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French Revolution
• Shortly after the French help the colonies in a fight for independence, the French people decide they want independence, too.
• This fight for independence is far different from the Revolutionary War.
• Background on French Revolution…
• An estimated 65,000 soldiers and sailors died in the American Revolutionary War
• An estimated 40,000 French citizens died during the two-year reign of Terror during the French Revolution
• If you include the Napoleonic Wars, easily over 1,000,000 people died in the French Revolution
Genet Affair
• Edward Charles Genet-Sent by Giordins to negotiate with US, overstepping neutrality
• Commissions and agreement in South Carolina with governor Moultrie to encourage privateering of British ships
• Congress debates on what to do with him-Genet ignores government policies
• Negotiate a way to send him home, power changes in France keeps him in US
Relations with Europe
• The French Revolution starts shortly after GW becomes President
• Radicals in France kill the King and Queen, declare a revolution and declare war on Great Britain
• US trades with both countries• GW tries to maintain peace by
declaring the US is, “Friendly and Impartial to both countries”
• Things still get tense• British navy starts seizing neutral
ships headed to French ports, including US ships
• Rumors state British soldiers still in Northwest Territory are encouraging the Native Americans to attack the United States
• Something needs to be done• GW sends John Jay to Great Britain
to create a treaty and prevent a war
Jay’s Treaty• Great Britain knows the new nation is not
ready for a full fledged war with the British superpower, they drive a hard bargain
• Great Britain still seizes US ships headed to France
• Great Britain will not reimburse US merchants who lost care to Great Britain but agree to arbitration (3rd party)
• US gets “most favored nation” status in trade with Great Britain
• US gets rid of some of the British soldiers still in the Northwest Territory and opens ports
Reaction to Jay’s Treaty
• Senators think this treaty is awful, US gives up more than it gets
• Senators still agree to sign this bill into law so they can avoid a war with Great Britain, try to keep it quiet (10 to 20 vote)
• The American people find out about this treaty and are very unhappy, especially the Republicans (Jefferson)
Pinckney’s Treaty
• Thomas Pinckney from South Carolina • Spain joins France and Great Britain in
war but Spain wants to keep peace with the US
• Spain approaches the US about making a treaty-NEUTRALITY (seeing a pattern?)
• Spain gives US access to Mississippi River and New Orleans, helping to soothe Western farmers
Moving West
• By 1790, Western Settlements are expanding faster than any other part of US
• People in Northwest Territory experience trouble with the Native Americans, especially this guy…
• Native American chief Little Turtle forms Western Confederation of Native American groups
• Little Turtle beats US troops in two embarrassing losses (1790-1791)
• Washington sends massive amounts of troops, finally defeats Little Turtle (1794) at Battle of Fallen Timbers
Greenville Treaty
• 12 of the Native American groups from the Confederation sign the Greenville Treaty with the US
• Native Americans agree to give up their land for $10,000 annually from the federal government
• Settlers now feel safer to settle here
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Washington wrote a letter, addressed to the people of the United States, announcing he would not run again
• Two main ideas– Stay away from Political Parties– Don’t get involved in the politics of
other nations
Election of 1796
• Federalist Candidate: John Adams• Republican Candidate: Thomas
Jefferson
• Electoral College-How do you decide?
• John Adams Wins!!• Problems?
Who is John Adams?
• Federalist party member• Delegate from Mass. for CC• European diplomat• Vice President to Washington• Married to Abigail Adams-intellectual
woman who fought for women’s right• Son=6th President JQA• Vigorous foreign policy
Quasi War with France
• French are upset by Jay’s Treaty, start seizing US ships headed to Great Britain
• Federalists call for war with France• John Marshall, Charles Pinckney,
and Elbridge Gerry go to France to negotiate in 1797
• They run into French Agents X, Y, an Z
XYZ Affair
• Marshall, Pinckney, and Gerry go all the way to France to try to make a treaty
• French Secret Agents (called X, Y, and Z) tell the US they must pay a bribe before negotiations can begin
• America gets mad, starts the Quasi-War with France
Quasi War• In 1798, the United States starts
a “Quasi-War” with France• This war is not recognized as an
official war and is only fought on the seas, thus Quasi-War
• Convention of 1800: Quasi-War ends in 1800, the US gives up claims for reparations, France releases US from Treaty of 1778
Alien and Sedition Acts
• The Quasi War causes domestic conflict
• Federalists got US involved in the Quasi War
• Republicans very harsh about Quasi War
• John Adams resents the statements Republican newspapers make about him
• Pass 4 laws dealing with foreign policy-arguments over what the purpose was
Alien and Sedition Act
1. Naturalization: Immigrants must wait 14 years to become citizens (they usually voted Republican)2. Alien Friends Act: Any immigrant could be deported without trial if deemed “dangerous to the peace” to the United States
3. Alien Enemies Act: Same as Friends Act except for males 14+ years from a hostile nation during a time of war4.Sedition Act (tried to keep people from inciting rebellion) it is a federal crime to publish anything “false, scandalous, or malicious” about gov’t
VA and KY say NO!
• In response to Alien and Sedition Act, the Republican controlled legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky protest
• Both states argue the A&S Act to be UNCONSTITUTIONAL
• Madison and Virginia: public should oppose, universal alarm
• Jefferson and Kentucky: states should be able to nullify unconstitutional fed. laws
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Virginia Resolutions argue interposition—The States can place themselves between the people and the federal government to stop an illegal action of the government
• Kentucky Resolutions argue nullification—The states can declare an unconstitutional federal law to by invalid
• These aren’t important now, will be later