Social Innovation for Healthy Ageing.

DAY 2: Active and Healthy Ageing: Research and Innovation

Responses from Europe and Japan, Wednesday 10 October 2012

Prevention of frailty and healthy aging.

A 10-year community intervention and

outcomes

Shoji Shinkai, MD, PhD, MPH

Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology

What I talk will be:

� In Japan, the late onset disability has become a

major causes of loss of healthy aging in old ages.

�For further improving healthy aging, we think it

important to focus on frailty, which precedes the

late onset disability.

�A new social system involving all parts of community

is needed for tackling the issue of frailty.

�A ten-year community intervention showed that

such social system was effective for healthy aging in

community-living older adults. 2

63- 66- 69- 72- 75- 78- 81- 84- 87-

Independent

in IADL&ADL

IADL disability

ADL disability

Males

Age (years)

Akiyama H et al. 『Kagaku』, Iwanami Publisher, 2010

Death

（10.9%）

（70.1%）（19.0%）

Patterns of Functional Decline in Later Life

20-year prospective study on Japanese elderly (N=5717)

late onset disabilityearly onset disability

Successful aging

（87.9%）

（12.1%）

Patterns of Functional Decline in Later Life

20-year prospective study on Japanese elderly (N=5717)

Females

IADL disability

ADL disability

Death

Age (years)

Akiyama H et al. 『Kagaku』, Iwanami Publisher, 2010

63- 66- 69- 72- 75- 78- 81- 84- 87-

late onset disability

early onset disability

Independent

in IADL&ADL

What is frailty?

Frailty is an age-related syndrome of

decreased reserve and resistance to

stressors, resulting from cumulative

declines across multiple physiologic

systems and causing vulnerability to

adverse outcomes (Fried et al, 2001).

8 Can you see things clearly ? (visual impairment)

0. Yes 1. No (have problems)

9 Do you often slip or stumble at home ?

0. No 1. Yes

10Do you ever refrain from going outdoors because of

fear of falling ?

0. No 1. Yes

11 Have you been hospitalized in the last year ?

0. No 1. Yes

12 Do you have appetite these days?

0. Yes 1. No

13 Do you have any difficulty in chewing ?

0. have almost no difficulty 1. have difficulty

14 Did you lose weight of ≥ 3kg in the last 6 months ?

0. No 1. Yes

15Do you feel that you have lost body muscle and/or fat

during the last 6 months ?

0. No 1. Yes

1 Do you usually stay at home all day long?

0. No 1. Yes

2 How often do you usually go outdoors ?

0. more than once per 2-3 days

1. less than once a week

3 Do you have any hobby ?

0. Yes 1. No

4 Do you have neighbors who you can talk friendly ?

0. Yes 1. No

5 Do you have close friends, families, or relatives

you go to meet ?

0. Yes 1. No

6 Do you have an experience of falling in the last year

?

0. No 1. Yes

7 Can you walk continuously over 1 km ?

0. Able to do without any difficulty

1. No, or able to do but with difficulty

A brief questionnair for screening frailty - CL15

0 or 1 score for each item. 1 point is given to answer which indicates “having a risk ”

e.g., have difficulty, low ability, have no friend. Each point of the 15 items is summed up

to produce a composite score with a range of 0-15.

Homeboudness

Falling

Lower nutrition

(Shinkai S et al. Jpn J Public Health 2010; 57: 345-354)

Predictive validity of CL15

Table Relative risk of CL ≥≥≥≥4 compared with CL ≤≤≤≤3

Outcome Crude RR Adjusted RR*

ADL disability

2 years later 7.58 (4.20-13.7) 4.82 (2.54-9.15)

4 years later 4.97 (2.77-8.95) 3.07 (1.59-5.94)

LTCI service use 6.15 (4.39-8.63) 3.37 (2.31-4.91)

Death 3.73 (2.70-5.16) 2.40 (1.67-3.43)

*Adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidity

(Shinkai S et al. Jpn J Public Health, under review)

Independent predictors for

developing frailty

Muscle

Mass（（（（less））））, Strength（（（（less)

Nutrition

Hb（（（（low））））, Alb（（（（low））））

Vascular health

ABI（（（（low））））, abPWV（（（（high））））,

History of HT（（（（+））））

Sarcopenia

Lower nutrition

Subclinical

vascular

disease

(Yoshida H et al. Jpn J Geriatr 2012; 49: 442-448)

Strategy for Frailty Prevention

１．Establishment of community committee

Public health sector at local government

Senior clubs, NPO, health volunteers,

Other stake holders

→ to discuss how to tackle

frailty prevention

in community

A Research Project under JST-RISTEX, R&D Focus Area: Redesigning Communities for Aged Society

２．Primary prevention of Frailty

Key points：Good nutrition,

Physical activity & fitness

Social participation

Regular exercise classesmanaged by senior volunteers

３．Secondary prevention of Frailty

Health check-up

◆Mass screening in community

Frailty index (CL15)

Nutrition （BMI, Alb, Hb, T-Chol）

Physical performance

（Gait speed, Grip strength,

Standing balance）

Vascular health（BP, ABI, baPWV）

◆Individual screening by mail survey

Frailty index (CL15)

４．Tertiary prevention of Frailty

Development of effective programs for improving

frailty

with randomized controlled trials

Feasibility

as to provision of programs

in collaboration with health

volunteers.

Strength exerciseStrength exercise Nutritional educationNutritional education Learn our communityLearn our community

Enjoy lunch!In memory of their participation,

Geographical location of study siteGeographical location of study siteGeographical location of study siteGeographical location of study site

Kusatsu Town, Gunma Prefecture

Population, 7,200 (≥65 y, 29.4%)

Main industry, hot spa& resort

“Can you go outside of town by yourself

using public transportation or car?”Males

Females

Trend in Life Space

15

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Year of survey

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f ‘y

es’

(%)

Trend in incidence rate of disability per year

certified under the TLCI program in Kusatsu

Year

≥ 75 years

65-74 years

Inci

de

nce

ra

te o

f d

isa

bil

ity

(%

)

(Shinkai S et al. Jpn J Public Health, submitted)

Trend in proportions of service users

under the LTCI program among senior citizens

Whole nation

Kusatsu town

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f se

rvic

e u

ser

(%)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Gunma prefecture

Whole nation

Kusatsu town

Gunma prefecture

≥ 75 years

65-74 years

(Shinkai S et al. Jpn J Public Health, submitted)

Trend in active life expectancy

at 70 years of age in Kusatsu

Females

Males

Year of survey

Act

ive

lif

e e

xpe

cta

ncy

(y

ea

rs)

(Shinkai S et al. Jpn J Public Health, submitted)