinds; closed

anomalies show a higher correlation with known subsurface

structures and/or structurally controlled hydrocarbon fields.

Other types of anomalies are numerous. We have marked

many other localities of interest on the basis of drainage

peculiarities, indistinct series of arcuate stream valleys

or arcuate linears, topographic peculiarities, and other

indistinct but interesting patterns, shapes or concentrations

of features. Figure 17 locates some of these anomalies.

The kinds of anomalies discussed above are generally

94

I

o

o -

a It I, P.... .TE oAS _ _ o ol ' \o

o , •. .. . .

I I °. . . -

I*,o

ooo

,O oo a-'- " ---o- . o a ,

-- ---. .....i - --..0

Fgure 19. omplation of cicular ad acuate aomalies. Dashed or dotted where boundaries

ae unce0a .

C11V\

0'

Igo

Figurne 19.'Compilation of circular and arcuate anomalies. Dashed or dotted where boundaries

exclusive. That is, relatively few anomalies of one kind

coincide with anomalies of another kind. For instance, only

5 tonal and textural anomalies coincide, and only 22 closed

and hazy anomalies coincide. There are more than 250 closed

anomalies and about 57 "hazy" anomalies. One method which

might be used for locating promising exploration sites is

to define sites where two or more anomaly types coincide.

On one composite overlay of fall imagery we counted 76 anom-

alous features. We classified these as geomorphic, tonal

and "hazy" areas. Of 76 anomalies, 59 correlate with produc-

ing oil and gas fields, 9 are on known but non-producing

structures, and the remaining 8 could not be correlated

with known features. Twenty-nine geomorphic features are

included. Twenty-three correspond with producing areas,

3 with non-productive structures. Three show no correlations.

Eight of 12 tonal anomalies correlate with production. One

correlates with a known structure and 3 correlate with no

known features. Of 35 "hazy" anomalies,'33 correlate with

producing fields or drilled structures.

On a more recent compilation, after additional inter-

pretation, 42 of a total of 57 "hazy" areas coincide with

producing fields. Six additional areas correlate with known

but non-productive structures. Nine have no correlation

with known structures.

96

Interpretation of Areas of Special Interest

One fruitful method of using ERTS data is to select

small areas and concentrate on refining the original

interpretation by extracting as much information as

possible. We will discuss briefly several sites selected

from previous ERTS interpretations, from high altitude

photographs and from suggestions by our petroleum geologists.

Elk City Area:

The entire Elk City area was identified early in our

studies as a site of particular interest. We first identi-

fied the Elk City Field, South as a closed anomaly. Later

study showed that the anomaly resulted from apparent

concentric or annular drainage. Several prominent, through-

going linears were recorded. Our interpretation is shown

in figure 20. Most earlier interpretations (Natural Petrol-

eum Bibliography, 1961), (Lang, 1955) show the

Elk City structure as an anticline lying in the axis of

the basin. The structure was assumed by some to die out

at depth. Wroblewski (1967) suggested that the anticline

was bounded along its northeast side by a normal fault

trending north 45 0west. It was suggested by Harlton (1972)

that this fault is part of a regional lineament called the

Cordell fault. Scott (1966) published the results of a

gravity traverse in which he interpreted the Elk City

field as a superficial fold associated with a much larger,

97

. -ION "-. ,<..

P. IW120 W

A B C

/ H VA / ... . .

H //

Figure 20. The Elk City structure is shown by subsurfacestructural contours in (A). Producing areas are shaded.ERTS interpretation of the Elk City anomaly is sho-wn in (C).Both figures are at their original scale of 1:1,000,000.(B) is a reduction of an interpretation done from a colorinfrared photo at 1:55,000, scale shown is 1:240,000.This interpretation includes lithology. That the ERTSanomaly is a geomorphic feature is apparent from thephoto-interpretation.

98

deeper-seated fault-bounded structure. He places the axis

of the deep structure about 3t kilometers north of the axis

of the Elk City field.

Our ERTS interpretation located a closed anomaly

directly over the center of production of the field. The

most prominent linears trend north 450 west and north 400

west, bounding the center of the structure. The linear

trending north 45 o west through the southeast part of the

area may represent a fault bounding the deep structure

along its northeast side. One linear running about north

100 west intersects the east end of the Elk City structure

where its axis shifts to an easterly direction at the

township line between 20W and 21W.

Woodward Area:

The subsurface geology of the Woodward area is less

complicated than that of the Elk City area and the fields

of the Wichita frontal zone (Weinkauf, 1968), (Forgotson,

1969).

This area was selected for further study for three

reasons. We had noted several strong linears on high-

altitude infrared photographs of the area, there are several

closed and "hazy" anomalies here and the Morrowan rocks

(lower Pennsylvanian) include a prominent channel sand

body (shaded area in figure 21) at about 2,480 meters below

the surface.

99

--]- " "> -'i / jrA .

1//

22' 20W 8L S ' .

. -1W 20W

-P _E R .. i , /26N J."

24N

Figure 2. . Woodward area.

(A) locates a subsurface channel sand body (Morrowan,

# i, ,,=, -+', 23 N

Pennsylvanian).

(B) shows a variety of anomalies interpreted from ERTS,including: Hhazy, To~tonal, and several closed andarcuate anomalies.

(C) combines ERTS linears with the anomalies. There

20N~ ~ ., .)... .,, ... ..~= ,...

2 2 W 2 0 W IB W I ? O

Figure 21. Woodward area.

(A)is no evidence at the subsurface of the channel sand body (Morrowan,

Pennsylvanian) .

(B) shows a variety of anomalies interpreted from ERTS,including: H=hazy, To=tonal, and several closed and

arcuate anomalies.

(C) combines ERTS linears with the anomalies. There

is no evidence at the surface of the channel or of

structures controlling the location of the channel,with the possible exception of the north-south trending

linears. Scale = 1:1,000,000.

/00oo

We found no evidence of the channel expressed at the

surface. There is a set of linears trending about north-

south which might be interpreted as flanking structures of

the channel. A large closed anomaly and a "hazy" anomaly

coincide with the north Woodward field. A linear trending

about north 40°east flanks the northwest side of the West

Sharon field. It coincides with and extends a linear seen

on the high altitude photos and with a fault appearing in

various interpretations of the West Sharon field.

Buffalo Wallow Field:

This area was chosen for further study because it was

first noted as a closed anomaly on ERTS imagery (figure 22).

The center of the anomaly is a nearly perfect circular

pattern of fields which also appears as a light-toned anomaly

on spring images and coincides exactly with the center of

production in the field, Tutten (1972) and others interpret

the deep structure (below the Morrow or deeper than 2800 m.)

as an anticline closed by normal faults on the north and

east. Although our anomaly exactly coincides with the

field and although the anomaly is bounded by prominent

linears, none of the linears exactly coincides with inter-

preted faults.

Mobeetie Field:

This field, like the Elk City and the Buffalo Wallow

fields, was chosen on the basis of an ERTS anomaly. The

anomaly is not as prominent as those associated with the

101

"QUINDUNO 1''

ASHITA CREEK .

LAKETON 5 N

bOer Elk City

WA"ELK CITY

.O v ERICKBff1

FAU1A WALLO .f WallowDD "IN....

C 0 , a Z R T H ERICKf

o A'BMobeetie o ,OKm.C D 5 .,.

"-os ./ / o .

AEYWASHITA CREEKCREEK

BUFFALO WALLOW =3

o .f \STRUCTIME*' o aB.PEZlN. 111C.

** esyMOBEETIE FIELD

0 WHEM2i11 CONTTEA

+1 '+ ACEBY CREEK a11R11 Co. NW REVDON *s

S* --- LINE OF CROSS SECTION

+ HUNTON GAS 0 8 K.

* MORROW GAS I+ + MORROW GAS-DRY HUNTON 0 5Mi.

. HUNTON NOT PENETRATED

Figure 22. Buffalo Wallow and Mobeetie fields. (A) Tectonic setting of the fields (Sahl, 1970).(B) ERTS interpretations at 1:1,000,000 of Buffalo Wallow and Mobeetie anomalies. (C) Inter-pretation of Buffalo Wallow structure by Tutten (1973). (D) Mobeetie structure according to

Sahl (1970). The ERTS closed anomalies coincide exactly with their respective fields. ERTSlinears may reveal undiscovered aspects of the fault control of the fields.

other two fields. Our interpretation (figure 22) closely

matches published interpretations (Sahl, 1970), (Wroblewski,

1967). We find a partially closed anomaly, flanked by

linears trending north 450 west, overlying the buried

structure.

Published analyses describe Mobeetie as an anticline

flanked by high angle faults; i.e., a horst. Interpretations

of strike of the faults vary from north 450 west to north

700 west.

Cement-Chickasha Area:

One of the most perplexing areas has been the strongly

folded and faulted Cement and Chickasha fields. These

fields were mapped at the surface in 1916 (Withrow, 1967),

from aerial photographs (Trollinger, 1968) and from drilling

data (Herrman, 1961). Although the structures controlling

these two fields are fairly prominent at the surface, we

found nothing to attract our attention to the area, nor were

we able to map the structures when studying the ERTS imagery

specifically for this purpose. Refer to figure 23.

The surficial rock units we mapped correspond closely

with the units of the Cement-Chickasha area as compiled

on the state geologic map at 1:500,000 scale. They include

the Cloud Chief and Rush Springs formations of Permian age

and Quaternary sand associated with the Washita River.

We mapped three closed anomalies, none of which coin-

cides with major structural features in the subsurface.

103

I I<

RIOW R9W iR.IOW. R.9W.R W

7.K1.7f7V - ~~- WHCEMENJ~--

NORTHWESTWE ST CEMENT, EAST CEMENT AND CHICKASA FIELS

MORROW STRUCTURE

T D

~12W lOW 8W 6W

NCN. QN

I, L C- - - , -

Figure 23 • Cement-Chickasha area.

(A) is a published airphoto interpretation of the structure of theCement area (Trollinger, 1968).

(B) is an interpretation of subsurface structure, after Herrman (1961) .

(C) shows an ERTS interpretation of the area. Lithology closely

matches the state geologic map. The linears for the most part

match joint patterns but not faults. Note two closed anomalies.

The Cement and Chickasha fields are shown by the shaded areas.

Scale = 1:1,000,000

(D) shows only ERTS linears. Scale = 1:1,000,000

104

IWEST CE.ENT FIELD -

~~EAST CEMENTFIL

-* N. t - \ ICXASHA

RIOW I 1 9Ai2WWEST CEMENT, EAST CEMENT AND CHICKASHA FIELDS

MOR ROW STRUCTURE

A BC..r'

C D

6 NW

Figure 23 . Cement-Chickasha area.

(A) is a published airphoto interpretation of the structure of the

Cement area (Trollinger, 1968).

(B) is an interpretation of subsurface structure, after Herrman (1961).

(C) shows an ERTS interpretation of the area. Lithology closely

matches the state geologic map. The linears for the most part

match joint patterns but not faults. Note two closed anomalies.

The Cement and Chickasha fields are shown by the shaded areas.

Scale = 1:1,000,000

(D) shows only ERTS linears. Scale = 1:1,000,000

104

None is prominent enough to draw specific attention to the

area.

Two linears parallel but do not coincide precisely

with deep faults associated with the structures. One linear

runs north-northwest along the east side of the Chickasha

field. The other runs northwest through the north side of

the Cement field. There are two other sets of linears

which may reflect subsurface conditions. The north trend-

ing set probably is a result of a joint pattern, based on

our field checks. The northeastward set may represent

crossfaulting at depth (Trollinger, 1968).

105

Enhancement Procedures

We tested several enhancement procedures in order to

evaluate the contribution of enhancement to image inter-

pretation for geologic exploration purposes. Enhancement

included photographic techniques, color additive viewing,

electronic density slicing and edge enhancement, and

various digital operations. From our work, which was not

exhaustive, we drew the following conclusions (these

apply only in the Anadarko Basin, we have not tested

them elsewhere):

* Electronic edge enhancement and density slicing

helped little.

* Photographic techniques are cheap, simple,and

can be quite useful. Techniques used includedhigh contrast printing, gray scale adjustment,and film sandwiches.

* Color additive viewing is flexible and is

useful for enhancing specific features such aslinears, closed anomalies, and lithologicboundaries.

* Digital processes offer the greatest range of

possibilities but must be "fine tuned" foreach area. Unless a completely interactivesystem is available this can be a long process.Techniques that seem to be the most useful aredensity slicing, gray scale adjustment and ratiooperations.

* Several types of enhancement (photographic,

additive color viewing, etc.,) should be triedin any operational program once areas of interestare defined.

We found no enhancement procedure we felt was worth

applying to the area as a whole. However, we are convinced

that as digital iwage processing procedures continue to

develop and be adjusted to specific environments several

106

types of digital preprocessing will become standard before

any interpretation begins.

Using August 1972 imagery we made a preliminary test

of electronic density-slicing and edge enhancement using

an 12 S Digicol. In the Anadarko Basin these procedures

did little to aid interpretation. The area tested lies

in the south central part of the Basin - an area that is

extensively farmed. The problem was that these procedures

either emphasized the boundaries between fields or differences

in the contents of fields, masking inferred lithologic and

structural features. Both of these effects would be desir-

able for conducting a crop inventory, but do not help geologic

interpretation.

It is possible that these techniques would be useful

for detecting differences in surface material, lithologic

boundaries and linear features in other parts of the area

that are less extensively farmed.

Photographic techniques included high contrast printing,

gray scale adjustment and film sandwich techniques. By

making new negatives from the extremely dark positive trans-

parencies and printing these on high contrast paper we were

able to make interpretable 1:250,000 enlargements of the

otherwise unusable fall imagery. We found that high contrast

paper improved the usefulness of greatly enlarged images.

We attempted to produce a useful edge enhancement using

film sandwich (positive and negative of band 7 images).

107

However, no matter which way the transparencies were offset

the technique tended to enhance section line roads rather

than natural linears. We did not test this procedure

throughout the Basin and, as with the electronic enhancement

techniques, the procedure may be useful in areas with less

cultural noise.

One technique we did not try, that could be helpful,

based on work with the Addcol is differencing bands. A

particularly useful combination uses the positive of band

6 or 7 and the negative of the other to produce a new image.

The lighter the area the greater the differences. When

attempted on the additive color viewer this technique enhanced

some inferred lithologic contacts.

An 12S Mini-Addcol was used to make a large number of

color composite images. Several dozen of these were recorded

using a Pentax 35 mm. single lense reflex camera loaded

with Ektacolor Professional color film (ASA 100). A limited

number of 9" x 9" color composite images were made using a

film back built for the Addcol by 12S.

This technique has the great advantage that the inter-

preter can adjust the machine to enhance various features

and can immediately see the results without having to wait

for photo or computer processing. If a desirable combination

is found, it can be recorded on film with reasonable fidelity

using relatively simple equipment. We found that the 9" x 9"

images produced have nearly the resolution of standard color

composites.

108

In addition to producing color composites the viewer

can be used to produce a type of differenced image by using

the positive of one band and the negative of another. Edge

enhancements can be made by using the positive and negative

of the same band and putting the two images slightly out of

registration. Figure 24 is a copy of a 9" x 9" image made

by illuminating a band 6 negative transparency with green

light and a band 7 positive transparency with red light and

offsetting the two images approximately 0.5 mm. to the

northeast. The result brings out subtle differences in

inferred lithology and enhances northwest trending features.

At the same time it suppresses northeast trending linears.

Other additive color products selectively enhanced

one or several features. Figure 25 is a copy of a band

5, 6, and 7 composite, which emphasizes hazy anomalies.

This composite is good for detecting other types of closed

anomalies and linear features. Figure 26 is a copy of a

composite that brings out a strong linear feature that went

undetected until the scene was viewed on the Addcol.

We found additive color viewing to be a very useful

technique. However, a particular combination of bands, filters,

and light intensities which is successful for one scene

must be adjusted for all other scenes and for the same

scene acquired at a different time of year.

Various types of digital processing were attempted

on a test area just south of the Canadian River in the

109

RW0uced from,,,jO able COPY-

Figure 24. Color composite produced on

12S additive color viewer using a nega-

tive of band 6 (green) and a positive

of band 7 (red) and offset to enhance

linear features.

110

CJ

Figure 25. Copy of a false-color compositeof bands 5, 6 and 7. This composite empha-sizes "hazy" anomalies and linears.

111

~ceA 1MCOPY-

Figure 26. A false color composite was made and

photographed, combining a blue filter with band 7,

red with 4 and "white" light with the negative of

6. A previously undetected linear is disclosed as

indicated by the arrows.

112

vicinity of the Aledo field. We did not exhaustively test

digital processing. We wanted to assess the value of various

types of processing in terms of their inclusion in an oper-

ational program without attempting to develop the optimum

set of processes for the Anadarko Basin. The processes

used included gray scale adjustment (histogram equalization),

density slicing and stretching and ratioing. Most of the

results were out put as histograms and shade prints.

From this work we conclude that any major operational

use of ERTS data for petroleum exploration should consider

inclusion of digital processing in the form of gray scale

adjustment for at least one band and ratioing of bands 6

and 7 would probably provide the most generally useful

products. Such a program might involve a considerable

amount of "fine tuning" of the programs to the particular

areas. The above conclusion is based not only on our work,

but work by Bernstein (1973), Goetz et al.(1973), and

Vincent (1973).

We found that gray scale adjustment programs (histogram

equalizations) made many linear features stand out and seemed

to make lithologic differences more obvious. However, it

also made field boundaries and roads more obvious (figures

27 and 28).

A ratio of band 6 to band 7 produced a map in which

differences between agricultural fields almost disappeared,

greatly reducing the cultural noise in the scene. However,

113

-44~

Figure 27. Example of a band 5 digitaldensity stretch (histogram equalization)printed on a Litton printer. Fine details

such as roads, taxi strips at Clinton-Sherman Air Base and lithologic unitsalong the Canadian River are enhanced.

FROTOCRAF MIT rREF-RODUCKBE

Figur2 28. An example of a band 7

density stretch. It is more difficultto distinguish individual Permian rockunits and cultural features in thisimage than it is in figure 27. However,Quaternary units are enhanced.

/19I

differences among some surficial materials also seemed to

be reduced. Nevertheless, based on our limited work and

the reports by Vincent (1973) and Goetz (1973) we are

convinced these problems could be overcome with further

adjustment and testing.

In summary, an operational program should employ

digital processing to enhance selected areas of particular

interest, at least. It seems that as more programs are

developed and costs drop one should consider applying at

least a gray scale adjustment operation to the entire area

of interest.

115

VIII. ROLE OF ERTS-1 DATA IN EXPLORATION STRATEGY

ERTS-1 data are extremely useful during the initial

phases of petroleum exploration, and can make significant

contributions later in the exploration process. Our work

convinces us that by studying ERTS data one can gain an

understanding of regional lithologic and structural relat-

ionships and rapidly focus attention on areas of exploration

interest, even in an area that is as complex and difficult

from the standpoint of surface exploration as the Anadarko

Basin. Once specific areas of interest are identified

one can derive significant detailed information by

detailed interpretation of these areas on ERTS imagery.

We believe that ERTS imagery will be most important in

the exploration of poorly known areas rather than in

highly developed exploration provinces such as the Anadarko

Basin.

Aspects of ERTS interpretation that are important in

the regional analysis phase of exploration are : mapping

inferred lithology and major structural features, such as

the axes of large synclines and anticlines, mapping of

major fracture systems (if they can be separated from

other linears) and mapping of closed anomalies recognized

on the basis of tone, texture, geomorphology or inferred

structure. Interpretation of this type can be used to

postulate the geologic framework of the region and to

focus attention on specific areas. An interpretation of

116

linear features may contribute to overall understanding at

this point, but we found it helped little. This preliminary

interpretation should be done "blind", that is,without

extensive reference to known or published data. Available

data should be used to refine and modify the preliminary

ERTS interpretation and analysis and to arrive at a regional

synthesis of the geology.

Once this preliminary synthesis is complete, areas

chosen as interesting or anomalous can be examined in

greater detail in order to extract as much information as

possible. It is at this level of study that interpretations

of linears become important because the linears may coincide with

or define alinements of anomalies or may contributeto a

greater understanding of specific anomalies. In explored

petroleum provinces features identified as being of

interest in petroleum exploration should be carefully

examined on the ERTS imagery to see if it is possible to

extract additional information or discern regional relation-

ships. These interpretations and analyses can be used to

plan regional reconnaissance, geological and geophysical

programs, and to begin planning more detailed programs for

specific anomalies. Any anomalies identified in the ERTS

imagery almost certainly would be checked on normal air

photographs before undertaking a seismic survey over them.

In addition to providing the interpretive base for

planning regional surveys, ERTS imagery is an excellent map

117

for planning logistics, overflights, the location of

operations bases, etc.

Because of small scale and low resolution ERTS

interpretation can contribute relatively little during the

detailed phases of exploration. In some instances it

could help in choosing a well site (e.g., locating a well

on the side of a river near access roads instead of the

other side). There may be a few instances where ERTS

might be useful in actual selection of a location (e.g.,

extension of known fracture porosity, extension of known

fields, etc.), but these situations are expected to be rare.

In all instances one would want to obtain confirmation with

the more customary exploration tools.

It is necessary, at all levels of ERTS interpretation,

to continuously integrate ERTS imagery, aircraft acquired

imagery, and ground data. This integration enables the

interpreter to fully understand the information content

of ERTS imagery, to form a geological synthesis and pro-

pose the most reasonable hypotheses.

ERTS provides a means of quickly understanding the

geology of an exploration province and it rapidly focuses

attention on features that may be of exploration interest.

We believe these two advantages will be the main contri-

butions ERTS can make to a petroleum exploration program.

These types of information can greatly reduce the amount

of reconnaissance geological and geophysical work necessary

118

and result in a great saving of time and of man power.

119

IX. PROGRAM COSTS AND BENEFITS

The cost of this experiment is easy to calculate. The

cost of obtaining similar or equivalent information by more

customary means is difficult to estimate principally

because there are a variety of options and hence prices

available for obtaining reconnaissance data. Moreover, the

types of data obtained by the two approaches are not

precisely comparable.

An oil company can obtain regional geophysical and

geological data in any one of several ways. It can:

1. Pay for the survey itself and have the data

on a proprietary basis - very expensive.

2. Join a "group shoot" and pay for and obtain

the data jointly with several other companies -

less expensive.

3. Wait until after reconnaissance surveys are

run and then obtain the data essentially

second hand when it has been released by

the group who paid for the survey - least

expensive and least timely.

The second problem of estimating costs is that the

types of information obtained by ERTS and customary

reconnaissance techniques essentially are not comparable.

ERTS interpretation for instance, provides much more

information on closed anomalies and linears (inferred to

reflect fracture patterns) than customary methods.

120

On the other hand, reconnaissance geologic field work and

seismic and aeromagnetic surveys provide a great deal more

detailed and quantitative data than is obtainable from ERTS.

One method of dealing with this problem is to attempt to

estimate the costs of arriving at a particular common

point in an exploration program with ERTS and without ERTS.

The common point we have tentatively chosen for this com-

parison is the point at which one would begin detailed

surface mapping and begin to plan detailed seismic surveys

and geochemical surveys (if indicated).

The ERTS program in order to be comparable to the

conventional program would have to include the cost of

air photo interpretation, reconnaissance geology, and

seismic work over anomalies identified in the ERTS imagery.

For instance, we found approximately 70 anomalies with an

average radius of 8 kilometers and a total area of about

14,000 square kilometers. On the basis of air photo

interpretation and field work one might choose 30 of these

on which to acquire seismic information. Acquisition

of a cross pattern of seismic information (lines) over

these anomalies would require about 900 line kilometers of

seismic work. The cost of the ERTS data are assumed to be

small and are included in the cost of the interpretation.

Using a customary approach to regional exploration

probably would entail acquiring an.air photo interpretation

and reconnaissance seismic coverage over the entire area.

A reconnaissance seismic survey would require about 4,600

121

line kilometers of shooting (covering the 80,000 square

kilometers area on a 30 x 40 kilometer grid). One probably

would want to obtain a standard airphoto interpretation of

the entire area. Anomalies located with regional seismic

work and airphoto interpretations would be covered with a

cross pattern of seismic lines. For purposes of comparison

we assume that about the same number of anomalies would be

examined in both programs. This would require an additional

900 line kilometers of seismic survey.

Both the conventional and ERTS exploration programs

probably would include reconnaissance aeromagnetic surveys

and regional gravity surveys of the entire area. However,

it is probable that the ERTS interpretation could reduce

the amount of gravity data-required. Both programs would

include a review of available geologic information.

In the conventional survey the reconnaissance seismic

and airphoto interpretation would probably be acquired on

a non-exclusive basis. In the ERTS program the air photo

interpretation would probably be acquired on an exclusive

basis so as not to reveal one's intentions. In both surveys

the seismic work over anomalies would almost certainly be

acquired on an exclusive basis. Under this set of assumptions

(probable mode) the conventional program would cost about

1.6 million dollars and the ERTS program would cost approx-

imately 1.1 million dollars. The ERTS program would represent

approximately a 30% savings over the conventional program.

122

Expenses involved in this comparison between a conven-

tional exploration program and an ERTS-based program are

summarized in the following table.

A. Conventional Program

Non-Exclusive Exclusive Probable Mode

of Acquisition

Reconnaissance SeismicSurvey (4600 Kilometers) $400,000* $5,060,000 $ 400,000

Air Photo Interpretation

(80,000 Square Kilometers) 64,000* 160,000 64,000

Reconnaissance SurfaceGeology 200,000 200,000* 200,000

Seismic Survey Across

Anomalies(900 Kilometers) 76,000 990,000* 990,000

TOTAL $740,000 $6,410,000 $1,664 ,000

B. ERTS Program

Non-Exclusive Exclusive Probable Modeof Acquisition

ERTS InterpretationIncluding Comparisonto Air Photos $ 25,000 $ 25,000* $ 25,000

Seismic Survey AcrossAnomalies (900 Kilometers) 76,000 990,000* 990,000

Air Photo Interpretation

of Anomalies(14,000 Square Kilometers)11,200 28,000* 28,000

Reconnaissance SurfaceGeology Over Anomalies(14,000 Square Kilometers) 35,000 35,000* 35,000

TOTAL $147,000 $1,078,000 $1,078,000

*Indicates probable mode of acquiring the data.

Table 2.Comparison of cost of a regional exploration program:A. Using conventional methods, B. Using ERTS data.

The above represents only one of many possible permuta-

tions and combinations of ways in which the data in each

program could be acquired or exactly what data will be

123

acquired. This last factor depends on the area to be

studied and the experience of the exploration group con-

ducting the study. For instance, it is unlikely that al

of the anomalies found in either program would be covered

by seismic lines. A company could very well choose to

examine only part of a basin in detail based on preliminary

seismic work conducted in either program. Thus the prices

of the two approaches may be nearly the same at one extreme.

At the other extreme, the conventional approach would cost

almost twice as much as the ERTS approach. The costs of

both programs are most sensitive to the amount of seismic

data acquired and to the basis on which it is acquired.

The costs of individual elements of the program can

also vary considerably. For example, field geology in all

but the most straight forward well-developed area (good

roads) would certainly cost considerably more. The same

is true of seismic surveys. Because the conventional

program includes a larger proportion of both these

elements, it is probable that,under most circumstances, the

cost ratios will be even more in favor of the ERTS approach

than is indicated here.

Under almost any set of assumptions the ERTS program

could be executed much morequickly than the conventional

program resulting in a considerable saving of time and

technical manpower. The magnitude or dollar value of this

type of savings is almost impossible to estimate.

124

SAPPENDICES

125

APPENDIX A (Cont.)

ERTS-1 Center Point 9.5"X9.5" 70 mm. Color Tape Date CommentsMSS North West Prt. +Trn Neg. Pos. PI Acquired

Frame I.D. Lat. Long. 4567 4567 4567 4567

1240-16523 39 29'100 28'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x 20Mar73 Excellent - air clear, some sn w1240-16525 36 03'100 55'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x " it ,1240-16532 34 39'101 21'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x " i ,1241-16581 37 30'101 54'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 21Mar73 West of study site.1241-16584 36 04'102 21'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " t o , it1241-16590 34 39'102 48'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " i i ,1255-16354 36 04' 96 41'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 4Apr73 East of study site.1255-16361 34 38? 97 07'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " it of t ,,1256-16410 37 30' 97 38'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x 5Apr73 Excellent, no clouds, air clea1256-16412 36 05' 98 06'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x " , e, ,, ,, ,,1256-16415 34 39' 98 33'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x "1257-16464 37 32' 99 05'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x 6Apr73 i i1257-16471 36 07' 99 32'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x " I n1257-16473 34 41' 99 59'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x " .60% Clouds south .1273-16354 36 10' 96 39'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 22Apr73 East of area - scattered cloud1273-16360 34 44' 97 07'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " E o r - cloudy.1274-16405 37 37' 97 35'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x 23Apr73 Excellent1274-16412 36 10' 98 03'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x " ,

1274-16414 34 44' 99 30'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x "1275-16473 34 43'100 00'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 24Apr73 Cloudy

Continued

APPENDIX AImagery Supplied by NASA

ERTS-1 Center Point 9.5"X9.5" 70 mm. Color Tape Date CommentsMSS North West Prt. +Trn Neg. Pos. P T Acquired

Frame I.D. Lat. Long. 4567 4567 4567 4567

1004-16403 34 49' 98 16 xx x x 27July72 Cloud1007-16572 35 42'102 14'xxxx xxxx xx x 30July72 West Xf site1077-16461 36 03' 99 13'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 8 0ct72 Good - 5% clouds in N.1077-16463 34 38' 99 41'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " Good - clear1094-16404 35 56' 97 53'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 2 5 0ct72 Good - 15% clouds in N.1094-16411 34 31' 98 16'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x " Fair - scattered clouds1095-16460 37 37' 98 86 xxxx xxxx xxxx 2 60ct72 Cloudy1097-16582 34 28'102 42 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 2 80ct72 Good - west of site1111-16351 35 51' 96 33 xxxx xxxx xxxx 11Nov72 East of site - cloudy1111-16354 34 25' 97 00' xxxx xxxx xxxx " " 11114-16523 36 00'100 4 8'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 14Nov72 Good - clouds east1114-16525 34 34'101 15'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " " " "1130-16404 37 23' 97 2 8'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x 30Nov72 Good - clear1130-16410 35 57' 97 55'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " " i1130-16413 34 31' 98 2 2 'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x " " - 15% clouds in SE only1131-16462 37 24' 98 54'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x iDec72 " - clear1131-16465 35 58' 99 2 2 'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x " " "1131-16471 34 33' 99 4 9'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x x " " - clear, 5% snow in NW1132-16521 37 22'100 2 1'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x 2Dec72 " - " 30% " " SW1132-16523 35 56'100 4 8 'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x x " - " 50% NW1132-16530 34 30'101 15'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx " " i1220-16405 37 26' 97 3 3 'xxxx xxxx xxxx 28Feb73 Cloudy1221-16473 34 36' 99 55'xxxx xxxx xxx IMar73 Cloudy1222-16531 34 36'101 2 0'xxxx xxxx xxxx 2Mar73 SW of area1223-16590 34 37'102 4 6 'xxxx xxxx xxxx 3Mar73 West of area1237-16354 36 01' 96 39'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x 17Mar73 Excellent - east of area1237-16360 34 34' 97 06'xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x " " , i1238-16410 37 26' 97 3 7'xxxx xxxx xxxx 18Mar73 Fair - scattered clouds1238-16412 36 00' 98 04'xxxx xxxx xxxx " ,,1238-16415 34 35' 98 3 1'xxxx xxxx xxxx

Continued

APPENDIX A (Cont.)

NASA Aerial Photography

70 mm. B/W TIR Scanner

240 mm. Color I-R 1:110,000

240 mm. Color I-R 1:55,000

240 mm. Color 1:110,000

70 mm. Color

70 mm. Color I-R

70 mm. B/W Pan

70 mm. B/W I-R

70 mm. B/W Green

APPENDIX B

ERTS Data ProblemsThe NDPF photographic products used in this study

were generally of high quality. They were clean and

scratchless, well-exposed and of even focus throughout.

Notable exceptions to this statement are listed below:

SCENE ID BAND FORMAT COMMENT

1130-16404 All 70mm. RetiduIated1130-16410

negatives1130-16413

1130-16404 thru 16413 All 9"X9"Prints Very dark,1131-16462 thru 16471 almost black1132-16521 thru 16530

Various color N.A. 9 "x9"Prints Several scrat-composites and trans- ches, several

parencies color stains,several withslight mis-registrationof bands.

1131-16471 All 9"X9"Prints Longitude digitsand trans- scrambled.parencies

Various scenes 6 All Scattered partsEsp. of some scan

lines scrambled.

Various scenes All N.A. Some scenesdeleted entirelyfrom catalogue.Center pointcoordinatesdiffer between

catalogue andimage legend.

129

In addition, there are two problems which persist

throughout the imagery. These are mislocation of

latitude and longitude tick marks and scale problems.

Tickmarks for latitude and longitude are consistently

in error when judged by existing topographic and base

maps. The errors range up to 4 kilometers in any

direction and are not appreciably better on Fall 1972

or Spring 1973 images. Tickmarks locating lines of

latitude and longitude within one kilometer at

1:1,000,000 would be satisfactory for our purposes.

One scene was even found to have the tick marks

rotated slightly so that lines of equal latitudes

run slightly north of east. Consequently, whenever

necessary, we had to determine exact lines of

latitude and longitude for ourselves. We simply

cannot assume the correctness of the lines as located

by tick marks. Scale problems were serious only when

making and using regional maps. Existing U.S.G.S.

base maps are of a scale slightly smaller than

1:1,000,000 while the scale of the images is slightly

greater than this. Mismatch in scale between images

and maps is about 5 kilometers across the study

site (350 km.)

1.30

APPENDIX C

ERTS Descriptor Forms

131

ERTS IMAGE DESCRIPTOR FORM(See Instructions on Back)

NDPF USE ONLY

DATE February 2, 1974 D

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Dr. Robert J. CollinsID ID______

GSFC PR -043

ORGANIZATION Eason Oil Company

PRODUCT ID FREQUENTLY USED DESCRIPTORS*(INCLUDE BAND AND PRODUCT) DESCRIPTORS

la. 1077-16463-M oil field, basementrock, alluvial terrac,lineament, aquifer,lake, alluvium,(RedRiver, Okla.-Texas),

agridultre, braidedstream, erosion

lb. 1077-16461-M lineament, lake, dune

clouds, airfield,(Elk

City, Okla.), (Canadian

River, Okla), basin,

barbed tributary,

alluvial terrace,erosion, oil field,meander, highway,

agriculture, pipelineirrigation, Woodward,

Oklahoma)

2 1094-16404-M lake, braided stream,

Oklahoma City, dam,

salt flat, erosion,

alluvial terrace, barbed tributary, bimarr n

River, Okla., (CanadiaiRiver, Okla., lineame t,

oil field, meander,quarry, airfield,channelized stream,

urban area, highway.

FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).

MAIL TO ERTS USER SERVICESCODE 563BLDG 23 ROOM E413NASA GSFCGREENBELT, MD. 20771301-982-5406

GSFC 37-2 (7/72)


NDPF USE ONLYDATE D

NPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ID

GSFC

ORGANIZATION

PRODUCT ID FREQUENTLY USED DESCRIPTORS*(INCLUDE BAND AND PRODUCT) - DESCRIPTORS

3 1094-16411-M bedrock, basement roc,

ichita Mts., Okla ),Red River, Okla.-Tex.,braided stream,lineament, lake,

meanders, alluvium,oil field, (Norman,

Okla.), clouds,

aquifer, fault, joint,airfield, highway,urban area, quarry

4 1114-16523-M Canadian River, Texas,lake, oil refinery,

oil field, erosion,Pampa, Texas), clouds,

agriculture, irrigation,

Ogallala formation,playa lake, lineament,

plateau, dam, (Borger,Texas

51 '1-1416525-M erosion, (Palo-Duro

Canyon, Texas agri-culture, alluvium,entrenched stream,

lineament, (Amarillo,

Texas) playa lake

*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72)


NDPF USE ONLYDATE D


GSFC

ORGANIZATION


6 1130-16404-M lake, (Arkansas River,

Kansas, salt flat,

lineament, (Wichita,Kansas)


Oklahoma City, dam,

salt flat, erosion,alluvial terrace,barbed tributary,Cimarron River, Okla.,Canadian River, Okla.,lineament, oil field,meander, quarry,airfield, channelizedstream, urban area,highway

8 1130-16413-M bedrock, basement

rock, (Wichita Mts.,

Okla.), (Red River

Okla.-Tex.), braidedstream, lineament,

lake, meanders,

alluvium, oil field,

Lawton, Okla),aquifer,

fault, joint, wild-

life refuge, airfieldFort Sill, Okla.),highway, urban area,

quarry

*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (,/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72) 34


NDPF USE ONLY

DATE D


GSFC

ORGANIZATION

PRODUCT ID FREQUENTLY USED DESCRIPTORS*

(INCLUDE BAND AND PRODUCT) - DESCRIPTORS

9 1131-16462-M lake, salt flat,dune,Cimarron River, Okla-Kansas) lineament,

agriculture

10 1131-16465-M lineament, lake,dune,

snow, airfield,(Elk

City, Okla),(Canadian

River, Okla.), basin,

barbed tributary,

alluvial terrace,erosion, oil field,

meander, highway,

agriculture, pipeline,irrigation, Woodward,

Oklahoma)

11 1131-16471-M oil field, basement

rock, alluvial terrace,

lineament, aquifer,

lake, alluvium,( Red

River, Okla.,-Texas),

agriculture, braided

stream, erosion

*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESE

COLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72) / 3


NDPF USE ONLYDATE D


GSFC

ORGANIZATION


12 1132-16523-M plateau, lake, sanddune, snow,refinery,highway, lineament,dam, agriculture,playa lake, (CanadianRiver, Tex.-Okla.),oil field, irrigation,P ampa, Tex.), (Borger,

Tex.), (Sh amrock, Tex.,

Ogallala formation

13 1132-16530-M erosion, Palo-Duro

Canyon, Tex.), agri-

culture, alluvium,entrenched stream,lineament, (Amarillo,Tex.), playa lake

14 1221-16473-M Red River, Okla..-Tex ),lake, agriculture,wildlife refuge,cloud

15 1237-16354-M OKC,Okla), Tulsa,Okla)No. Canadian R.,Okla),

Cimmaron R., Okla.,)

Arkansas R., Okla.)

lake, Deep Fork R.

16 1237-16360-M Lake Texhoma, Okla.,-Tex)., Arbuckle Mts.,

Okla, lake, Norman,Okla) ,(Red River, Okla,-Tex), bedrock, (Cont.)

r*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (,/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72) ) 3€


NDPF USE ONLY

DATE D


GSFC

ORGANIZATION


(INCLUDE BAND AND PRODUCT) DESCRIPTORS

16 1237-16360-M cotd, anticline, fault,lineament, silt

17 1240-16525-M plateau, lake, sanddune, refinery, high-way, lineament, dam,agriculture, playa la ke,Canadian River,Tex.-Okla.), oil field,irrigation,( Pampa,Tex.) Borger, Tex.),Shamrock, Tex.), Ogal-lala formation

18 1240-16532-M erosion, (Palo-DuroCanyon, Texas), agri-culture, alluvium,entrenched stream,lineament, (Amarillo,Texas.), playa lake

19 1255-16361-M ake Texhoma, Okla.-Tex),(Arbuckle Mts.,Okla.), lake,(Norman,Okla),(Red River, Okli.Tex.), bedrock, anti-cline, fault, linea-ment, silt

*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (./) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72) 131


NDPF USE ONLYDATE D

NPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR IDID______

GSFC

ORGANIZATION


(INCLUDE BAND AND PRODUCT) - DESCRIPTORS


Oklahoma City, dam,

salt flat, dune,

erosion, alluvial

terrace, barbed tri-

butary, (Cimarron R.,

Okla.), (Canadian R.,

Okla.), lineament,oil field, meander,

quarry, airfield,channelized stream,

urban area, highway

21 1256-16415-M bedrock, basement

rock, (Wichita Mts.,Okla.), (Red River,

Okla.-Tex.), braided

stream, lineament,lake, meanders,

alluvium, oil field,awton, Okla.), aquifer,

fault, joint, wild-

life refuge, airfielc

ort Sill, Okla)highway, urban area,

quarry

22a 1257-164c71-M lineament, lake, duneairfield, (Elk City,

Okla.), (Canadian R.,

Okla.), basin, barbed

tributary,alluvial

terrace, erosion, (Co t)

*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72)


NDPF USE ONLYDATE D


GSFC

ORGANIZATION


22a 1257-16471-M oil field, meander,highway, agriculture,ipeline, irrigation,oodward, Okla

22b 1257-16473-M oil field, basementrock, alluvial terrace,lineament, aquifer,lake, clouds, alluvium,

ed River, Okla.-Tex.agriculture, braidedstream, erosion

22c 1274-16412-M lake, braided stream,Oklahoma City, dam,salt flat, dune, ero-sion, alluvial terracarbed tributary,Cimarron R., Okla.,Canadian R., Okla),lineament, oil field,meander, quarry,airfield, channelizedstream, urban area,highway

23 1274-16414-M bedrock, basementrock, (Wichita Mts.,Okla,), braided streamlineament, lake,meanders, alluvium,oil field, aquifer,fault, ioint.(cont.)

*FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (7) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72)


NDPF USE ONLY

DATE D_,


GSFC

ORGANIZATION


23 1274-16414-M wildlife refuge,

airfield, highway,urban area.

FOR DESCRIPTORS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY, WRITE THE DESCRIPTOR TERMS IN THESECOLUMN HEADING SPACES NOW AND USE A CHECK (/) MARK IN THE APPROPRIATE PRODUCTID LINES. (FOR OTHER DESCRIPTORS, WRITE THE TERM UNDER THE DESCRIPTORS COLUMN).


GSFC 37-2 (7/72) 0

APPENDIX DAcronyms

CCT Computer Compatible Tapes

EOC Eason Oil Company

IR Infrared

MSS MultiSpectral Scanner

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NDPF NASA Data Processing Facility

OGS Oklahoma Geological Survey

RBV Return Beam Vidicon

SAC Strategic Air Command

SLAR Side Looking Airborne Radar

TIR Thermal Infrared

141

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Anderson, E. M. (1951), The dynamics of faulting and dykeformation with applications to Britain 1972, reprintof 1951 edition: Hafner Pub. Co., N. Y., 206 pp.

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143

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144

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145

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146

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147

Tutten, William D., (1973), Geology and development ofWashita Creek field: Shale Shaker, v.23, n.8, p. 180.

Vincent, R. K. (1973), Ratio maps of iron ore depositsAtlantic City district, Wyoming: Nat. Aeronauticsand Space Admin. Symposium on significant 'resultsobtained from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite-l.Washington, D. C., March 5-9, NASA SP-327, v.1, sec.A, p. 379.

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148

Maps

Amsden, T. W. and Rowland, T. L. (1967), Geologic maps

and stratigraphic cross sections of Silurian strata

and lower Devonian formations in Oklahoma: Okla.

Geol. Survey, Map GM-14.

Arbenz, J. K. (1956), Tectonic map of Oklahoma: Okla.

Geol. Survey, Map GM-3.

Barnes, V. E., director, Geologic Atlas of Texas: Univ.

of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Scale: 1:250,000

Amarillo Sheet, (1969)Perryton Sheet, (1970)

Plainview Sheet, (1968)

Jones, V. L. and Lyons, P. L. (1964), Vertical intensity

magnetic map of Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey,

Map GM-6.

Jordan L. (1962), Geologic map and section of pre-Penn-

syvanian rocks in Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey,

Map GM-5.

Jordan, L. (1966), Oil and gas fields of Oklahoma: Okla.

Geological Survey, Map GM-10.

Lyons, P. L. (1964), Bouguer gravity - anomaly map of

Oklahoma: Okla. Geol. Survey, Map GM-7.

Miser, H. D. (1954), Geologic map of Oklahoma: U.S. Geol.

Survey and Okla. Geol. Survey, Scale 1:500,000.

Oetking, P. F. and Feray, D. E. (1963), Geological highway

map of Texas: Dallas Geological Society.

Oetking, P. F., Feray, D. E. and Renfro, H. B. (1966),

Geological highway map of the mid-continent region,

Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas: Am. Assoc.

Petrol.Geologists, U.S. Geological Highway Map

Series, Map No. 1.

Petroleum Information Corp. (1971), Oil and gas road map

of Oklahoma.

Tarr, R. S., Jordan, L. and Rowland, T. L. (1965), Geologic

map and section of pre-Woodford rocks in Oklahoma:

Okla. Geol. Gurvey, Map GM-9.

149

Documents

PRICES SUBJECT TO - NASA · AN EVALUATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF ERTS DATA FOR THE PURPOSES OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION Robert J. Collins, Frederic P. McCown, Leo P. Stonis,