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Preview Starting Points Map: European Centers of Learning Main Idea / Reading Focus Dawn of Modern Science Quick Facts: The Scientific Method Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math. The Scientific Revolution. Preview , continued Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Preview• Starting Points Map: European Centers of Learning• Main Idea / Reading Focus • Dawn of Modern Science• Quick Facts: The Scientific Method• Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
The Scientific Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Preview, continued• Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry• Science and Society • Faces of History: Galileo Galilei• Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and RevolutionClick the icon to play Listen to History audio.
Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Reading Focus• What changes led to the dawn of modern science?• What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during
the Scientific Revolution?• How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and
chemistry?• How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect
society?
Main IdeaNew ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.
The Scientific Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways.
• Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe
• Geocentric theory, Aristotle– Earth center of universe– Sun, moon, planets revolved
around sun• Ideas upheld by church,
accepted authority for European intellectuals
The Old View• Scholars began to challenge
traditional authorities, 1500s• Scientific Revolution, new
way of thinking• Posed theories, developed
procedures to test ideas• Why open to new ideas?
– Exploration – New lands, new people, new
animals
New Viewpoints
Dawn of Modern Science
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Dawn of Modern Science
Ancient scholars could provide no information about new lands, people, animals
• Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely
• Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients
• Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic knowledge
• Scientists examined natural world, found it did not match ancient beliefs
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
• Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge
• Rene Descartes, reason key• Believed everything should be
doubted until proved by reason• Relied on math, logic• Ideas of both continue to
influence modern scientific methods
Scientific Method Scholars
• Scientific Method• Identify problem• Form hypothesis• Perform experiments to test
hypothesis• Record results• Analyze results, form
conclusion
New Approach to InvestigationThe Scientific Method
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Find the Main Idea
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Early scientists• Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math• Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world• Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first
Copernicus’ theory• Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new• Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process• Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system
Copernicus• Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate• Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system• Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Weaknesses of theory• Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well• Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses• Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres• Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life• Knew church would oppose work• Work contradicted teachings of church
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Brahe, Danish Astronomer• Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible
star• Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth• Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II• Gave Brahe money to build two observatories
• Brahe used observatories• Developed system to explain
planetary movement• Believed sun revolved around earth• Other five known planets revolved
around sun
Observations
• Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from measurements of planets
• Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death
Kepler, German Mathematician
Brahe and Kepler
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Kepler’s Solution
Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory
• Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle• Kepler found assumption untrue• Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse• Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved
heliocentric theory correct• Kepler’s mathematical solar system model also correct
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
More support• Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Built first telescope used for
astronomy• Scanned heavens beginning in
1609
Change in science world• Isaac Newton, English scientist • Brought together astronomy,
physics, math• Wondered about gravity
Starry Messenger• Galileo described discoveries • Craters on moon, sunspots• Saturn, moons of Jupiter• Milky Way made up of stars
Principia• Book explained law of universal
gravitation • Gravity affects objects on earth,
also in universe• Keeps planets in orbit
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Newton’s Findings
Newton developed calculus, new kind of math• Used calculus to predict effects of gravity• German philosopher Gottfried von Leibniz also developed
calculus at same time• Each accused the other of plagiarism• Historians believe it was simple case of independent
discovery
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Contrast
How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their views of the universe?
Answer(s):
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry.
• European Middle Ages doctors relied on Greek, Galen
• Galen’s works inaccurate
• Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius became known for work in anatomy
Biology• Used bodies of
executed criminals for dissection
• Hired artists to produce accurate drawings
• On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543
Vesalius• English physician,
early 1600s• Observed, explained
workings of human heart
• Described blood, circulatory system functions
William Harvey
Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Robert Hooke• English physician, inventor• Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at
microscopic level• Credited with creating the term cell
Antony van Leeuwenhoek• Dutch scientist, 1600s• Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope• First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other
microorganisms
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
• French chemist, 1700s• Developed methods for precise
measurements• Discovered law of Conservation
of Mass, proved matter could not be created, destroyed
• Recognized, named oxygen, introduced metric system, invented first periodic table
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier• Father of modern chemistry• First to define element• The Sceptical Chemist, 1661,
described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called atoms)
• Changes in matter occurred when clusters rearranged
• Boyle’s law - temperature, volume, pressure affect gases
Robert BoyleChemistry
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Summarize
What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry?
Answer(s):
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.
As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
• Church most powerful institution in Europe, Middle Ages
• Primary resource for knowledge, learning
• Cathedral schools, universities trained people to run the church
Science and the Church
Science and Society
• Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity
• Church explained world through inspiration, revealed truth
• Science explained world through logical reasoning
Conflicts
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Galileo’s Theories• Brought him into direct conflict with the church• Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus• Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support
House Arrest• Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work• Received lenient sentence in return• Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life
Trial• Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition• Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views• Trial held, April 1633
Science and the Church
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Renaissance• Study of art, architecture not
separate from study of science• Artists learned anatomy in order
to paint the body
Architecture• Mathematics, physics crucial to
great architecture• Also used in engineering
achievements of the time
Artists• Experimented with chemistry of
paints, nature of light • Used math to create
compositions of perfect balance
Science and religion• Combined to produce great
artistic achievements of Renaissance
• Most art, architecture dedicated to glory of God
Science and Art
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Science and Community
Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world
• Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry
• Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture• Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause
philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 1Enlightenment and Revolution
Draw Conclusions
How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?
Answer(s):