• Techniquestocontrolinvasivespecies:

• Removemanually

• Pes7cides

• Dryingthemout

• Deprivingofoxygen

• Introducingpredatorsanddiseases

• Stressingthem

• Heat,sound,electricity,carbondioxide,ultravioletlight

Preven&on,ratherthancontrol,isthebestpolicy

• Ecologicalrestora-on

• Returninganareatounchangedcondi7ons

• Informedby

• Restora-onecology:scienceofrestoringanareatocondi7onbeforehumanchanges

• Itisdifficult,7me‐consuming,expensive

• Besttoprotectnaturalsystemsfromdegrada7oninthefirstplace

• PrairieRestora7on

• Na7vespeciesreplanted

• Invasivespeciescontrolled

• Theworld’slargestproject:FloridaEverglades• Floodcontrolandirriga7oncauseddeple7on

• Popula7onsofwadingbirdsdropped90‐95%.

• 30years‐billionsofdollars

• Toundodamsanddiversions

• Restoringecosystemserviceswillproveeconomicallybeneficial

• Worldwide

• Biologicalcommuni7essharestrongsimilari7es

• Biome

• Majorregionalcomplexofsimilarcommuni7esrecognizedby:

• Planttype• Vegeta7onstructure

• Whichbiome

• Dependsonavarietyofabio7cfactors

• Temperature,precipita7on,oceanandaircircula7on,soil

• Climatograph

• Climatediagramshowinganarea’stemperatureandprecipita7on

Similar biomes occur atsimilar latitudes.

• Variousaqua7csystemshavedis7nctcommuni7es

• Coastlines,con7nentalshelves

• Openocean,deepsea

• Coralreefs,kelpforests

• Coastalsystems(marshes,mangroveforests,etc.)

• Freshwatersystems(lakes,rivers,etc.)

• Aqua7csystemsareshapedby:

• Watertemperature,salinity,anddissolvednutrients

• Waveac7on,currents,depth

• Substratetypeandanimalandplantlife

• Deciduoustrees

• Losetheirleaveseachfallandremaindormantduringwinter

• Mid‐la7tudeforests

• Europe,EastChina,EasternNorthAmerica

• Fer7lesoils

• Forests:oak,beech,maple

• Moreextremetemperaturedifference

• Betweenwinterandsummer

• Lessprecipita7on

• Alsocalledsteppeorprairie

• Oncewidespread

• PartsofNorthandSouthAmerica

• MuchofcentralAsia

• Muchwasconvertedforagriculture

• Bison,prairiedogs,antelope,andground‐nes7ngbirds

• CoastalPacificNorthwestregion

• Greatdealofprecipita7on

• Coniferoustrees:cedar,spruce,hemlock,fir

• Moisture‐lovinganimals

• Bananaslug

• Thefer7lesoilissuscep7bletoerosionandlandslides.

• Overharves7ng

• Drivenspeciestoex7nc7on

• CentralandSouthAmerica,southeastAsia,westAfrica

• Year‐roundrainandwarmtemperatures

• Darkanddamp

• Lushvegeta7on

• Highlydiversespecies,butatlowdensi7es

• Verypoor,acidicsoils

• Nutrientscontainedinplants

• Tropicaldeciduousforest

• India,Africa,SouthAmerica,northernAustralia

• Wetanddryseasons

• Warm,butlessrainfall

• Convertedtoagriculture

• Erosion‐pronesoil

• Tropicalgrasslandinterspersedwithtrees

• Africa,SouthAmerica,Australia,India

• Precipita7ononlyduringrainyseason

• Waterholes

• Zebras,gazelles,giraffes,lions,hyenas

• Minimalprecipita7on

• Somedesertsarebare,withsanddunes(Sahara)

• Somedesertsareheavilyvegetated(Sonoran)

• Theyarenotalwayshot

• Temperaturesvarywidely

• Salinesoils(“lithosols”)• Nocturnalornomadicanimals

• Plantshavethickskinsorspines

• Canada,Scandinavia,Russia

• Minimalprecipita7on

• Nearlyasdryasadesert

• Seasonalvaria7onintemperature

• Extremelycoldwinters

• Permafrost:permanentlyfrozensoil

• Fewanimals:polarbears,muskoxen,caribou

• Lichensandlowvegeta7onwithfewtrees

• Canada,Alaska,Russia,Scandinavia• Varia7onintemperatureand

precipita7on

• Coolanddryclimate• Long,coldwinters

• Short,coolsummers

• Poor,acidicsoil• Fewevergreentreespecies

• Moose,wolves,bears,migratorybirds

• MediterraneanSea,California,Chile,andsouthernAustralia

• Highseasonal

• Mild,wetwinters

• Warm,drysummers

• Frequentfires

• Denselythicketed,evergreenshrubs

• Biomesandcommuni7es

• Helpusunderstandhowtheworldfunc7ons

• Speciesinterac7onsaffectcommuni7es

• Compe77on,preda7on,parasi7sm,mutualism

• Feedingrela7onships

• Representedbytrophiclevelsandfoodwebs

• Keystonespeciesarepar7cularlyinfluen7al

• Humanshavealteredmanycommuni7es

• Ecologicalrestora7on

• Abemptstoundothenega7vechangesthatwehavecaused

a)Bothspeciesareharmed

b)Onespeciesbenefits,buttheotherisharmed

c)Bothspeciesbenefit

d)Onespeciesexcludesanotherfromapar7culararea

Predation is a form of species interaction where:

a) Amensalism

b) Intraspecific competition

c) Predation

d) Species coexistance

e) Interspecific competition

______ is defined as “two organisms of the same speciesseeking the same limited resources.”

a) Amensalism

b) Intraspecific competition

c) Predation

d) Species coexistance

e) Interspecific competition

______ is defined as “an interaction between two species,where one captures and kills the other.”

a) Predators killing their prey

b) One species moving out of an area to find newresources

c) A host species becoming more vulnerable toparasitism

d) A pine tree evolving thicker pinecones to reduceconsumption by squirrels

e) Lynx populations decreasing with reduced harepopulations

An example of coevolution would be:

a) Plants are autotrophs and occupy the first trophiclevel.

b) Detritivores consume waste products or deadbodies.

c) Biomass and energy increase going up the foodchain.

d) There are fewer predator species than prey speciesin an area.

e) Consumers are heterotrophs.

Which statement is NOT true about trophic levels?

a) Is much simpler than a food chain

b) Shows only the pathway of energy through anecosystem

c) Usually lists all species in an area

d) Includes many different organisms at all trophiclevels

e) Shows that energy increases from lower to highertrophic levels

A food web:

a) Theslopesofanewlyformedvolcanicisland

b) WetlandsinTexas,followingHurricaneRita

c) Arecedingglacier

d) Adrieduplake

e) Primarysuccessionwouldnotoccuronanyofthese.

Primary succession would take place on all of thefollowing EXCEPT:

a) Remove individuals from the area

b) Stress them by noise

c) Trap them

d) Encourage them to hybridize with another species

e) Introduce a species that preys on the invasivespecies

All of the following are ways to control invasive speciesEXCEPT:

a) Tropicalrainforest

b) Temperategrasslands

c) Temperaterainforest

d) Taiga

e) Temperateforest

Which biome occurs in the Pacific Northwest coast andhas coniferous trees and banana slugs?

a) Borealforest

b) Savanna

c) Chaparral

d) Taiga

e) Tundra

Which biome has minimal precipitation, is nearly as dryas a desert, and has permafrost and musk oxen?

a) Yes,butonlyiftheextrafoodwassenttocountrieswithstarvingpeople.

b) Yes,becauseitwoulddecreaseenvironmentaldegrada7on.

c) Idon’teatmeatnow.

d) No,Idon’tseetheneedtoeatloweronthefoodchain.

e) No,Ilikethetasteofmeattoomuch.

Would you be willing to eat lower on the food chain (e.g.,decrease the amount of meat you consumed) in order todecrease your ecological footprint?

a) Asanexo7cspecies,theyshouldimmediatelyberemovedandadopted.

b) Asanexo7cspecies,theyshouldimmediatelyberemovedandkilled.

c) Althoughtheyareanexo7cspecies,theyarepartofourheritage,andshouldbeallowedtostay.

d) Theyhavebeenheresolong,weshouldjustleavethemalone.

e) Manycountrieseathorseflesh,soweshouldroundthemupandexportthemtohorse‐ea7ngcountries.

Although mustangs are not native to the U.S., they exist in severalwestern states, on federally owned land. As an introduced species,what should be done with them?

Whatdoesthisfigureillustrate?

a) Apredator–preycycle

b) Herbivory

c) Resourcepar77oning

d) Succession

e) Evolu7on

InthisclimatographforArchangelsk,Russia,intheborealforestbiome,summersare:

a) Longandwarm

b) Shortandcool

c) Longandcold

d) Shortandwarm

e) Non‐existent