Presolar Dust in Meteorites and Introduction Comets ... · in Meteorites . Cometary Presolar Grains . Summary . Jan Leitner . Presolar Dust in Meteorites and Comets: Ancient Records

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary Jan Leitner

Presolar Dust in Meteorites and

Comets:

Ancient Records of Stellar

Nucleosynthesis and Early Solar

System Processes

October 18, 2014 Laboratory Astrophysics of Dust 2014, Tabarz

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany (e-mail: [email protected])

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

October 18, 2014 Laboratory Astrophysics of Dust 2014, Tabarz

Thank you to my collaborators:

Peter Hoppe & Janòs Kodolànyi

(MPI for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany)

Christian Vollmer

(Institute for Mineralogy, University of Münster, Germany)

Knut Metzler

(Institute for Planetology, University of Münster, Germany)

Christine Floss

(Laboratory for Space Sciences and Physics Department, Washington

University, St. Louis, MO, USA)

Jutta Zipfel

(Forschungsinstitut & Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany)

DFG-SPP 1385: The first ten million years of the solar

system – a planetary materials approach

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Primitive solar system materials contain varying

amounts of presolar dust that formed in the winds

of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar

explosions.

Crab nebula

(M1)

© E

SO

Supernovae

Antares

Evolved stars Planetary nebulae

Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)

The isotopic composition of certain elements in

these grains differs from average solar system

composition by up to several orders of magnitude. ©

W

IY

N T

ele

sco

pe C

on

so

rtiu

m

GK Persei

Novae

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Dust

condensation

Evolved

stars

Molecular

cloud

Formation of

solar system

~4.57 Ga ago

Transport through

interstellar medium:

irradiation

shockwaves

Incorporation in solid

bodies, e. g.:

primitive meteorites

interplanetary dust

comets

© N

AS

A

© N

AS

A (H

ST

)

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Presolar grain „history“ in a nutshell:

First hints for survival of presolar grains from isotopic

anomalies in meteorites of

Hydrogen (Boato 1954), Xenon (Reynolds &

Turner 1964), Neon (Black & Pepin 1969).

Identification & isolation of presolar diamond, SiC, graphite,

and refractory oxides in acid residues of meteorites (Lewis et

al. 1987; Bernatowicz 1987; Tang & Anders 1988; Amari 1990;

Hutcheon et al. 1994).

Only the most refractory phases

survive („burning down the

haystack“); no information on the

host material.

Identification of presolar silicates in interplanetary dust

(Messenger et al. 2003) and meteorites (Nguyen & Zinner

2004; Mostefaoui & Hoppe 2004) by in situ ion imaging.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Grain type Abundance

(ppm)

Size (µm)

Diamond 1,500 0.002

Silicates (IDPs) ≥375 0.2 – 1

Silicates

(meteorites)

≤220 0.2 – 0.9

Oxides ≤50 0.15 – 3

SiC 10 – 180 (30) 0.1 – 20

Graphite 10 1 –20

Silicon Nitride 0.002 0.3 –1

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Presolar SiC

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Presolar SiC

AB: Carbon stars;

born-again

AGB stars

MS: 1.5–3 M

,

Z~Z

AGBs

U/C: Type II SNe

X: Type II SNe

Y: low-mass

AGB stars;

Z~1/2 Z

Z: low-mass

AGB stars;

Z~1/3 Z

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Presolar SiC

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Groups according to Nittler et al., 1997, 2008

Reference data from presolar grain

database (http://presolar.wustl.edu/~pgd).

Solar system

So

lar syste

m

oxide grains

silicate grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction




Solar system

So

lar syste

m

Red giant stars Red giant stars

Red giant

stars/Supernovae?

oxide grains

silicate grains

Supernovae

Binary stars/Novae?

Supernovae

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction




Red giant

dredge-up Cool bottom

processing

Binary stars/Novae?

Supernovae

Hot bottom

burning

(massive AGB

stars)

Mo

difie

d afte

r N

ittle

r L

. R

. (2009) P

AS

A 26, 271.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

Presolar stardust grains retain information on

their stellar parents.

„Astrophysics in the laboratory“:

Explore stellar nucleosynthesis/evolution,

even „correct“ astrophysical models

(nuclear reaction rates, stellar dust

production, …)

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction

The various types of stardust grains (silicates,

refractory oxides, SiC,…)

have different resistance to secondary

alteration processes (aqueous/thermal) on the

meteorite parent body and in the protosolar

nebula.

Grain abundances can be used as

analytical probe to identify „pristine“

material.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Samples

Samples

Meteorites

Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs)

Cometary Dust

Contemporary Interstellar Dust

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Samples

Meteorites

„Poor Man‘s spaceprobe“.

Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs)

Stratospheric collection.

Cometary Dust

Space probe/Sample return mission.

Contemporary Interstellar Dust

Space probe/Sample return mission.

Samples

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Samples

Courtesy of A. T. Kearsley, NHM London (modified)

Interstellar grain (large)/

presolar silicate (avg.)

Samples

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Samples - Meteorites

Samples

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Samples - Cometary Dust?

Samples

Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs):

© NASA © NASA

Collected in the stratosphere.

Sources normally unknown

(„targeted collections“ allow

at least for an estimate).

„Primitive“ subgroup of

possible cometary origin.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Samples - Cometary Dust

First sample return

mission since LUNA 24

(Aug 22, 1976).

Launch: Feb 07, 1999

Rendezvous with 81P/Wild 2: Jan 02, 2004

Sample return: Jan 15, 2006

The ONLY source for material of UNAMBIGUOUSLY cometary

origin available to date!

Samples

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Al foils

© N

AS

A


Samples

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Al foils

Al foils: 153 cm² (Aerogel: 1039 cm²)

Cometary material as residue in

impact craters.

Samples

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Isotope Analysis

Analytical requirements:

imaging capability for in

situ-search

high lateral resolution

(grain sizes < 1 µm!)

high transmission (small

samples!)

high mass resolution

Isotope

Analysis

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Isotope Analysis

Cameca NanoSIMS 50 Ion Probe

Isotope

Analysis

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Isotope Analysis

Acquisition of 16

O–,

17O

–,

18O

–,

28Si

–, and

27Al

16O

– ion images in multi-collection mode.

100 nm primary Cs+ beam

high mass resolution (> 4600 @ 17 amu)

Typical setup for oxygen isotopes:

Isotope

Analysis

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Isotope Analysis

16O

–

28Si

– 27Al

16O

– max.

min.

17O

– 18O

–

2 µm

Isotope

Analysis

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Isotope Analysis

28Si

– 27Al

16O

– max.

min.

17O/

16O

18O/

16O

2 µm

Isotope

Analysis

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Isotope Analysis

Repeat with other isotopic system

(Mg-Al, Si, Ti, Mn-Cr, Fe-Ni,…)

If the grain still exists after analysis:

OR…

Isotope

Analysis

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Correlated Techniques

…apply other suitable techniques to gain

chemical and structural information on

the stardust grains. Correlated

Techniques

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


18O/16O

200 nm

17O/16O SEM

max.

min.

28Si– 27Al16O–

SEM: Relocating grains

Correlated

Techniques

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary



Auger spectroscopy

Element mapping and quantitative

chemical information with ~10 – 20 nm

lateral resolution.

Correlated

Techniques

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Auger spectroscopy


FIB (focused ion beam) preparation

TEM lamellae Correlated

Techniques

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary



FIB (focused ion beam) preparation

TEM slices

„Needles“

FIB (focused ion beam) preparation:

„Needles“

Co

urte

sy o

f J. K

od

olà

nyi

~200 nm

24Mg

+ 25Mg

+

26Mg

+

27Al

+ 28Si

+

Courtesy of J. Kodolànyi

Auger spectroscopy

Correlated

Techniques

Kodolànyi et al. (2014) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 140, 577–605.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Presolar Grains in Meteorites (1)

„Astrophysics in the lab“.

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Hoppe et al. (2009) Astrophys. J. 691, L20–L23

Testing and correction of model predictions and

nuclear reaction rates:

SiC grain KJB2-11-17-1

Hypothesis by Travaglio

et al. (1998): 29

Si yield is

2× higher than currently

predicted for C- & Ne-

burning zones of SN II.

Composition of KJB2-11-

17-1 can indeed be

reproduced only with this

assumption.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Identification of molecule chemistry in the ejecta

of type II supernovae:

Hoppe, Fujiya & Zinner (2012) Astrophys. J. 745, L26–L30.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Identification of molecule chemistry in the ejecta

of type II supernovae:

Hoppe, Fujiya & Zinner (2012) Astrophys. J. 745, L26–L30.

Combination of heavy Si

and light S: preferential

trapping of S from the

innermost SN zones by the

growing SiC particles.

Can be achieved by S

molecule chemistry in the

still unmixed ejecta.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


100 nm

Pt-cap

meteorite

matrix

SEM 27

Al16

O–

17O/

16O

18O/

16O

Presolar Al-oxide in NWA 852:

Isotopically homogeneous (AGB-star origin)…

Leitner et al. (2012a) Astrophys. J. 745, 38–53.

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


100 nm

O Al

Ca Ti

V

TEM-EDX

SAD-pattern

O

Al

Fe Mg Si

Ca Fe

TEM-EDX

…but complex mineralogy, indicative of a

non-equilibrium condensation sequence in the stellar

environment.

Hibonite

(CaAl12

O19

)

Ti-rich subgrain

(Perovskite?)

Leitner et al. (2012a) Astrophys. J. 745, 38–53.

Presolar Al-oxide in NWA 852 :

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Silicate Stardust from a Nova:

Leitner et al. (2012b) Astrophys. J., 754, L41–L46.

© N

AS

A

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary




Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary




First observed 30

Si-excess in a nova

candidate silicate.

Confirmation of model

predictions (O-Ne type, WD

mass ~1.3–1.4 Msolar

).

From O-, Si- & Mg-isotopes:

© N

AS

A

© N

AS

A

Mixing between White Dwarf and companion

star material during Nova outburst.

Companion

White Dwarf

Element compositions & distributions:

Polygrain-structure, Si-rich

subgrain (1):

Non-equilibrium

condensation, in accordance

with Nova scenario

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


16O

– 27Al

16O

–

24Mg

+ 49Ti

+ 26Mg

+ 27Al

+

17O/

16O

18O/16

O

KRY#I_37 – A complex presolar „rock“

Grain size: 800 × 3,750 nm

Top row: Cs+ primary beam, ~60 nm beam diameter

Bottom row: O– primary beam, ~100 nm beam diameter

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

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Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


KRY#I_37 – A complex presolar „rock“

Complex grains: most „recent“ addition to identified types

of O-rich stardust.

Vollmer et al. 2006, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 37, #1284.

Vollmer et al. 2009, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 7127–7149.

Only a few complex grains have been identified so far:

600 silicate grains (86.7 %)

83 oxide grains (in situ) (12.0 %)

9 complex grains ( 1.3 %)

Formation/condensation mechanisms?

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

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Analysis

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Possible grain formation processes:

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Al,Ca,Ti-oxides as seed nuclei? (e.g., Gail 2003)

Cluster formation of SiO as seed particles? (Gail et al.

2013)

Mg-rich, Fe-free silicates via heteromolecular

condensation based on Mg, SiO & H2O? (Goumans &

Bromley 2012)

Gail (2003), in Astromineralogy (ed. Th. Henning), pp. 55–120.

Gail et al. (2013), A&A 555, A119.

Goumans & Bromley (2012), MNRAS 420, 3344.

Observation of different types of dust shells around 4 O-

rich Mira variables (Karovicova et al. 2013):

Type I: Al2O

3

Type II: silicate

Type III: Al2O

3 + silicate (highest mass-

loss rates)

Karovicova et al. (2013), A&A 560, A75.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Si

SE Al O

Ca Mg

Fe Ti S

Auger

Element

Spectroscopy

(AES)

mapping

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Core:

Mixture of Al-Ti-Ca-

oxide phases.

Mantle:

Ca-Mg-silicate.

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites Stellar origin:

M~1.5 M

- AGB star, Z~1–1.2 Z

(inferred from O- and Mg-isotopes, together with data from

Nittler et al. 2008 and the F.R.U.I.T.Y. database (Cristallo et al.

2011)).

Crystalline or amorphous material? (work in progress!)

Information on the stellar mass-loss rate (Sogawa & Kozasa

1999): Crystallized

Nittler et al. (2008), Astrophys. J. 652, 1450–1478.

Cristallo et al. (2011), Astrophys. J. Suppl. 197, 17.

Sogawa & Kozasa (1999), Astrophys. J. 516, L33–L36.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Early solar system processes: Presolar

grains as „analytical tools“.

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Chondrule with fine-grained rim (FGR) in Maribo (CM2)

200 µm


Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Chondrule with fine-grained rim (FGR) in

NWA 801 (CR2)

SE

SE S X-ray-map

80 µm

FGR

ICM CHO

FGR

ICM CHO

A more sophisticated picture of PG host materials:

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Nebular origin of FGRs that contain (abundant)

presolar stardust.

(a long-discussed question in the

„chondrule-formation community“)

FGR and ICM („classical“) formed from the same

reservoir, but experienced different degrees of

alteration.

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites


Alteration during/after rim accretion - which

reduced the PG abundance. Localized small-

scale aqu. alteration; low-velocity impacts?

(Bland et al. 2012; Le Guillou & Brearley 2014;

Lindgren et al. 2014).

Bland et al. (2012), Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 43, #2005.

Le Guillou & Brearley (2014), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 131, 344–367.

Lindgren et al. (2014), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.09.014.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

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Analysis

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Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Incorporation of rimmed chondrules into the

parent body/bodies, together with ICM still

retaining „high“ PG levels.

Carbonaceous chondrites of petrologic

type 3. Presolar Grains in Meteorites


Onset of parent-body alteration processes

modulates the PG abundances further.

CR2s: ICM more affected than

FGRs.

CM2s: Aqueous alteration destroyed

most of the silicates (larger PGs

survived).

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

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Analysis

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Cometary Presolar Grains

Abundance of presolar dust in Wild 2

samples?

Comets should contain higher

concentrations of stardust than primitive

meteorites (formation region, alteration

history).

McKeegan K. et al. 2006. Science 314, 1720–1724.

Stadermann F. J. and Floss C. 2008. Lunar Planet. Sci. 39, abstract #1889.

Stadermann F. J. et al. 2008. Met. Planet. Sci. 43, 299–313.

Preliminary Examination phase (& shortly

after):

17 ppm (3 grains)

+17

– 9

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

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Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


d > 2 µm Results of investigations of large foil craters

underestimate the content

of presolar grains.

Even large isotopic

anomalies of melted

presolar particles with

diameters of 300 nm are

not detectable in craters

produced by cometary

particles with sizes more

than 2 µm.

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


d < 2 µm Focusing on small impact craters:

Dilution effects can be

minimized.

More realistic estimate of the

presolar grain abundance in

Wild 2 matter.

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

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Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


1,647 craters

50.7 mm²

32 craters/mm²

All foils (MPI Mainz)

median: 286 nm

average: 368 nm

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


264 craters

037N_M40_004 Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


18O/

16O

solar

500 nm

SEM 16

O–

solar

17O/

16O

037N_M40_004

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


18O/

16O

solar solar

17O/

16O

500 nm

SEM

18O = 167 ± 41 ‰

17O = 128 ± 67 ‰

037N_M40_004

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Presolar matter in cometary dust:

?

presumed

cometary dust

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


presumed

cometary dust

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Summary – the „Big Picture“

Summary

Small (~femto- to picogram) samples, older than

the solar system.

Low concentrations in primitive solar system

matter (≤15,000 ppm in cometary dust, ≤240 ppm

in meteorite matrix).

………………………………………………………………

Dust

condensation;

„stellar

fingerprint“

ISM protosolar

cloud

Parent

body

Laboratory

analysis

modification & destruction

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Summary

Small (~femto- to picogram) samples, older than

the solar system.

Low concentrations in primitive solar system

matter (≤15,000 ppm in cometary dust, ≤240 ppm

in meteorite matrix).

………………………………………………………………

Isotopic studies:

Investigation of actual extra-solar material in the

lab; study of stellar properties (stellar models &

reaction rates).

Number and types of stars contributing matter to

the protosolar cloud.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

General properties of circumstellar dust:

Crystalline/amorphous?

Grain morphology (shape; single

grain/polygrain structure)

Elemental composition (stoichiometry)

Equilibrium/Non-equilibrium conditions;

stellar mass-loss rates; processing in the

ISM;…


Summary

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary


Summary

Discrepancy between observational data and laboratory

analysis of stardust grains!

Low crystallinity in the ISM (< 2%; Kemper et al. 2005; Min

et al. 2007)

Circumstellar environments: 10-20%, up to ~70% (Molster &

Kemper 2005)

Presolar silicates:

~35 grains studied so far (Vollmer et al. 2013 & refs.)

Predominance of olivine over pyroxene

high abundance of amorphous silicates

Crystalline pyroxene rare (1 out of 35).

Contemporary IS dust (Stardust samples, Westphal

et al. 2014)

2 out of 3 grains show crystalline features.

Kemper F. et al. (2005) Astrophys. J. 633, 534.

Min M. et al. (2007) A&A 462, 667.

Molster F. J. & Kemper F. (2005) Space Science Rev. 119,3.

Vollmer C. et al. (2013) Astrophys. J. 769, 61.

Westphal A. J. et al. (2014) Science 345, 786.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

Presolar grains as „analytical tools“.


Summary

Monitoring abundances & distribution

in cometary dust & meteorites:

Information on alteration of the

host material; accretion processes

in the early solar nebula.

Oct 18, 2014

Introduction

Samples

Isotope

Analysis

Correlated

Techniques

Presolar Grains

in Meteorites

Cometary

Presolar Grains

Summary

The End

© Sidney Harris

Thanks to Elmar Groener for

technical assistance on the

NanoSIMS, Joachim Huth

and Antje Sorowka for

support with the SEM, and

Maik Biegler for sample

preparation.

I acknowledge support by DFG through SPP

1385: The first ten million years of the solar

system – a planetary materials approach

(HO 2163/1-1&2 & LE 3279/1-1).

Documents

Presolar Dust in Meteorites and Introduction Comets ... · in Meteorites . Cometary Presolar Grains . Summary . Jan Leitner . Presolar Dust in Meteorites and Comets: Ancient Records