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NATURAL HAZARDS

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF MASONRY HOUSES

NATURAL HAZARDS

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

OF MASONRY HOUSES

For masons and craftsmen

MARCIAL BLONDET

Editor

SENCICO

Technical Consultant: Ing. Carmen Kuroiwa

Technical Consultant: Ing. Gabriela Esparza

AUTHORS

PUCP

Director: Dr. Eng. Marcial BlondetConstruction: Eng. Iván Bragagnini

Structures: Mag. Eng. Gianfranco Ottazzi

Architecture: Arch. Mariana Bidart

Research Assistant: Eng. Nicola Tarque

Research Assistant: Eng. Miguel Mosqueira

Design and edition: Arch. Mariana Bidart

Art: Mr. Víctor Sanjinez

Translation: Eng. Gladys Villa Garcia


Second edition: January 2005Version 3.0

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF MASONRY HOUSESFor masons and craftsmen

© Marcial Blondet

© Pontificia Universidad Católica del PerúUniversity Avenue, San Miguel, Lima 32, PeruPhone 626-2000E mail: [email protected]

© SENCICOCanada Avenue 1568, San Borja, Lima 41, PeruPhone 475-3821E mail: [email protected]

Total or partial reproduction of this publication by any means is permitted al long as the source iscredited.

Printed in Peru

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the following persons and institutions for their help in the elaboration of thisbooklet:

- To PUCP students Miguel Baca, Joen Bazán, Michael Dueñas, Roberto Flores, Sandra Godenzi, JohanLaucata, José Puente, Paúl Rojo and Carla Valdivieso. They visited various cities of the Peruviancoast to collect information about informal constructions.

- To engineers Julio Arango, Antonio Blanco, Carlos Casabonne, Héctor Gallegos, Gerardo Jáuregui,Alejandro Muñoz, Pablo Orihuela, Julio Rivera and Ángel San Bartolomé. All of them reviewed apreliminary version of this booklet and contributed with valuable suggestions.

-To Professor Richard Klingner for his contributions to the second version of the booklet and for hisreview of the translation from Spanish to English.

- To the Dirección Académica de Investigación (Academic Direction of Research) of the PUCP and toSENCICO for the economic support given to carry out on-site activities and to develop this booklet.

- To the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) of California, U.S.A. for the funding of thesecond printing of this booklet.

In appreciation

The authors wish to state that they have been inspired and have taken material from the followingexcellent booklets about masonry construction:

- Gallegos, Ríos, Cassabonne, Ucelli, Icochea and Arango. 1995. Construyendo con ladrillo(Building with Brick), CAPECO, Lima, Perú.

- Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica (Colombian Association of EarthquakeEngineering). 2001. Manual de construcción, evaluación y rehabilitación sismo resistentede viviendas de mampostería (Handbook for construction, evaluation and seismicrehabilitation of masonry houses). AIS, Colombia.

NATURAL HAZARDS

For Virgilio Ghio C.


6Chapter 1: Natural Hazards

Natural hazards in Peru1

Earthquakes2

8Chapter 2: The earthquake resistant house

3

1 Adequate locations

Inadequate locations2

The safe house

The earthquake resistant house

4 Configuration of an earthquake-resistant house

The unsafe house5

6

7 Components of the building utilities

Chapter 3: Construction of a safe house 18

Confining beams

Drawings and other administrative procedures

Cleaning and leveling the land

Layout

Construction of the foundation

Column rebar assembly

Walls

Pouring concrete in confining columns

Lightweight slab

Stairs

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

48

Efflorescence

Corrosion of reinforcing steel

Cracked walls

Chapter 4: Maintaining your house

Wall moisture

1

2

3

4

53Chapter 5: Plans for your house

Why are drawings useful?

The design of your house

Sample house plans

1

2

3

82References

83Appendix

Quantity of walls in an earthquake-resistant house

Schedule of material quantities

Concrete types

1

2

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NATURAL HAZARDS

5

Peru is located in aseismic area. Fromtime to timeearthquakes occurwhich affectinadequatelyconstructed houses,causing majordamage and in manycases partial or totalcollapse.

In this booklet wewill show you howto build earthquake-resistant houses.Remember theimportance ofconsulting a CivilEngineer beforepreparing yourdrawings andconstructing yourhouse.

INTRODUCTION


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1 Natural hazards in Peru

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CHAPTER

NATURAL HAZARDS 1

Many regions of our country arevulnerable to natural hazardssuch as avalanches, floods orearthquakes. It is important tounderstand the effects of thesenatural phenomena to decide whereand how to build safe houses.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

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ECUADOR

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COLOMBIA

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What type of damage can earthquakes produce?

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IC O

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7

2 Earthquakes

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Earthquake risk is not the same in alllocations. That is why the National

Construction Code has divided Peru inthree seismic regions. The region of

greatest seismic risk is the coast.

Earthquakes can produce significant damageto inadequately designed and constructedhouses. For example, parapets can fall,window glass can break or walls can crack.Houses with severe structural problems cancollapse, causing major material loss, seriousinjury to its occupants and even theregrettable loss of lives.

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1 Adequate locations

8

2 Inadequate locations

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THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSECHAPTER

2

Safe places to build houses are those locatedfar from areas where natural hazardsmay occur. The best location is flatterrain, with stable and strongground consisting of rock or gravel.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

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THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSE

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Recommendations

Walls confined by beams and columns resist earthquakes. If you want your house to be

earthquake-resistant, we recommend that it should have the greatest possible quantity of

confined walls in both directions.

Partition walls, made with lightweight hollow clay tile, are used only to separate rooms inside the

house.

3 The earthquake-resistant house

10

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A confined brick masonry earthquake-resistanthouse is designed and constructed so thatits walls are able to resist earthquakes.Its plan view must be simple andsymmetrical. Its bearing wallsmust be well constructedand must always beconfined by reinforcedconcrete columnsand beams.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

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4 Layout of an earthquake-resistant house

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NO

11

If you want your house to resist earthquakes successfully, your design must have agood shape and an adequate distribution of walls.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

13

NO YES

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5 The unsafe house

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NATURAL HAZARDS

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6 The safe house

15


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7 Components of the Building Utilities

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A well conceived house should have functionalelectrical and plumbing utilities. Here are themain components for each installation process.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

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1 Drawings and permits (or other administrative procedures)

18

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Before starting work, clean the ground well.Remove all trash, construction debris,organic material and loose soil.

2 Cleaning and leveling the land

Once you buy your parcel of land in anadequate location, you must design your

house. If it is possible, get advicefrom an engineer or an architect for

the design of the house and thedrawings. You can approach your

local municipality to obtain helpwith your drawings and to find out if your house can

also be used for abusiness. Remember that

the construction of yourhouse must be formalized

by registering it in yourtown hall.

CHAPTER

CONSTRUCTION OF A SAFE HOUSE 3

NATURAL HAZARDS

Leveling the land

The construction sitemust be level, andabove the drainpipesfor your area.To level the siteyou must cut andfill the ground, sothat ultimately it iscompletely flat at therequired level.

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After marking allthe stakes,measure oneach one thedistance betweenthe mark and thelevel of thenatural terrain.

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CONSTRUCTION OF A SAFE HOUSE

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The layout is used to show the positionon the ground where the foundationof your house will be constructed.Construct several guideposts fromwood stakes. N0#1%;(&,&

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3 Layout

20

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NATURAL HAZARDS

Recommendations

Hard soils such as rock or gravel are the best foundation soils. Gravel is made up of different size

stones and course compact sands. Sometimes it is difficult to excavate these soils with a shovel and

you have to use a large drill.

Find out about the footings of nearby houses. If nearby houses have settled under their weight, then

your foundation should be wider and deeper than that of your neighbors.

21

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Construct stepped footings

when the terrain is sloped.

Stepped footing

Continuous footing

In the following drawing you cansee the minimum requiredfooting dimensions.

4 Construction of the Foundation

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You can do this simple test.

If your soil is not gravel or rock, how can you recognize what type it is?

9.%*#$$%)*&#1%&(-*,.%*,)%$2.%&+0&,*<%*!&"%),#2!6* !&;(&&#<6%7

9.%*<(,,(++0&,*<%*6%"%6%1/26%!$*!$14#,.(0,*6((&%&(#67

9.%*,)%$2.%&*+0&,*<%*26%!$*!$1*-)%%*-)(+*!$=*()5!$#2*2(+;($%$,&7

Excavating the foundation trenches

If it is difficult to

level the bottom of

the trench, you can

pour a poor

concrete mix

(1:10) so that the

bottom of the

trench is level.

Q#5*!*.(6%*****#$*,.%5)(0$1*_

*+%,%)*1%%;*!$1*,!3%*(0,*!

&!+;6%*(-&(#67

C-*+()%*,.!$*.!6-*#&*&!$1/,.%*&(#6*#&*<5$QS

C-*+()%*,.!$*.!6-*#&*26!=/*,.%&(#6* #&#IA5S

IDJL<J9P

22

Dig out the foundation

trenches using thechalk marks as

guidelines.

######E6!2%*!*;(),#($*(-*******,.%*&(#6&!+;6%*#$*!,)!$&;!)%$,<(,,6%0$,#6* #,* #&($%*,.#)1-0667*J11!$(,.%),.#)1(-*4!,%)*!$1($%*&;(($-06(-*&!6,7

########<.!3%,.%*<(,,6%

&,)($56=* 0$,#6,.%*+#U*#&0$#-()+7

######A%,*,.%******+#U,0)%&%,,6%-()gc.(0)&7

<CDH

########8%!&0)%,.%*.%#5.,*(-*&!$1/26!=*!$1

* &#6,7

NATURAL HAZARDS

_*h*`*2+

)%&,*h

*g`*2+

_*h*`*2+

c*h*_b*2+

c*h*_b*2+

g*h*_`*2+

:((,#$5

Before pouring the footing

Placing installations

Always leave some

tolerance in the

footing so that pipes

are not trapped.

Wetting thetrenches

L%,*,.%*,)%$2.%&*<%-()%;(0)#$5*2($2)%,%*-()*,.%-(0$1!,#($7

Recommendations

You can leave holes in the foundation for the pipes, using larger-diameter pipes. Before pouring

concrete for the foundation, fill the pipes with sand and seal them temporarily.

Never leave sand bags in the foundation to provide holes for crossing pipes.

23

Standing column reinforcing bars

Assemble thereinforcing bars foreach column. Then

stand the assembly inplace where the column

will be. On page 26you will find details.

9(*!&&0)%*,.!,,.%*&,%%6!&&%+<6#%&*!)%!64!=&*"%),#2!6/-!&,%$*,.%+*4#,.i*e*4#)%7

**E6#$,.

I($2)%,%*&;!2%) *g`*2+

9.%*&,%%6*<!)&*(-,.%*2(60+$&*)%&,($*,.%*<(,,(+*(-

,.%*-(0$1!,#($*!$1+0&,*<%*<%$,*4#,.

!$*!$2.()!5%6%$5,.*(-*g`*2+

_`*2+*+#$#+0+

_`*2+*+!U#+0+

_b*2+*+#$#+0+

Have the utilities and plumbing for yourhouse ready before laying the foundations.

The pipes must never pass through anyreinforced concrete element such as

columns, beams or roof joists.

Pipes crossing continuous

footings must have a diameter

less than 15 cm (6 in.)

Tolerance

_`*2+*+#$#+0+

If it is necessari for pipes to

pass over the footing, try to

make sure that all of them

cross at the plinth.7


5&&%+<6=*&,#))0;&


Steel reinforcementin the plinth

4%+%+<%)*,.!,*,.%*2($2)%,%+0&,*$(,*)%+!#$*)(,!,#$5*#$*,.%

+#U%)*-()*+()%*,.!$*[*+#$0,%&7

_b*2+

It is better if you rent a small-capacity mixer toprepare concrete. This will help control qualityand save materials. Pre-assing the peoplewho will help you mixi and pour the concrete.

Pouring concrete for the foundation

E(0)*2($2)%,%*-()*,.%*-(0$1!,#($4#,.*4.%%6<!)(4&7*J&;(0)#$5*2($,#$0%&/1)(;*<#5*&,($%&#$*,.%-(0$1!,#($,)%$2.%&7

M%*2!)%-06,(*%$&0)%*,.!,*%!2.&,($%*#&*2(+;6%,%6=2("%)%1*<=*2($2)%,%7

24

>#>Z?*<023%,&*(-4!,%)

>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,

I'+7.*/*#J'.#/)*#J'1+;-/%'+

>[*<023%,&*(-!55)%5!,%

@[\##$*"(60+%*(-*<#5&,($%&*S+!U#+0+*&#j%_b*#$7T

W(0$1!,#($&*!)%*+!1%*(-*&#+;6%2($2)%,%7

8 #$ #+0+[b*2+

_b*2+

<6!<*($5)!1%

C-*=(0)*&(#6#&*&!$1=*()26!=#&./* #,#&*<%,,%),(*;6!2%*&,%%6)%#$-()2%+%$,#$*,.%*;6#$,.7

Q(*$(,*;6!2%*<#5*&,($%&$%!)*,.%*2(60+$&7

D%!"%*!;;)(U#+!,%6=*[b2+*($*%!2.*&#1%*(-*,.%

2(60+$*-)%%*(-<#5*&,($%&7

*eb*2+

E"%+/)#H*-,

k*#$7&,#))0;&*%"%)=

gb*2+

8#$#+0+)%#$-()2%+%$,c*l*[me*#$7

NATURAL HAZARDS

Concrete for the plinth

I'+3/.17/%'+]'%+/3

When you finish pouring concrete on the plinth,scratch the upper surface with a nail so that

the mortar of the first layer sticks well.

You can hand mix the concrete for the plinth. Clean a flat area where the mix will beprepared. A concrete floor is desirable. Mix the dry materials and then add water. If themix is not workable, you can add a little more water. Wet the forms with water beforepouring. To pour the concrete you can use buckets or wheelbarrows. Remember not toplace big stones in areas near columns.

The plinth

25

>#>ZY#<023%,&*(-4!,%)

9.%*;6#$,.*1(%&*$(,*)%?0#)%&,%%6*)%#$-()2%+%$,7

I'+7.*/*#J'.#("%+/)#%+#J%.,#3'%"

^*<023%,&*(-*!55)%5!,%

?X\##$*"(60+%*(-*+%1#0+*&#j%*&,($%&S+!U#+0+*&#j%*c*#$7T

?*<023%,&*(-*!55)%5!,%

>*<023%,*(-*4!,%)

I'+7.*/*#J'.#("%+/)#%+#"''3*3'%"#_3-+;#'.#7"-K`

M0#61*!*)%#$-()2%1*;6#$,.*,(;)%"%$,*2)!23#$5*(-*,.%*4!66&

10%*,(*&%,,6%+%$,*(-*,.%5)(0$1**&(#67

>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,

Y*"(60+%&*(-*2)0&.%1&,($%*S+!U#+0+*&#j%[mc*#$7T

C-*=(0*$%%1*,(*&,(;*;(0)#$52($2)%,%*($*,.%*-(0$1!,#($*()

,.%*;6#$,./*6%!"%*!1#!5($!6*'(#$,*4#,.%U;(&%1*&,($%&7


>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,


Reinforcement

C,*#&*"%)=*#+;(),!$,*,.!,*,.%*.((3&*&,!=#$*,.%*#$,%)#()*(-*,.%*2(60+$/*&(*,.!,

*,.%=*4()3*!1%?0!,%6=7

</%..1(#H*+;%+F

I())%2, C$2())%2,

E"-+#6%*G

26

f7`*2+

8!U

#+0+

*-)%

%*.%#5.

,B*g7cb*+

#8!U#

+0+**

1#&,!$

2%*<%,

4%%$*

2(60+

$&B*c7

`b*+

:((,#$5

I(60+$

I(66!)<%!+

L!66

5 Column rebar assembly

Dimensions

A%"%6*(

-*&6!<

*($*5)

!1%

9.%*+#$#+0+*2)(&&*&%2,#($*(-2($2)%,%*2(60+$&*.!&*,(*<%

g`*2+*U*,.%*4!66*4#1,.7

9.%*+#$#+0+2("%)#$5*-()*&,%%6

)%#$-()2%+%$,#&*g7`*2+

+%!&0)%1*,(*,.%*&,#))0;7

<,)%,2.%)*4!66S6($5*1#)%2,#($

(-*<)#23*;!)!66%6,(*,.%*;6!$%*(-

,.%*4!66T

B%!1%)*4!66*S6($51#)%2,#($*(-*<)#23;%);%$1#206!)*,(*,.%;6!$%*(-*,.%*4!66T

Minimum reinforcementfor columns is 4 j 3/8 in.steel bars. Columnstirrups are ! in. andhave to be placed withthe following spacing:1@ 5 cm + 4 @ 10 cm+ the rest @ 25 cm oneach end. The distancesbetween stirrups aremeasured startingfrom the plinth upwardsand from the collarbeam downwards.

H)=*,(*!6,%)$!,%*,.%;(&#,#($*(-*,.%&,#))0;n&*.((3/*&(*,.!,#,*#&*$(,*6(2!,%1*#$*,.%&!+%*2()$%)*(-*,.%2(60+$7

NATURAL HAZARDS

_bb*o*&;6#2%&*#$($%*2)(&&*&%2,#($

A($$%2,*,.%*&,%%6*<!)&4#,.#$*,.%*2%$,)!6*,.#)1*(-

,.%*-)%%*.%#5.,*(-*,.%2(60+$7

Fm[

E)(,%2,*,.%;)(,)01#$5*)%<!)&;6#2%*6%$5,.*4#,.4%!3*2($2)%,%*_B_b

`*2+

Rebar splices in columns

Recommendation

Never weld steel reinforcing bars.

Never lap splice 4 barsin the same-crosssection along thecolumn because thisweakens the column.

$D##########################S!<

C-*=(0*<0#61*($6=*,.%*-#)&,*-6(()/6%!"%*;)(,)01#$5*)%<!)*-()*-0,0)%*2($&,)02,#($*(-**,.%*&%2($1*-6(()7

B%#5.

,*SF

T

Fm[

</**" <("%7*#"*+F/)

@Z^#%+a####cb*2+

>Z?#%+a*****`b*2+

<;6#2%

6%$5

,.

27

`bo*&;6#2%&*#$($%*2)(&&*&%2,#($

H.%*+#$#+0+2($2)%,%2("%)#$5*-(),.%*&,#))0;#&*g7`*2+

9#%*4#,.*i

_p*4#)%


<;6#2%*.!6-*,.%*<!)&*!,*($%*.%#5.,*(-,.%*2(60+$

*!$1*,.%*)%&,*!,*!*1#--%)%$,

.%#5.,7

<;6#2%

6%$5

,.

<;6#2%6%$5,.

Fm[


28

Recommendation

Always use fresh mortar. Do not use mortar that is starting to harden.

The mortar

6 Walls

Preparing the bricks

The day before building the walls,clean the bricks and water themfor 20 minutes. Then,let them rest.

L%,*,.%*0;;%)*;!),*(-*,.%;6#$,.*4#,.*!2%+%$,*;!&,%7

E6!2%&,)!#5.,%15%&,(*2($,)(6*,.%4#1,.*(-.()#j($,!6'(#$,&7

E6!2%*50#1%*<)#23&*!,,.%*%$1&*(-*,.%*4!66&!$1*2($$%2,*,.%+,%+;()!)#6=*4#,.*!&,)#$57*H.#&*4#66.%6;*4#,.*,.%!6#5$+%$,*(-,.%*<)#23&#$*%"%)=6!=%)7

######9.%*0;;%)*;!),*(-*%!2.*6!=%)*.!&*****,(*<%*6%"%67

First course

</.-%F)/*;F*

L((1%$&,)!#5.,%15%

To preparemortar use one

bucket ofcement with 5

buckets ofclean coarse

river sand.

9.%$*!11*4!,%)*!&=(0*2($,#$0%*4#,.,.%*2($&,)02,#($

*(-*,.%*4!66&7

Before setting the first layer, place thebricks without mortar to determinethe brick setting pattern.

:#)&,/1)=*+#U

,.%*2%+%$,!$1*,.%*&!$17

NATURAL HAZARDS

Constructing the wall

Use theplumb-bob

at every layer to make sure

the wall is vertical.

Levelcontrol

E"-7%+F#/)*#H.%723

E"-7%+F#/)*#,'./-.

#####B!$1*6%"%6

E60+<R<(<

For the construction of the first course, place mix uniformlyover the plinth using a bricklayer’s trowel. Set thebricks over the mix and verify that their edges touchthe strings that connects the guide bricks.To set successive layers, place the mix over theimmediately below and fill the vertical joints completely.

Horizontal and verticaljoints

9(*<%,,%)*&%,*,.%*<)#23.#,*#,*6#5.,6=*4#,.,.%*.!$16%*(-,.%,)(4%67

29

_*,(*_7`*2+

_*,(*_7`*2+

Do not leave jointsmore than 1.5 cm thick.Joints that are too thickwill weaken the wall.

9)(4%6


#O&%*!*&+!66*4((1%$<(!)1*,(*;)%"%$,*,.%

%&2!;%*(-*+(),!)*!,*,.%*'(#$,&7


VVVVV

Daily progress

Do not raise the wall more than 1.20 m high each working day. If you raise a greaterwall height, it might fall because the mortar mix will still be fresh.

Column-wall connection

If you decide not to leave a toothed walledge, place 2 # 8 wires every two layers

anchored 50 cm inside the wall.

Leave toothed edges at the sidesof the wall next to every column toprovide adequate confinement forthe wall.

`b*2+

30

`b*2+

C$*,.%*-(0$1!,#($*!$1*,.%;6#$,.*1(*$(,*;6!2%*<#5*&,($%&

$%!)*2(60+$&7

g`*2+ g`*2+

_7gb*+

`*2+

g7`*2+

Q*/-%"#'J#/)*###/''/)*;#G-""######*;F*

NATURAL HAZARDS

Electrical installations in the walls

i_p*>#)%

g`2+

*ie*>#)%

Drain and ventilation pipes

:#66*,.%*-!6&%2(60+$&*4#,._Bp*-60#1*2($2)%,%7

D0,6%,

Embed electrical conduit inside false columnsthat are formed between toothed walls,without steel and filled with 1:6 concrete.

!6%2,)#2!6* &4#,2.E#;%

Embed the drain and ventilationpipes inside false columns that areformed between the toothed walls.Place #8 wire every three layersand wrap the pipes with #16 wire.

98\8K>8JZ89*HF8

*>JDD*OK8JZC9Q*CH*HGIDJA8* 8D8AHKCAJD

AG9PMCH*GKJAA8EEGKC8E


31


7 Pouring concrete in confining columns

After the walls are built, attach formwork to the walls for the confining columns. It isbetter if you use a portable concrete mixer to prepare concrete for columns. Use bucketsto carry the concrete mix from the mixer to the upper part of the formwork.Carefully pour the concrete inside the forms.

Formwork and pouring

9(*;)%"%$,*,.%!;;%!)!$2%*(-*!#);(23%,*#$*2(60+$&*0&%*!2($2)%,%*+#U*4#,.*6%&&&,($%*#$*,.%*-#)&,<!,2.%&7

T#<)!,%*2($2)%,%4#,.*!*6($5*)(1

,(*;)%"%$,!#)*;(23%,&7

A#5.,6=*.#,,.%*-()+

%U,%)$!66=4#,.*!)0<<%)

.!++%)7

O&%*!;60+<R<(<,(*"%)#-=*,.!,*,.%-()+4()3*#&*"%),#2!67

O&%*<)!2%&,(*.(61

*,.%*-()+&7

32

I'+7.*/*#J'.#7'"1,+3

?#<023%,&*(-*2(!)&%&!$1

Y*<023%,&*(-*2)0&.%1&,($%S+!U#+0+*&#j%*q*#$7T

>#<023%,*(-*4!,%)

>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,

NATURAL HAZARDS

Curing

Formwork removal

Recommendation

If a column has a large number of voids, immediately break and remove the concrete, carefully clean

the steel bars, replace the formwork and pour again the concrete again.

33

I0)%*%"%)=2($2)%,%*%6%+%$,-()*!,*6%!&,f*1!=&7

Cure concrete after removal of theforms from the columns. Curingconsists of watering the concreteelements at least 3 times a day toimprove hardening of cement.

After pouring concrete into the columns,leave the forms up for 24 hours.

Then carefully remove the forms anduse them again for other columns.



34

Deep beams

8 Confining beams

The confining beams of your house areimportant because they help confine thewalls.Collar beams are the beams on topof the walls.

8#$#+0+*)%#$-()2%+%$,*(-*!66*<%!+&*#&B*c&,%%6*<!)&*l**[me*#$7*4#,.*_mg*#$7*&,#))0;&&;!2%1*_h*̀ *2+/*c*h*_b*2+*!$1*,.%*)%&,

*h*g`*2+*-)(+*%!2.*%$17

8%+%,1,#.*%+J'.7*,*+/

L!664#1,.

4((-,.#23$%&&

<%2($1*-6(().(66(4*26!=

*,#6%*;!),#,#($*4!66

A#5.,4%#5.,*&6!<

Deep beams are used to resistthe weight of partition walls orof the roof. They transmit theload to columns and walls. Thedepth of this beams is greaterthan the thickness of the slabs.

8#$#+0+*2($2)%,%*2("%)#$5*#&*[*2+Q%%;*<%!+

9.%*+#$#+0+*1%;,.*(-*,.#&

<%!+&*#&*,.%*-)%%&;!$*1#"#1%1*<=*_c7P%%;*<%!+&*0&0!66=

*1(*$(,*.!"%*!4!66*0$1%)$%!,.7

NATURAL HAZARDS

[*l*_mg*#$7r

gb*2+

[*l*[me*#$7r

Stirrups are measured from the inner face of the wall.

Minimum concrete covering for deep beams is 3 cm measured from the stirrup and for flat beams is

2.5 cm

Recommendations

Flat beams

Be careful when you splicereinforcement bars inbeams. Upperreinforcement bars must bespliced at the center of thebeam span. Lowerreinforcement bars mustbe spliced near the endsof the beam.

Rebar splices in beams

Flat beams are inside theslabs and help totransmit the weigh ofpartition walls to thecolumns and bearingwalls. It is better not tohave flat beams longerthan 4 m.

<%2($1R-6(();!),#,#($*4!66*(-.(66(4*26!=*,#6%

A#5.,4%#5.,*&6!<

<%2($1*-6(()*;!),#,#($*4!66(-*.(66(4*26!=*,#6%

<,#))0;&*!)%*l*_mc*#$7r*&;!2%1*_h*`*2+/*ch*_b2+*!$1*,.%*)%&,*h*g`*2+

4*%+J'.7*,*+/#'J#J"-/#H*-,3

35

W6!,*<%!+

4*%+J'.7*,*+/#J'.#H*-,3(-+3#1(#/'#@#,

[b*2+

4*%+J'.7*,*+/#J'.#H*-,#3(-+3#1(#/'#Y#,

8#$#+0+*<%!+*2)(&&*&%2,#($

`b*2+

Ds[ Ds[ Ds[

Free span

Upper rebar splice: at the

center of the free span

Lower rebar splice: at the first or third part

of the free span.


8#$#+0+*<%!+*2)(&&*&%2,#($

g*l*_mg*#$7r

gb*2+

g*l*_mg*#$7r


Spacers for beams

Beam-column connection

Q%,!#6*(-*;6!$*"#%4

_`*2+

_`*2+

t

u

4%<!)*<%$1#$5*6%$5,.*#$*<%!+&*.!&*,(*<%*_`*2+

Carefully place reinforcement bars atbeam column intersection. When youpour concrete in these areas, vibrateconcrete extensively with a rod so thatno air pockets are formed.

In case the beam is not continuous,bend the steel bar horizontally.

To keep beam reinforcing bars in horizontal position,place mortar cubes 3 cm side under them.

36

9#%*&,%%6*<!)&*4#,.i_p*4#)%*!,<%!+R2(60+$#$,%)&%2,#($&

[*2+

Q#&,!$2%*<%,4%%$*+(),!)*20<%&BJ;;)(U#+!,%6=*_7`*+

O&%*%?0!6*&,)%$5,.*2($2)%,%-()*,.%*+(),!)*!$1*<%!+&

*S;)(;(),#($*_BcT

8D4954IOM!

[*2+

[*2+

i_p*4#)%*,(-#U*)%<!)

A($5#,01#$!6)%<!)

NATURAL HAZARDS

Incorporating lintels into the beam

5"/*.+-/%6*#>*S.#5.6=*)%2(++%$1%1T

gb*2+ gb*2+

5"/*.+-/%6*#?

D;%$#$5*&;!$

#4%#$-()2%+%$,

< >

5;%/%'+-"#.*%+J'.7*,*+/#J'.#"%+/*"#H*-,3

Door and window openings should go up to collar-beam level. Here are three ways ofmaking lintels over these openings.

C-*,.%*(;%$#$5*&;!$#&*0;*,(**_7`*+/*!11

($%*!11#,#($!6*_mg*#$7)%<!)*,(*,.%*6(4%)

)%#$-()2%+%$,*(-*,.%*2(66!)**<%!+7

g*l*[me*#$7

g*l*_mg*#$7

4*%+J'.7*,*+/

b7eb*+*,(*_7`b*+

_7`b*+*,(*g*+

D(*+%+F#3(-+

I($-#$#$5*2(60+$

#I(66!)*<%!+

D;%$#$5*&;!$

4%#$-()2%+%$,

*_mc^*&,#))0;&*h*_`*2+

< >

M%!+*4#,.*5)%!,%)*1%;,.*!$1*2($-#$%+%$,*2(60+$&7

M%!+*4#,.*5)%!,%)*1%;,.*4#,.(0,*2($-#$%+%$,*2(60+$&7

#I(66!)*<%!+

D;%$#$5*,.!,*5(%&*0;*,(*,.%*<(,,(+*(-,.%*2(66!)*<%!+7

5"/*.+-/%6*##@

C-*,.%*(;%$#$5&;!$*#&*6%&&

,.!$*_*+/*=(0*1($(,*$%%1*,(

;6!2%*!11#,#($!6)%#$-()2%+%$,*,(,.%*2(66!)*<%!+7

<1(("*,*+/-"#7'""-.#H*-,

.*%+J'.7*,*+/

gb*2+*+#$#+0+

37

D;%$#

$5

&;!$

A(66!)

*<%!+

</-+;-.;7'""-.RH*-,

.*%+J'.7*,*+/

8#$#+0+*g`*2+

_*!11#,#($!6l*_mg*#$7


8#$#+0+*g`*2+

*_mc*#$7*&,#))0;&*h*_`*2+

*_mc*#$7* &,#))0;&*h*_`*2+

*_mc*#$7*&,#))0;&*h*_`*2+


Pouring of beams

$'#b

Beam rebar assembly

Place the steel reinforcement bars of the collarbeams on top of the walls after removing theformwork from the columns.

All beams (collar, deep and flat) and lintelsare poured simultaneously with the slabs.

38

I'+7.*/*#J'.#H*-,3#-+;3"-H3

?#<023%,&*(-*2(!)&%&!$1

Y*<023%,&*(-*2)0&.%1&,($%*S+!U#+0+*&#j%*[mc*#$7T

>#<023%,*(-*4!,%)

>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,

Pipes/Plumbing in beams

Never bend beam rebars to pass drainage pipes.

NO

M%$,*)%<!)&

YES

<,)!#5.,*)%<!)&

98\8K*EHGI* IGMKC9Q

*AG9AK8H8*C9*O8JNED8J\C9Q*FGKCvG9HJD

wGC9HEx

NATURAL HAZARDS

<,%%6*)%<!)*-()*,%+;%)!,0)%

$Db#*H%+;%)!,0)%*&,%%6*)%#$-()2%+%$,*+0&,*$(,*<%#$*2($,!2,*4#,.*,.%*2%#6#$5*<)#23&7

Slab components

Lightweight slabs are formed with parallelreinforced concrete joists spaced at 40 cm.

Hollow bricks 30 cm wide and 15 cmhigh are placed betweenthe joists. On top of this,

a concrete slab 5 cm thick is poured.

O&%*6#5.,4%#5.,*&6!<&gb*2+*,.#23*-()*)((-&0;*,(*c7`*+*6($57H.%*'(#&,&*!)%*;6!2%1;!)!66%6*,(*,.%*&.(),%&,&;!$*,(*<%*2("%)%1*<=,.%*)((-7

Component dimensions

The hollow ceiling bricks must be perfectlyaligned and the slab has to be level.

Temperature steelreinforcement

To prevent cracking of the upperslab due to temperature effects, youhave to place 1/4 in. steel barsevery 25 cm, perpendicular to thejoists.

I)%;!)%*+(),!)*20<%&*Sg7`*2+*;%)*&#1%T*!$1*0&%

,.%+*!&*&0;;(),&*-()'(#&,*)%#$-()2%+%$,

*<!)&7

9%+;%)!,0)%*&,%%6)%#$-()2%+%$,*#&*;6!2%1!,*+#1*.%#5.,*(-*,.%*0;;%)&6!<7

I(66!)*<%!+&

A(4%)*&,%%6*)%<!)

O;;%)**&6!<

c(#&,&*1(*$(,.!"%*&,#))0;&7

9 Lightweight slab

39

15 c

m5 c

m

8(),!)*20<%&*Sg7`*2+*;%)**&#1%T

B(66(4*2%#6#$5*<)#23

J(#&,O;;%)*&,%%6*)%<!)

A(4%)*&,%%6*)%<!)

O;;%)*&6!<

30 cm10 cm30 cm 10 cm

5 c

m

20 c

m

15 c

m

8#$#+0+2($2)%,%2("%)#$5*y*g*2+


B(66(4*2%#6#$5*<)#23&

O;;%)*&,%%6*)%<!)

<,%%6*)%<!)**-()****,%+;%)!,0)%


Slab formwork

$%"%)*&0;;(),*6#5.,4%#5.,&6!<*-()+4()3*("%)$($R2(+;!2,%1*&(#67

9.%*&6!<*($*5)!1%*&.(061*<%2($&,)02,%1*<%-()%*;6!2#$5*&6!<-()+4()37**C-*,.%)%*#&*$(*&6!<*($5)!1%/*,.%$*,.%*5)(0$1*&(#6*+0&,*<%

4%66*2(+;!2,%1*!$1*6%"%6%17

Recommendation

Never use inadequate materials such as cement bags, bricks or cardboard as formwork.

If you do, concrete elements will be distorted.

NO YES

Prepare slab formwork with wooden boards at least 1in. thick for each joist bed. Support the boards over2 in. x 4 in. wooden beams which rest upon

vertical wooden 2 in. x 3 in. posts.

f`*2+

<6!<*($*5)!1%

\%),#2!64((1%$g*#$7*U*[*#$7;(&,&

M)#23&*()*4%15%&

8#$#+0+1#+%$&#($*(-*<(!)1

*_*#$7U*p*#$7g*#$7*U*c*#$74((1%$<%!+&

db*2+

40

NATURAL HAZARDS

Connection between confining beam and joist rebar

Splices of joist rebars

If you have to splice the lower reinforcement bars in

a joist, do it in the extreme thirds of the free span.

Tie joist upper reinforcement bar to confinement beam reinforcement with #16 wire._b

*2+

41

c(#&,&*&,%%6)%#$-()2%+%$,*<!)&

</**" <("%7*#"*+F/)

@Z^#%+a####cb*2+

>Z?#%+a*****`b*2+

<;6#2%*6(4%)*)%#$-()2#$5*<!)*!,

*%U,)%+%*,.#)1&*(-*&;!$7

YES

<;6#2%6%$5,.

$%"%)*&;6#2%*6(4%))%#$-()2#$5*<!)*!,

,.%*2%$,%)*(-*,.%*'(#&,7

NO


<;!$m[ <;!$m[ <;!$m[

<;!$


_le*++

b7pb*+ b7pb*+b7pb*+ b7pb*+

_l[me*#$7

_l*e*++ _l[me*#$7

< >

_l[me*#$7

< ><;!$*y*[*+ <;!$*y*[*+

b7[b*+ b7[b*+

_l*e*++

Recommendations

If you have to build lightweight with long spans, consult an engineer. Lightweight slabs of great

spans must be adequately designed to ensure their strength and safety.

Steel reinforcement necessary for each singlespan joist in a 20 cm lightweight slab system

Steel reinforcement necessary for each two span joist in a 20-cm lightweight slab system

42

_l*e*++

<;!$*y*[*+

_l[me*#$7

_l*e*++

b7pb*+b7pb*+

< >

_l[me*#$7

_l[me*#$7

b7eb*+ b7eb*+

_le*++_le++

_l[me*#$7

b7eb*+ b7eb*+

< ><;!$*y*c*+

< ><;!$*y*c*+

_l_mg*#$7

b7gb*+ b7[b*+

_l*e*++b7fb*+b7fb*+ b7fb*+ b7fb*+

_l*e*++

< >

b7db*+

_le*++ _le*++_l_mg* #$7

_l[me*#$7

b7db*+

<;!$*y*c*,(*c7`b*+

b7eb*+ b7eb*+

_l[me*#$7

b7fb*+ b7fb*+ b7fb*+b7eb*+

_l[me*#$7

_l*e*++_l*e*++ _l[me*#$7

_l[me*#$7

< ><;!$*y*[*+*()*[7`*+

< ><;!$*y*c*+

b7[b*+ b7[b*+

_l*e*++

b7fb*+ b7fb*+

NATURAL HAZARDS

Pipes in lightweight slab

Recomendation

Find out in your area which entities provide public water and drainage service as well as electric

service and ask about the procedures you must follow so that your house can have connection to the

public water and drainage system and access to an electrical connection.

Water and drainage pipes must not cross lightweight slab joists. Pipe paths should beparallel to roof bricks alignment.

43

E#;%&*+0&,*$(,*20,)((-*'(#&,&7

NOC+7'..*7/#(%(%+F#"'7-/%'+

E#;%

4((-*<)#23&c(#&,

Q(*$(,*;6!2%*6#5.,2%$,%)&*#$*,.%'(#&,&7

E6!2%*6#5.,2%$,%)&*#$*,.%*)((-<)#23&7

I'..*7/#(%(%+F#"'7-/%'+

YES

c(#&,

gb*2+

P(0<6%

'(#&,

C-*=(0*2!$$(,*;)%"%$,*;#;%&*-)(+

2)(&&#$5*'(#&,&/*;6!2%*!1(0<6%*'(#&,*#$*,.%

2)(&&#$5*!)%!7


E#;%

4((-*<)#23&


Before pouring the slab

9(*&,!),*;(0)#$5*&6!<&/*-#)&,4%,*,.%*<)#23&*!$1*,.%

*<%!+&*-()+4()37

D$2%*!5!#$*"%)#-=,.!,*,.%*-()+&*!)%*6%"%6/!$1*"%)#-=*,.!,*,.%*"%),#2!6*;(&,&.!"%*$(,*+("%1*()*6(&,*&,!<#6#,=7

44

Q)!#$!5%*;(&,

T%)#-=2($$%2,#($&

A#1

A#1

Temporarily block the pipes with a lid and leave open only one end.

Fill the pipe with water and after 4 hours verify that all pipe connections are dry and that

there has not been any water leakage. In water pipelines, it is advantageous to make this leakage test

under pressure.

Before you pour the concrete slabs, verify that all water and drainage pipes do not leak.

E6!2%*!*4((1%$*<(!)1*,(4!63*("%)7*P(*$(,&,%;*1#)%2,6=("%)*,.%<)#23&7

NATURAL HAZARDS

S(0*+0&,*<%*"%)=*2!)%-06*#-*=(0*0&%*!"#<)!,()7**H.%*"#<)!,()*+0&,*<%*#$&#1%,.%*2($2)%,%*#$*!*"%),#2!6*;(&#,#($-()*!*+#$#+0+*(-*[*&%2($1&4#,.(0,*,(02.#$5*,.%&,%%6*<!)&7

L.#6%*;(0)#$5*<%!+&/*6#5.,6=*.#,*,.%*-()+6!,%)!66=*4#,.

*!*)0<<%)*.!++%)*,(*;)%"%$,,.%*-()+!,#($*(-*!#)*;(23%,&

#$*,.%*2($2)%,%7

Fill the lightweight slab and beams simultaneously because it is important that they worktogether. Start pouring collar beams, then joists and finally the upper slab. It is betteryou rent a mixer. This will help reduce the pouring time for your slab and save materials.

Pouring slabs and beams

C,*#&*1%&#)!<6%*,(*0&%*!"#<)!,()*10)#$5*;(0)#$5*(-

*&6!<&*!$1*<%!+&7**C$*2!&%*#,*#&*$(,*;(&&#<6%/*2!)%-066=*0&%*!

)(1*,(*+!$0!66=*"#<)!,%*,.%*2($2)%,%7

O&%*<023%,&*,(*2!))=*2($2)%,%-)(+*,.%*+#U%)*,(*,.%*<%!+&*()*&6!<&7

Recomendation

Once the concrete slab is finished, the formwork must remain in place to support the slab for

at least 14 days.

45

E(0)*,.%2($2)%,%2!)%-066=

*!$1*,)=*$(,,(*&,%;*("%)

4!,%)*()%6%2,)#2*;#;%&7

L((1%$<(!)1


I'+7.*/*#J'.#H*-,3#-+;3"-H3

?#<023%,&*(-*2(!)&%&!$1

Y*<023%,&*(-*2)0&.%1&,($%S+!U#+0+*&#j%*[mc*#$7T

>#<023%,*(-*4!,%)

>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,


Curing the slab

Q(*$(,*4()3*("%)*,.%*&6!<-()*!,*6%!&,*g*1!=&*!-,%)*;(0)#$57

The slab must be constantly cured.Curing must start as soon as possible.Do not wait until the next day tostart. Form closed areaslimited by sand piles overthe slab and fill them withwater. You must cure theslab for at least 7 days.

46

E)%;!)%*4((1%$*;#%2%&*̀ *2+*4#1%*,(*0&%****,.%+*!&*50#1%&*4.#6%*-#$#&.#$5*,.%***********0;;%)*&6!<7

########O&%*!*4((1%$*()*+%,!6*&,)!#5.,%15%*,(*&+((,.*!$1*-6!,,%$*,.%*2($2)%,%

*+#U7*G$2%*=(0*.!"%*)%!2.%1*,.%*1%&#)%1*6%"%6/*)%+("%

*,.%*4((1%$*50#1%&*!$1*-#66*,.%*.(6%&*4#,.

2($2)%,%7

I($&,!$,6="%)#-=*,.!,*,.%&6!<*&0)-!2%*#&*6%"%67

If you must stop pouring concrete inthe slab, make the

construction joint nearthe ends of the slab.

Never make theconstruction joint at

the center of the slab.

Q(*$(,*4!#,*0$,#6*,.%

*$%U,*1!=*,(*&,!),*20)#$57

AZ@

A

Partial pouring of the slab

NATURAL HAZARDS

Recomendation

When you pour stairs be careful to see that all reinforcing bars have adequate concrete cover.

:()*#$&,!66!,#($*(-*,.%*&,!#)*.!$1)!#6/*6%!"%*g*%6%2,)#2!6

2($10#,&*_mg*#$7*1#!+%,%)*!$1**̀ *2+*6($5*#$*,.%*-()+4()3*(-*%!2.*&,%;7

`*2+*6($5*;#;%&

<*7'+;#3(-+`b*2+

l[me*#$7*h[b*2+

fb*2+

pb*2+

l[me*#$7*hgb*2+

pb*2+

l[me^hgb*2+8#$#+0+

g`*2+

L!66

<6!<*($*5)!1%

[b*2+

8!U#+0+_e7`*2+

_[*2+

9K(%7-"#;*/-%"#'J#/G'R3(-+#3/-%.3

:%.3/#3(-+

l[me*#$7*hgb*2+pb*2+

pb*2+

l[me*#$7*h[b*2+

l[me*#$7*hgb*2+[b*2+

L!66

_[*2+

10 Stairs T!)#!<6%*4#,.+#$#+0+*_*+

9.#23$%&&*y*_[*2+

T!)#!<6%*4#,.+#$#+0+*_*+

9.#23$%&&*y*_[*2+

47

M%!+*()&0;;(),#$5

4!66

8#$#+0+*2($2)%,%*2("%)#$5*y**g2+


I'+7.*/*#J'.#3/-%.3

?#<023%,&*(-*2(!)&%&!$1

Y*<023%,&*(-*[mc*#$72)0&.%1*&,($%

>#<023%,*(-*4!,%)

>#<023%,*(-*2%+%$,


This chapter contains recommendationsfor the maintenance and solution of someproblems typical brick houses. If theproblems or defects of your house aremore serious, such as foundationsettlement or severe cracking of walls orconcrete elements, we suggest that youconsult an engineer to solve them.

Cracks or fissures in walls may haveseveral causes, such as use ofpoor-quality materials, inadequateconstructive practices, deficient structurewith too few confined walls in bothdirections or inadequate foundation oversoft or loose soils. If your house hasbeen poorly constructed and has some ofthese defects, it is possible that manyof its elements will fail when anearthquake occurs.

:.*01*+/#7.-723#/K(*3#%+#H.%72)'13*#G-""3

:6%U0)!62)!23&

Q#!5($!6*2)!23&

I()$%)2)!23&

Recommendation

If the walls of your house are severely cracked or have significant vertical cracks at the corners, it is

possible that your house is in danger. Get professional assistance as soon as possible to solve the

problem.

Repair of wall cracks

If any wall of your house has diagonalcracks not more than 1.5 mm thick andthe concrete of beams and columns is notseverely damaged, you can repair thewall in the following way:

I6%!$2)!23%1*'(#$,&,.()(05.6=4#,.;)%&&0)#j%1*4!,%)7D%,*4!,%)1)!#$*10)#$5*_`*+#$0,%&7

4%-#66*,.%*'(#$,4#,.*$%4*_BcS2%+%$,B&!$1T*+(),!)7J;;6=*!$1*2(+;!2,,.%*+(),!)*0$,#6*=(02(+;6%,%6=*-#66*,.%*'(#$,7

1 Cracked walls

48

CAPITULO

CHAPTER

MAINTAINING YOUR HOUSE 4

4%+("%+(),!)*-)(+2)!23%1*'(#$,&!$1*%6#+#$!,%!66* 6((&%+!,%)#!67*H)=$(,*,(*.#,*$%!)<=*<)#23&7

NATURAL HAZARDS

If any wall has broken or deteriorated bricks, youcan replace them in the following way:

Replacement of deteriorated bricks

Recommendations

If you need to replace more than one deteriorated brick, start with the lowest brick.

You can cut the new bricks so that they fit better in the openings left by the damaged bricks.

9.()(05.6=*4%*,.%*<)#23&*#$*,.%4!66*!1'!2%$,*,(*,.%*$%4*<)#23*!$1;6!2%*$%4*_Bc*S2%+%$,B&!$1T*+(),!)

!6($5*,.%*%15%&*(-*,.%*.(6%7**A!)%-066=*;6!2%*,.%*$%4*<)#237

*H(*-#$#&./*-#66*!$=*)%+!#$#$5*&;!2%&!)(0$1*,.%*$%4*<)#23*4#,.*+(),!)7

I!)%-066=*)%+("%,.%*1!+!5%1*<)#237A6%!$*0;*,.%+(),!)*,.!,)%+!#$&*#$,.%*.(6%7

Q%,%)#()!,%1*<)#23

N%,*!*$%45((1*?0!6#,=<)#23*,()%;6!2%*,.%)%+("%1*<)#237

#9.%*$%4*<)#23+0&,*<%*,.%*&!+%

&#j%*!&*,.%1!+!5%1*<)#237

49

MAINTAINING YOUR HOUSE


2 Corrosion of reinforcing steel

A(+;6%,%6=*-#66*,.%*.(6%*6%-,*<=****************,.%*)%+("%1*2($2)%,%********************4#,.*_Bc***********************S2%+%$,B&!$1T***************************+(),!)7************************A!)%-066=*!6#5$**************************,.%*&0)-!2%*****************************(-*,.%*$%4***************************2($2)%,%*********************4#,.*,.%*%U#&,#$5**************&0)-!2%7*A0)%*,.%*$%4***************2($2)%,%*-()*f*1!=&**********4!,%)#$5*#,*%"%)=*e*.(0)&7

9.()(05.6=*26%!$*,.%)0&,%1*<!)*4#,.*!*&,%%6

<)0&.7*H(*%6#+#$!,%*)%&#10%&*&(-,6=

*&!$1;!;%),.%*&,%%67

I!)%-066=*<)%!3*!66********1%,%)#()!,%1*2($2)%,%

*0$,#6*=(0*5%,*!*)05.*0$1!+!5%1*&0)-!2%7

!U;(&%1*&,%%6

J#)*;(23%,&

50

If beam and column steel reinforcement inyour house is not too corroded, you canrepair the problem the following way:

5;;6=*2%+%$,*;!&,%*,((61*2($2)%,%*&(*,.!,$%4*2($2)%,%*4#66*%!&#6=*!1.%)%7

When concrete covering is too thin or hasair pockets and fissures through whichmoisture penetrates, corrosion of thesteel reinforcement is produced. You canprevent this problem if you carefullyconstruct the beams and columnsof your house.

NATURAL HAZARDS

Recomendation

Try to prevent moisture penetration into the walls of your house so that efflorescence will not

appear again.

3 Efflorescence

>!66*%--6()%&2%$2%

Efflorescence is a white or yellowishdeposit that appears in brick or concretewalls. Efflorescence appears whenconstruction materials or foundation soilscontains salts that are dissolved in water.Water raises through the wall until itreaches the surface and then evaporates,leaving salts crystals at the wall surface asstains.

To clean walls with moderate

efflorescence you can do the following:

8(1%)!,%*%--6()%&2%$2%*1(%&*$(,*!--%2,4!66*&,)%$5,.7

4#$&%*,.%*4!66*&0)-!2%*4#,.*!<0$1!$,*4!,%)7

I6%!$*,.%*!--%2,%1!)%!*4#,.*!<0$1!$,4!,%)*!$1*!*&,)($5*<)0&.7

E)%;!)%*!*26%!$#$5*&(60,#($*4#,.*($%"(60+%*(-*.=1)(2.6()#2*!2#1*!$1*gb

"(60+%&*(-*4!,%)7**J;;6=*,.%*&(60,#($,(*,.%**4!66*4#,.*!*;!#$,<)0&.

**********!$1*6%,*#,*&,!$1*-()*_`*+#$0,%&7

51

$%"%)*;0,*+()%*.=1)(2.6()#2!2#1*<%2!0&%*#,*#&

%U,)%+%6=*2())(&#"%7

C-*=(0)*5)(0$1*&(#6*()*=(0)*4!66*!)%*1!+;*()!)%*&0<'%2,*,(*+(#&,0)%*#$,)0&#($/*#,*#&*;(&&#<6%,.!,*%--6()%&2%$2%*4#66*)%!;;%!)7

MAINTAINING YOUR HOUSE


4 Wall moisture

Damp walls are almost always causedby leaking water pipes.To repair water leakages and thusprevent moisture accumulation in yourwalls, you can do the following:

E!,2.*,.%*4!66*4#,.*+(),!)*S2%+%$,B&!$1T*_B`7

9.()(05.6=*26%!$*,.%*;#;%*!$1*6(2!,%*,.%

;6!2%*4.%)%*#,*#&*6%!3#$57J*<)(3%$*;#;%*()*!

1%-%2,#"%*2($$%2,#($<%,4%%$*;#;%&*()

!22%&&()#%&*2!$*2!0&%6%!3#$57

K%;6!2%*,.%*1!+!5%1*%6%+%$,&4#,.*$%4*($%&7**D%,*,.%*$%42($$%2,#($&*1)=*2(+;6%,%6=7>!#,*!*2(0;6%*(-*1!=&*,(

*"%)#-=*,.!,*,.%)%!)%*$(*+()%*6%!3!5%&7

52

M)%!3*,.%4%,,%&,*&0)-!2%(-*,.%*4!66*0$,#6

=(0*-#$1*,.%6%!3#$5*;#;%7

<.0,*(--*,.%*+!#$*4!,%)**"!6"%*,(*=(0)*.(0&%&(*,.!,*4!,%)*1(%&*$(,*;!&&*,.)(05.

*,.%*1!+!5%1*;#;%7*K%+("%*,.%*1!+!5%1

%6%+%$,S!22%&&()=T*()*1!+!5%1*;(),#($*(-*;#;%7

NATURAL HAZARDS

1 Why are drawings useful?

>FG*AJ9*F8DI*N8P8ECQ9

*NL*FGME8z

HF8*O8EH*CE*HGAG9EMDH*J9*JKAFCH8AH*GK

J9*89QC988K7**CW*LGM*PG*9GH*FJ\8*J*IKGW8EECG9JD*FJ9PL/*LGM*AJ9*AG9EMDH*HF8*98JK8EH

*NM9CACIJDCHL7

! ##9.%=*.%6;*=(0*1%,%)+#$%#-*=(0)*.(0&%*4#66*&!,#&-=*=(0);)%&%$,*!$1*-0,0)%*-!+#6=)%?0#)%+%$,&7

! ##9.%=*;%)+#,*=(0*%"!60!,%;)%2#&%6=*,.%*2(&,*(-*+!,%)#!6&$%2%&&!)=*-()*2($&,)02,#($7

!"9.%=*%$!<6%*=(0*,(;)(5)!+*2($&,)02,#($*&,!5%&*(-,.%*.(0&%*!22()1#$5*,(*=(0)%2($(+#2*)%&(0)2%&7

! ##9.%=*%$!<6%*=(0*,(;)(5)!+*!220)!,%6=*,.%2($&,)02,#($*(-*%!2.*&,!5%/%6#+#$!,#$5*#+;)("#&!,#($7**H.#&4!=*6!,%)*=(0*4#66*$(,*)%5)%,*!;(()*1%&#5$*,.!,*4#66*2!0&%1%+(6#,#($*()*!6,%)!,#($*(-4!66&*()*)%?0#)%*2.!$5#$5*,.%;(&#,#($*(-*1(()&7

Q.-G%+F3#-.*13*J1"#H*7-13*d

LGM*988P*HG*FJ\8HF8*WGDDG>C9Q*PKJ>C9QEB_TJKAFCH8AHMKJD*PKJ>C9QE

SIDJ9*\C8>*J9P*NJC9*8D8\JHCG9TgT*EHKMAHMKJD*PKJ>C9QE*SWGM9PJHCG9*J9P*KGGWET

[T*N8AFJ9CAJD/8D8AHKCAJD*J9PIDMNOC9Q* *PKJ>C9QE

>FCAFPKJ>C9QEPG*C*988Pz

Before you start construction you musthave drawings which show theappearance of your house to be and howyou will build it. Architectural drawings

are scaled representations of how yourhouse will look, how many rooms it hasand how they are located. Structural

drawings indicate the locations anddimensions of the bearing walls, slabsroof reinforcement and dimensionsand steel reinforcement of beams andcolumns. Finally, mechanical, electrical

and plumbing drawings show theroute of water and sewage pipesand of electric conduits.

53

5 CAPITULO 5CAPITULO

CHAPTER

PLANS FOR YOUR HOUSE


A well-designed house has the followingcharacteristics:

!" It is earthquake-resistant. To achieve

this it must have a sufficient quantity ofconfined walls in both directions (SeeChapter 2 and Appendix).

!" It responds to your family’s present

and future needs.

!" It is easily constructed in stages.

!" All rooms have natural illumination and

ventilation.

!" Bedrooms are well located, far from

the noisiest areas, such as kitchen, diningand living rooms.

!" It has a patio or laundry.

!" It has a garden where you and your

family can grow flowers, trees orvegetables.

B(0&%&*4#,.*5!)1%$&7

54

U#,2.%$&*!$1*<!,.)((+&4#,.*$!,0)!6* #660+#$!,#($

!$1*"%$,#6!,#($7

2 The design of your house

NATURAL HAZARDS

O!,.)((+

P#$#$5*)((+

O%1)((+

D#"#$5*)((+

I!,#(

A6(&%,

O!,.)((+

Z#,2.%$

8.00

3.85

8.00

3.90

2.20

2.10

2.00

O%1)((+O%1)((+

1.95

55

3 Sample house plans

Sample Plan 1: Corner house

First floor

Second floor

Here is a two-story house plan for a 8m x 8m ground corner property.

Architectural drawingsScale 1:100



D#"#$5R1#$#$5*)((+ N06,#;6%*0&%

O!,.)((+

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Architectural drawingFirst floorScale 1:100

Sample plan 2: House between party walls

This is a two-storyhouse plan for a8m x 20 m groundproperty betweenparty walls. In thishouse it is possibleto use one of thefirst-floor rooms asworkshop or store(if your area zoningallows for it).

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57



Sample plan 3: House between party walls

Here is a two story house plan where a different family canlive on each floor. This house has all the drawingsnecessary to build it over hard soil (rock or gravel).Remember it has been designed to have onlytwo floors.

58

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SectionElevationsScale 1:100

Rear elevation

Main elevation

Section A-A


Opening schedule

D-1 1.00 2.20 0

Width Height Sill height

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Architectural drawingSecond floorScale 1:100



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Architectural drawingRoof floorScale 1:100

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Constructionby stages

Architectural drawingScale 1:200

You can build this house inseveral stages. For example,you could build the house in5 stages according to thissequence:

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Foundation drawingScale 1:100

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Slab formwork drawingFirst floor - Scale 1:100

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Slab formwork drawingSecond floor - Scale 1:100



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Plumbing - water supply drawingsFirst floor - Scale 1:100

From main water system From main water system

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Plumbing - water supply drawingsSecond floor - Scale 1:100


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Plumbing-sanitary sewer drawingsFirst floor - Scale 1:100

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Plumbing-sanitary sewer drawingsSecond floor - Scale 1:100


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Electrical drawingsFirst floorScale 1:100

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Electrical drawingsSecond floorScale 1:100



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82

- Arnold C. y Reitherman R. 1987. Configuración y diseño sísmico de edificios(Configuration and seismic design of buildings). Editorial Limusa. México.

- Lesur L. 2001. Manual de albañilería y autoconstrucción I y II (Handbook ofmasonry and self construction I and II). Editorial Trillas. México.

- San Bartolomé A. 1994. Construcciones de albañilería –Comportamiento sísmico ydiseño estructural (Masonry constructions – Seismic behaviour and structural design).Fondo Editorial de la PUCP. Lima, Perú.

- Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje. 2003. Construcción de casas sismorresistentes deuno y dos pisos (Construction of seismic resistant houses of one and two floors).Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Colombia.

REFERENCES

NATURAL HAZARDS

1 Quantity of walls in an earthquake-resistant house

Your house has to have anadequate number of confinedwalls in both directions in orderto resist earthquakes.

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83

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APPENDIX

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84

To calculate the number of walls needed for a house with amaximum of two stories, follow the indicated steps:

Wall calculations

Calculate the required horizontal area of confined walls for each floor.

Calculate the roof area covering each floor in square meters.

Determine the minimum wall density needed in each direction, according to your soil type. Use thefollowing table:

Classify the soil of the place where you will build your house. On page 22 you can learn how to determine the soil type.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

85

APPENDIX

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Verify that the total horizontal area of confined walls in your house in each direction is greater than the required area. In the evaluation only include wallsmade of structural brick whose length is greater than 1 meter and that are confined byreinforced concrete beams and columns. Do not include walls less than 1 meter inlength. Also do not include unconfined walls or partition walls because these elementsare not capable of resisting earthquakes. For each direction of your houseevaluate the area of each confined wall and then add up the areas of allthe walls. To calculate the horizontal area of each wall in m" multiplyits length in meters by its thickness in meters.

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86

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Example of wall calculation in the direction parallel to the street

As an example, we will analyze the house proposed in Chapter 5. This house is locatedover hard soil and has 115.7 m" of roof area covering in the first floor and 98.7 m"covering the second floor, which gives a total roof covering area of 214.4 m".

We will calculate the areas ofour confined walls:

W1= 1.50 X 0.24 = 0.36 m"W2= 2.82 X 0.24 = 0.68 m"W3= 2.82 X 0.24 = 0.68 m"W4= 3.14 X 0.24 = 0.75 m"W5= 1.50 X 0.24 = 0.36 m"W6= 1.50 X 0.24 = 0.36 m"W7= 1.50 X 0.14 = 0.24 m"

The total confined wall area is3,43 m" which is greater than2.14 m", so we have satisfied

minimum wall density. Remember that these walls

have to be confined in all four sides.

For this soil type, the requiredwall density in each direction is1%. Therefore, the quantity of

walls for our first floor has to be:

Recommendation

It is desirable to have several walls

longer than 2.70 m

How many of the required walls

must be long depends on the type of

soil where your house is located:

!"Hard soil

At least three walls must be

longer than 2.70 m.

At least four walls must be longer

than 2.70 m.

!"Intermediate or soft soil

1 x 214.4 m" = 2.14 m"

100

NATURAL HAZARDS

87

APPENDIX

2 Concrete Types

Recommendation

Moisten all aggregates the previous day.

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88

3 Schedule of material quantities

The quantities of materialsshown includes 3% loss.

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Required

material

Quantity of

material for 1 m!

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in myhouse

Quantity of

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my house

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NATURAL HAZARDSAPPENDIX

Quantity of

material

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m"

in my

house

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p f

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p f

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Stretcherwall

Required

materialQuantity of

materialneeded for

my house

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89


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