Preventing Illness and living with Ill health.docx

8/21/2019 Preventing Illness and living with Ill health.docx

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MONIQUE MAVRONICOLAS – PREVENTING ILLNESS AND LIVING WITH ILL HEALTH

1. Introduction

The main objective of this paper is to understand the key characteristics of early

intervention with different methods in preventing ill health. The aim will be to explore a

specific disease – Cervical Cancer – and the factors that may include possible causes,

prevention, campaigns, treatment, maintenance and statistics surrounding the disease.

Healthcare professionals often use illness and disease interchangeably, however, one

should understand that there is a distinct difference between the two. Tony ngram defines

them as follows! "Disease – best refers to an abnormal condition affecting an organism. This

abnormal condition could be due to infection, degeneration of tissue, injury#trauma, toxic

exposure, development of cancer, etc. This is what needs to be $cured%, especially if it%s life&threatening. Illness – best refers to the feelings that might come with having a disease.

'eelings like pain, fatigue, weakness, discomfort, distress, confusion, dysfunction, etc. – the

reasons people seek healthcare – and usually the way people measure their success with

treatment.( )http!##www.bboyscience.com#disease&vs&illness# *.

2. Preventing illness and disease

Healthcare professionals aim to prevent disease than treat the disease and the illnesses

that accompany a disease. +rophylaxis from disease come in many forms, one will often find

that established factors such as the environment, the economy, cultural, social and religious

behaviour will bear influence on these. +reventative measures may include diet, lifestyle,

medication, vaccination, hygiene, religion, meditation and various other forms. History has

taught us that prevention could be broken up into different stages, a mandate to keep the

disease from progressing one could introduce more or new preventative methods. There are

three stages or preventative care, the table below lists the definition of the different stages.

Level Definition

+rimary ethods to avoid manifestation of disease through excluding possible causes or

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prevention increasing resistance to disease.

-econdary

prevention

ethods to identify and to attempt to eliminate in an existing disease before the

appearance of symptoms.

Tertiaryprevention

ethods to decrease the negative effect of the suggestive disease, in order toavoid disability or death, through rehabilitation and management )by means ofmedically, chemically, psychologically, sociologically and surgically*

+rimordial prevention is the first step in preventative care and consist of the

engagements one has to do to lessen the risks for future illness and disease. t focuses on

comprehensive health factors that could prevent one from the risks of contracting a disease.xamples of primary prevention methods will include health promotion campaigns against

binge drinking and smoking, eating / a day and increasing sport programmes within schools.

These primary prevention methods aim to prevent the onset of certain diseases by shifting

our bad behaviours that could lead to disease or creating a better resistance to the exposure

of illness and disease.

The objectives of primary prevention usually focuses on specific causes and risk factors

which could be prevented through vaccination or immunisation. There has been great

controversy around immunisation and vaccination within the world. 01 healthcare providers

)public and private* have done a huge amount of research and have invested a great deal in

informing and educating the public on the pros and cons of getting vaccinated and the

specifics relating to the specific vaccinations. t is an individual%s choice whether or not to be

vaccinated or to have their children vaccinated, however, in the 0-2 the government has

made very few exceptions for children to enter public schooling without being vaccinated and

generally have a no vaccination, no school policy.

n an attempt to increase preventative primary care the 3H- releases a full vaccination #

immunisation schedule every year as illustrated in 'igure 4. 5+ +ractices are also

encouraged to invite and remind the people on their practice role of these vaccinations as

and when re6uired, in addition to this, schools and sure start centres also follow up on

vaccinations within children.

2


3/11Immunisation InformatiThe safest way to protect children and adults

© Cr own copyr !"# 2$1% A&'(')(* '+ ' p,- on(y. P/)(+"*, )y P/)(c H*'(#" En!('n, 2$1%.


+rimary preventative approaches often involve active and passive approaches, example

of an active preventative approach would be regular tooth brushing and flossing to prevent

dental decay and dental related disease, whereas a passive approach would be where a

water company would add fluoride to drinking water or sites using water that is not suitable

for consumption have warning signs.

'igure 4 – Complete routine immunisation schedule 7849#784: –

)https!##www.gov.uk#government#uploads#system#uploads#attachment;data#file#77/4/

;?oH;Complete;mm;schedule;2:;7849;[email protected] *

When to

immunise

Diseases

protected against

Vaccine

given

Immunisation

site4

Two months old

?iphtheria, tetanus, pertussis )whooping

cough*, polio and Haemophilus influenAae

type b )Hib*

?Ta+#+B#Hib )+ediacel* Thigh

+neumococcal disease +CB )+revenar 49* Thigh

otavirus otavirus )otarix* Dy mouth

Three months old

?iphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and

Hib ?Ta+#+B#Hib )+ediacel* Thigh

eningococcal group C disease )enC* en C )3eisBac&C or enjugate*7 Thigh

otavirus otavirus )otarix* Dy mouth

'our months old

?iphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and

Hib?Ta+#+B#Hib )+ediacel* Thigh

+neumococcal disease +CB )+revenar 49* Thigh

Detween 47 and 49

months old – within a

month of the first

birthday

Hib#enC Hib#enC )enitorix* 0pper arm#thigh

+neumococcal disease +CB )+revenar 49* 0pper arm#thigh

easles, mumps

and rubella )5erman measles* )+riorix or Bax+E*7 0pper arm#thigh

Two and three

years old9

nfluenAa:

)from -eptember*

'lu nasal spray )'luenA* )annual*

)if 'luenA unsuitable, use inactivated fluvaccine*

3ostrils

0pper arm

Three years four

months old or soon

after

?iphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliodTa+#+B )epevax* or

?Ta+#+B )nfanrix&+B*70pper arm

easles, mumps and rubella )+riorix or Bax+E* )check

first dose has been given*70pper arm

5irls aged 47 to 49

years old

Cervical cancer caused by human

papillomavirus types 4= and 4> )and

genital warts caused by types = and 44*

H+B )5ardasil* 0pper arm

2round 4: years old

Tetanus, diphtheria and polio Td#+B )evaxis*, and check status 0pper arm

enC/ enC )eningitec, enjugate or 3eisBac&

C*7 =0pper arm

=/ years old +neumococcal disease++B +neumococcal polysaccharide

vaccine )+neumovax * 0pper arm

%

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227651/8515_DoH_Complete_Imm_schedule_A4_2013_09.pdfhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227651/8515_DoH_Complete_Imm_schedule_A4_2013_09.pdfhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227651/8515_DoH_Complete_Imm_schedule_A4_2013_09.pdfhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227651/8515_DoH_Complete_Imm_schedule_A4_2013_09.pdf


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=/ years of age and

older nfluenAa: 'lu injection )annual* 0pper arm

years nfluenAa: )from -eptember*

'lu nasal spray )'luenA* )annual*

)if 'luenA unsuitable, use inactivated flu

vaccine*

3ostrils

0pper arm

4> up to under =/

years

nfluenAa: nactivated flu vaccine )annual* 0pper arm

'rom 7> weeks of

pregnancy> +ertussis dTa+#+B )epevax* 0pper arm

4 Ghere two or more injections are re6uired at once,

these should ideally be given in different limbs.

Ghere this is not possible, injections in the same

limb should be given 7./cm apart. 'or more details

see Chapters : and 44 in the 5reen Dook. 2ll

vaccines are given intramuscularly unless stated

otherwise.

7 3D Ghere a vaccine is manufactured by more than

one supplier, it may, on occasion be necessary tosubstitute an alternative brand.

9 This is defined as children aged two or three years

)but not four years* on 4 -eptember 7849.: The vaccine is given prior to the flu season – usually

in -eptember and Ectober.

/ This vaccination will be introduced during the

7849#4: academic year.= The vaccine supplied will depend on the brands

available at the time of ordering.< -ee individual chapters of the 5reen Dook for

clinical risk groups.> -ee CE letter of Ectober 7847.

-econdary +reventative methods are the systematically designed to detect the start or

beginning or even early stages of a specific disease and allowing intervention and an

attempt to control the disease before comprehensive symptoms develop. arly interventions

are not only cost effective but also a way of identifying causes and impacts that could be

illuminated in order for one to prolong one%s life. outine checks, whether cholesterol, blood

sugar, cervical screening and mammograms are regularly the first step that leads to early

intervention before other symptoms appear.

The last and final step of preventative care could possible also be seen as manageable

care, these methods are known as tertiary preventative methods. Ghen a patient reaches

tertiary care the disease has in all probability been established and we could assume that

the preventative methods used in primary prevention has been unsuccessful, however, due

to the second preventative stage, the disease were identified in the early stages and have

possibly minimised the full impact of the disease, The focus of tertiary prevention include,preventing pain and more damage to the human body, attempting to stop any further

0


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progression or any more complications that the disease has already caused and attempting

to reinstate better health and increase the standard of living to the patient.

'igure 7 & xamples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention interventions

targeting individuals and populations

?isease nterventionlevel

+rimary -econdary Tertiary

Colorectal

cancer

ndividual Counselling on healthy

lifestyles! dietarycounselling for people atrisk of colorectal cancer,etc.

Hemoccult stool

testing to detectcolorectal cancer early

'ollow&up exams to

identify recurrence ormetastatic disease!physical examination,liver enAyme tests,chest x&rays, etc.

+opulation +ublicity campaignsalerting the public to thebenefits of lifestylechanges in preventingcolorectal cancerspromotion of high fibrediets subsidies to help

people access exerciseprogrammes anti&smokingcampaigns

ErganiAedcolonoscopyscreeningprograms

mplementation ofhealth servicesorganiAational modelsthat improve access tohigh&6uality care

nfectiousdiseases!hepatitis C

ndividual Counselling on safe druguse to prevent hepatitis Cvirus )HCB* transmissioncounselling on safer sex

-creening forHCB infection ofpatients with ahistory ofinjection druguse

HCB therapy to cureinfection and preventtransmission

+opulation HCB prevention includessafer sex practices,programmes to discourage

needle sharing amongintravenous drug users,etc.

stablish auniversal testingsystem for HCB

in high riskgroups

)-imilar to primaryprevention*! ensuringclose control of high risk

sites such as tattooparlours that have beenassociated withoutbreaks

etabolicsyndrome

ndividual 3utrition and exercisecounselling

-creening fordiabetes

eferral to cardiacrehabilitation clinics

+opulation Duilt environmentfavourable for activetransport )walking,bicycling rather than usinga car*

Community levelweight loss andexerciseprograms tocontrol metabolic

syndrome

mplementation ofmultidisciplinary clinics


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3. Cervical Cancer

2ccording to Cancer esearch 01 in 7844 there were 98=: woman diagnosed withcervical cancer and in 7847, @4@ woman

died as a result of cervical cancer even

though it is considered as the most

preventable cancer. Cervical cancer

deaths have decreased with more than


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utland +CT Cluster

There are a number of causes that increases the risk of cervical cancer development,

these factors include, age, genetics, smoking, HB, oral contraceptives and most of all, High&

risk human papillomavirus )H+B* infection. There are more than 488 viruses within the HB+

group, of those around :8 types of H+B infections have an effect on one%s genital area.

These viruses affect one%s skin and moist membranes in our mouths, cervix, throat and anus

and is transmitted through any sexual activity, including oral and anal sex. The virus has the

ability to cause abnormal tissue growth for example in the cervix that has the possibility to

lead to cervical cancer.

2s part of the 3H- childhood vaccine programme as seen in 'igure 7, all girls in year >

)age 47&49* are offered the vaccine. The 3H- believes that just by vaccination, over :88 livecould be saved yearly from cervical cancer. They also believe that in conjunction with the

vaccinations and regular cervical screening )every 9 years*


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2 multidisciplinary team )?Ts* will recommend in the majority of cases that in the event

of early cervical cancer that one have one of three possible options of surgery depending the

spread of the cancer )radical trachelectomy, hysterectomy or pelvic exentertion* or have

radiotherapy, however in some cases a combination of the 7 might be suggested. n

advanced cervical cancer either radiotherapy or chemotherapy or an amalgamation of the

two, often surgery might also be added if possible to remove some growths.

Cervical cancer is survivable in early detection, hence the importance of cervical

screenings, 'igure 7 reflects a one year survival chart within the different stages of the

cancer.

"igure 2 Cervical Cancer #C$3%& 2'(21 & )ne(*ear +elative ,urvival #-% /

,tage0 dults ged 1$(0 "ormer nglia Cancer et4ork

#http!##info.cancerresearchuk.org#cancerstats#fa6s#N How*

elative survival can be greater than 488I because it accounts for background

mortality. 2 relative survival figure greater than 488 indicates that people diagnosed have a

better chance of surviving one )five* year)s* after diagnosis than the general population.

Kifestyle changes could have positive effects on living with cervical cancer depends on

the diagnosis and the treatment plan. Treatment may remove and destroy all the cancer for

4

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some woman, and life will continue as normal, but for others the cancer might never go

away. n either of these cases one should look at healthy life changes by means of 6uitting

smoking, eating well )plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables with a higher intake of fibre foods,

minimising animal fats, red meats, salt and smoked or pickled foods*, have a regular low

impact exercise programme, try and stick to sensible alcohol drinking guidelines and try and

have as many alcohol free days as possible and last but not least, emotional support.

?epending on the treatment one has had or having on a continuous basis, it could affect

how one feels. 2part from coping emotionally, one could have ongoing side effects that could

have an additional impact on one%s emotional state of well&being. Talk to friends and family,

speak to health professionals if you have 6uestions, join a support group, read every

possible survival story you can find, as hope is as much as part of recovery as all the other

things.

!. Conclusion

Ever the years there have been accumulative acknowledgement in the way disease is

treated and managed and often that responses were too late. The aim of the 3H- is to

engage people more in their personal health and well&being and prolong their lives be

preventing illness rather than curing. The Dritish journal of cancer reported in ?ecember

7849 that nearly half of all cancers diagnosed in the 01 every year is attributed by avoidable

life choices such as smoking, not eating enough fresh fruit and vegetables, being overweight

and other environmental factors. +rofessor ax +arkin, the lead author of the report stated!(

Kooking at all the evidence, it%s clear that around :8I of all cancers are caused by things we

mostly have the power to change". )http!##www.healthi6.co.uk#component#k7#item#4/@&

prevention&is&better&than&cure.html*. The concept of preventing illness is just like the old

proverb used by Henry de Dracton "2n ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure( and

with more prevention comes less need for cure.

$. +eferences

?isease vs llness available at & http!##www.bboyscience.com#disease&vs&illness#

accessed on 48 ?ecember 784:

+reventing llness available at &

http!##www.sciencemuseum.org.uk#broughttolife#themes#treatments#preventing.aspx


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-tages of prevention available at & http!##phprimer.afmc.ca#+art4&

TheoryThinking2boutHealth#Chapter:DasicConceptsn+revention-urveillance2ndHealth+ro

motion#Thestagesofprevention accessed on 48 ?ecember 784:

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commissioning#ten&priorities&for&commissioners#primary&prevention & accessed on 48

?ecember 784:

+revention and eduction! 2 review of strategies for intervening early to prevent or

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http!##www.natcen.ac.uk#media#7/7/:#prevention&reduction&review&strategies.pdf & accessed

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Call to 2ction! Commissioning for +revention available at http!##www.england.nhs.uk#wp&

content#uploads#7849#44#call&to&action&com&prev.pdf accessed 44 ?ecember 784:

+reventative medicine, integrative medicine O the health of the public available at

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I78edicineI78ntegrativeI78edicineI78andI78theI78HealthI78ofI78the

I78+ublic.pdf accessed on 44 ?ecember 784:

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Kevels of edical Care! +rimary, -econdary, Tertiary and Quaternary Care available at &

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-econdary&Tertiary&2nd&Quaternary&Care.htm & accessed on 47 ?ecember 784:

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available at & www. fhea .com# CertificationCols #level;prevention .htm accessed on 47

?ecember 784:

Cervical Cancer -tatistics available at http!##www.cancerresearchuk.org#cancer&

info#cancerstats#types#cervix# accessed on 47 ?ecember 784:

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Preventing Illness and living with Ill health.docx