Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Preview

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Early Struggles in Latin America

• Independence in Mexico

• Map: Independence in Latin America

• Revolutionary Leaders in South America

• Faces of History: Two Revolutionary Leaders

• Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of Revolution in Latin America

Independence in Latin America

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reading Focus• How did early struggles in Latin America affect Haiti and other

colonies?

• What events led to independence in Mexico?

• Who were the key revolutionary leaders in South America, and what did they achieve?

Main IdeaRevolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe.

Independence in Latin America

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

• Saint Domingue, western half of Caribbean island Hispaniola, first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe

• Sugar exports made Saint Domingue one of France’s richest possessions

• Prosperity built on slave labor

• French Revolution had dramatic effect on island

Haiti Becomes Independent• Declaration of the Rights of

Man and of the Citizen gave vote to all free men, including mulattoes

• French settlers on Saint Domingue resisted new law

• Toussaint L’Ouverture led bloody revolt against settlers

• Toussaint’s military, political actions made him hero in Hispaniola

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Early Struggles in Latin America

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Napoleon Concerned

French emperor Napoleon worried about revolt in Hispaniola

• Sent French general to take control of colony away from Toussaint

– Island forces struggled for months– 1802, Toussaint agreed to armistice– French broke agreement, sent him to prison; Toussaint died

there, 1803

• Fight for independence continued – 1804, revolutionaries declared independence– Named new nation Haiti

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Another Kind of Independence• 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America; Portugal governed Brazil• In the 1700s Spanish kings had made improvements in colonies, building

roads, regulating trade; colonies grew in wealth and prosperity

Tensions Growing• Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles, people of European

descent born in colonies, and peninsulares, colonists born in Spain• Similar distinction between Brazilian-born, Portuguese-born colonists

Education and New Ideas• Wealth gave some in Latin America access to education, new ideas• Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment philosophers, learned about

revolutions in France, America

Colonies of Spain and Portugal

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

• 1807, French emperor Napoleon invaded Spain, Portugal

• Spanish king imprisoned, Portuguese king fled to Brazil

• Invasion weakened Spanish, Portuguese power in Latin America

• Creole revolutionaries decided time right for fight for independence

Napoleon• Creoles, peninsulares made up

highest social class

• People of mixed race, Africans, Indians lower on social scale

• Creoles excluded from highest levels of government, church

• As prosperity grew, creoles resented peninsulares, faraway Spanish rulers

Creoles vs. PeninsularesGrowing Tensions

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Sequence

How did Haiti win independence from France?

Answer(s): A rebellion of slaves and mulattoes became a revolution against France after Napoleon tried to take power from the revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence.

Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for independence in the colony of New Spain, as Mexico was known at the time. Mexico was a Spanish colony with a mixture of creoles, peninsulares, Indians, and people of mixed race.

• 1810, creole priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo, made first public call for Mexican independence

• Had history of challenging authority, eventually met creoles who wanted to take power from peninsulares, helped plan rebellion

Father Hidalgo

Independence in Mexico

• September 16, 1810, Hidalgo delivered famous speech calling for fight against Spanish peninsulares, though not against Spain

• Spanish authorities realized Hidalgo behind growing revolution; captured, executed him

Call to Revolt

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Independent Republic• Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent republic with

guaranteed freedoms• Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for

independence movement• Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by Spanish authorities

Morelos Continues the Revolution• After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria Morelos,

became leader of revolutionary movement• Organized Mexican congress, representatives from many places• Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian, mixed or creole, to

be called Americans

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Iturbide to Lead Fight• Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain; some were royalists• 1820, Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final battle against revolutionaries• Spanish authorities believed he could end Mexican independence movement

Iturbide’s Proposal• Mexico would gain independence but be ruled by monarch• Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights• Roman Catholic Church would be official church of Mexico

Switching Sides• Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some

of his power; decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries• Made three-part proposal to leader of revolution

A Creole King for Mexico

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Independence• Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops joined Iturbide to win

independence• In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain• That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he

became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico

Different Proposal• Iturbide’s independence proposal different from ideas of Hidalgo,

Morelos• After ten years of fighting, the compromise brought together many

different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists

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Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Compare and ContrastHow were the goals of Hidalgo, Morelos, and Iturbide different, and how were they

similar?

Answer(s): Hidalgo wanted the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain; Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico; Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Inspiration• Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico,

America, France inspired leaders in South America

• Independence movements began to form, leaders emerged

Venezuelan Roots• Bolivar born into wealthy creole

family, often traveled to Europe

• Admired Napoleon’s leadership; in Rome, pledged to liberate South America

Simon Bolivar• Simon Bolivar, most influential

leader in South American independence movement

• Known as “the Liberator”

Independence• 1811, Venezuela declared

independence from Spain

• Bolivar led military campaigns against Spanish for 10 years, defeated Spanish 1821

Revolutionary Leaders in South America

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Bolivar’s Dream

Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America

• Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes

• Dream never became reality– Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now

Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador

– Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places

• Bolivar complained “America is ungovernable”

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

• José de San Martin fought for independence from Spain in south• San Martin had fought against Napoleon in Spain• Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up

against Spanish rule; eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America

• 1816, San Martin declared independence for Argentina, moved on to Chile

• Led troops over 15,000 foot summit in Andes

• Surprised Spanish troops, won independence for Chile

Chile• After Chile, San Martin moved to

Gran Colombia, met Simon Bolivar

• Historians do not know what they discussed when they met

• San Martin resigned position after meeting, returned to Europe

• Left Bolivar in power

Gran Colombia

José de San Martin

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

• 1807, Portuguese king John VI, family, fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal

• Status of colony raised having Portuguese monarch there

• John VI named Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire

• Allowed Brazil to trade directly with world, rather than through Portugal

John VI in Brazil

• John VI returned to Portugal after revolution, 1820

• Left son Pedro to rule Brazil• Brazilian-born colonists began

to protest colonial status• Transition happened

smoothly, little violence• 1822, Prince Pedro declared

Brazil independent, was crowned Emperor Pedro I

Son Pedro in Charge

Pedro I

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Contrast

In what ways was the independence movement in Brazil different from

independence movements elsewhere in South America?

Answer(s): Brazil won independence more smoothly and without violence.