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PrevailingWorldReligionsMap
MajorReligions(ChronologicalOrder)• Hinduism~2500BCE(900million)• Judaism~2000BCE(14million)• Christianity33CE(2.1billion)• Islam~610CE(1.5billion)• Sikhism1469CE(30million)
MajorLifePhilosophies(ChronologicalOrder)• Taoism550BCE(20million)• Buddhism520BCE(360million)• Confucianism~495BCE(5-6million)
>93%(6.8billion)oftheworldclaimareligiousaffiliation
• Old Testament writings
• Hebrew heritage
• Monotheism• Abraham &
Prophets• Jerusalem (Holy
City)• SW Asia
• Teachings about Heaven and Hell
• Ishmael, son of Abraham
• The Prophets
Crash Course Videos:• Jews & Christians• Islam• Isis
Major Monotheistic Religions of the world from SW Asia
JUDAISMCHRISTIANITY
ISLAM
Thefamily…
Genealogy of Abraham
JUDAISM• Second oldest and continuously
practiced religion• First monotheistic religion• Founder: Abram whom God renamed
Abraham 2000-1500 BC• God: Yaweh• Salvation through belief in God of the
Torah• Holy Books: Torah, Talmud, Tanakh
(these make up the Law, Prophets, & Writings)
• No place of “Hell” or torment for sin• Called: Jews• Place of Worship: Synagogue or Temple
Judaism
• BeganinIsrael
12/7/16
• PleaseseetheUnit3testdate– MakesureyouREADONYOUROWN(orthistestwillbeverydifficult)chapter4,5,and6inthewhitebook(seecorrespondingchaptersforyellowontheboard)andreadthereviewbooksectiononculture
• Currentevents• Completevideoandquestions• Presentpostersandfillinreligionchart• RELIGIONVOCABWILLBEONWEBSITETONIGHT– DUEDAYOFUNIT3TEST
Confucianism• Confucius
– Scholar– Socialorderandgood– Educationgovernment– Respectforelders
• OfferssolutionstotheproblemsplaguingChina– Focusonliferatherthantheafterlife– Text:Analects
• Doesnotadvocateaspecificdeity– Emphasizesworshipofancestors
Drawing of Confucius
BasicBeliefsofConfucianism• Li drawsourattentionmore
tothesocialorconventionalaspectsofbenevolenthumanconduct
• Ren drawsourattentionmoretothemoralandspiritualaspectsofthatconduct
• Together,theycompriseasocial- moral- spiritualhumanphenomenathatcanonlybereducedforthepurposesofanalysis
• GoalistopromoteharmonyonEarththroughrelationships– FiveRelationships
Dacheng TempleinConfucius’hometownofQufu inChina.
Confucius5Relationships• 1)Emperor/subject- theemperorhastheresponsibilitytotakecareofhis
subjects,andsubjectsmustobeytheemperor2)Father/son- thefathertakescareoftheson,andthesonobeysthefather3)Olderbrother/youngerbrother- theolderbrothertakescareoftheyoungerbrother,whointurnobeyshim4)Husband/wife- thehusbandtakescareofthewife,whointurnobeyshim5)Friend/friend-Theonlyrelationshipthatdoesnotassumeinequalityshouldbecharacterizedbymutualcareandobedience
Confucius
StatueofConfuciusattheConfuciusTempleinBeijingChina
TombofConfuciusinQufu China
Confucius,TheAnalects,400sBCE• “Hewhoexercisesgovernmentbymeansofhisvirtuemaybe
comparedtothenorthpolarstar, whichkeepsitsplaceandallthestarsturntowardit.”
• “Themanofvirtueisnotlefttostandalone.Hewhopracticesvirtuewillhaveneighbors.”
• “Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers.”• “Themanofvirtueisdrivenbyresponsibility;thenon-virtuousman
isdrivenbyprofit. “• “Whenaruler’spersonalconductiscorrect,hisgovernmentis
effectivewithouttheissuingoforders.Ifhispersonalconductisnotcorrect,hemayissueorders,buttheywillnotbefollowed.”
• “Therelationbetweenwiserulersandtheirinferiorsislikethatbetweenthewindandthegrass.Thegrassmustbendwhenthewindblowsacrossit.”
• “Togiveone'sselfearnestlytothedutiesduetomen,and,whilerespectingspiritualbeings,tokeepdistantfromthem,maybecalledwisdom.”
SocialImpactofConfucianism• BecomesfoundationofChinesegovernment
• Itconfirmedthepoweroftheemperor,butheldhimresponsibleforhispeople
• Reinforcedimportanceofpatriarchalrelationships
• ReinforcedfamilyasthecenterofChinesesociety
• Japan,Korea,Taiwan,SingaporeareinfluencedbyConfucianethic
FamilyaltarinMalaysianChinesehome.FamilyisinvitingancestorstopartakeintheHungaryGhostfestival
Daoism(Taoism)
• FoundedbyLaozi inChina• SacredText:DaoDeJing• Goal:Createsocietalharmonybylivingaccordingtothenaturallawsoftheuniverse
• AppealedtopeasantsinChinabecauseoftheirconnectiontotheland
Taoist Values• Rejection of self-assertiveness and
competition– “Standing on tiptoe you are unsteady” (24)
• Avoidance of aggression– “If you want to grab the world and run it/I see
that you will not succeed” (29)• Naturalism, naturalness, simplicity• Relativity
• Daoists viewededucationandmoralstrivingasuseless
• Inthefaceofdisorderandchaos,urgedwithdrawalintotheworldofnature
• Encouragedbehaviorthatwasspontaneous,individualistic,andnatural
• Emphasizednatureanditsmysteriouspatterns• Daoismencouragedpeopletoliveinnatureandtolivenaturally
Laozi’sDaoismYang
“WhatIs”
Light
Masculine
Creative
Active
Heaven
Life
Yin
“WhatIsNot”
Dark
Feminine
Receptive
Non-action
Earth
Death
Daoism
Daoist ArchitecturalInfluence
• Theybuilttempleswhichconformedtothecontoursoftheland.Theyalsobuilttheirtempleswithwoodenframes,symmetrically,andincludedgardenswithpavilionsorwalkways,orincorporatedthenaturalsceneryintothebuilding
Hinduism
Basicfacts:1) Hasnosingle
founder2) 3rd largest
religionintheworlda)1Billion
world-wideb)Mostlivein
Indiatoday
Hinduism
• 3000yearsold• BroughttoIndusRiverValleyRegionbyAryans
• Vedas– HolyText• WritteninSanskrit
– Allarepartofanall-powerfulspiritualforcecalledBrahman
• NotexactlyPolytheisticormonotheistic….
Hinduism• ThreemostimportantHinduGods(formsofBrahman)– Brahma(creator),Vishnu(protector),Shiva(destroyer)
• Beliefinreincarnation:Rebirthofthesoul,orwhenthesoulentersthebodyofanotherbeing– RespectforALLlivingthings
• UltimategoalMoksha– Freethesoulfromthecycleofreincarnation&thesoulcanunitewithBrahman.
SacredCowofIndia
Hinduism
vKarma:EveryactionproducesaJustifiedeffectbasedonitsmoralworthiness.
vDharma:ethicaldutybasedonthedivineorderofreality.Thewordistheclosestequivalentto“religion.”
SocialImpactofHinduism
ModernUntouchables
ModernIndiahas160millionuntouchablesorapproximately15%ofIndia’spopulation.
GangesRiver
PollutionintheGanges
EarlySpreadofBuddhism
RiseofBuddhism• EmergedafterHinduism• BeganinNepal• SiddharthaGautama– FounderofBuddhism– Becameknownasthe“EnlightenedOne”– Bornintoroyallife,lefttopursuesearchforreligioustruthandendtolife’ssuffering
• Peopleseekenlightenmentthroughmeditation,insteadofpriests,formalritualsandgods
FourNobleTruths
– 1)Alllifeisfullofsufferingandsorrow
– 2)Sufferingiscausedbyadesiretosatisfyourselves(beingselfish)
– 3)Thewaytoendsufferingistoendalldesires
– 4)Enddesirebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath
*StepsyoumusttakeinordertoreachNIRVANA
• Nirvana– Releasefromallselfishnessandpain
• EightfoldPath:– 1)RightUnderstanding- 2)Rightaspirations– 3)Rightspeech– 4)RightConduct– 5)Rightlivelihood- 6)RightEffort– 7)RightMindfulness- 8)RightConcentration
EightFoldPath
Buddha• Acceptedtheideaofreincarnation• RejectedthemanygodsofHinduism• Rejectedthecastesystem• Didnotwanttobeworshipped
What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?
Desire!Ø Therefore, extinguish the self,
don’t obsess about oneself.
Three braches of Buddhism:• Theravada (Way of the Elders): Focus is the monastic
community and the need for self-discipline in order to attain nirvana
• Mahayana (Greater Vehicle): Focuses on compassion in the bodhisattva form (holy person who postpones nirvana in order to help people). This subdivision has the most followers, since it is geared towards the layman.
• Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle): Dominant form of Buddhism in Tibet. It is known for its mystical rituals, which include, tantras, mantras, and mandalas
Thelotusrepresentsapatternofgrowththatsignifiestheprogressofthesoulfromtheprimeval
mudofmaterialism,throughthewatersofexperience,andthenintothesunshineof
enlightenment.
BuddhiststupasinIndonesia
InJapan,BuddhismhasmixedwithShinto,whichoriginatedinJapan.AShintoshrineinKyoto
Whattheyhaveincommon
• Bothgoalsforthereligions–– Involveaperfectstateofunderstanding–Breakfromthechainofreincarnation–Nonviolence
SpreadofBuddhism
SocialImpactofBuddhism
• SpreadtoCentralAsia,EastAsia,&SEAsia– Oftenblendswithexistingbeliefs
• Builtmonasteriesformenandwomen– Provideselitewomenanalternativetotraditionalliving