President Dwight D. Eisenhower1952-1960

What were the Cold War fears faced by the American People, and

how successfully did the Eisenhower Presidency address

them?

Communist Fears @ Home

NATO

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. first atomic bomb…..

•The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb?

•Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be

accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets.

•Charged with espionage they would be found guilty

and executed in 1953.

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. first atomic bomb…..

•The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb?

•Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be

accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets.

•Charged with espionage they would be found guilty

and executed in 1953.

•House Committee for House Committee for Un-American ActivitiesUn-American Activities

red scare3

•HUACHUAC committee warned of civil rights violations.•Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for contempt of Congress.

•1950–77, Congress and FBI investigated

Americans suspected as communists

McCarran Act Internal Security

Act of 1950All communists were to register and groups to give lists of members

red scare3

•In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against former State Dept. official Alger Hiss

•Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison

•Richard NixonRichard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUACHUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.

•In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against former State Dept. official Alger Hiss

•Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison

•Richard NixonRichard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUACHUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.

Alger Hiss Whitaker Chambers

Richard Nixon

•1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood TenHollywood Ten..

•Blacklisted:Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

•1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood TenHollywood Ten..

•Blacklisted:Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

red scare3

•Red ScareRed Scare was Americans response to the fear of

Communism

•Senator Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt.

officials of being Communist.

•McCarthyismMcCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s

character without proof and it ruined the careers

of many Americans.

red scare

Became a witch huntwitch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oathloyalty oath” to the United

States…….

Communist Fears Abroad

Containment Policy •Developed by State Department assistant, George

Keenan, NSC-68

•Argued that the SU was trying to do two things: defeat capitalism, & expand the Soviet sphere of influence.

•US would stand firm, restrict and halt Soviet and Communist expansion.

Containment Policy •Developed by State Department assistant, George

Keenan, NSC-68

•Argued that the SU was trying to do two things: defeat capitalism, & expand the Soviet sphere of influence.

•US would stand firm, restrict and halt Soviet and Communist expansion.

•How? Help countries who were threatened by Communism with financial and economic assistance, propaganda, politically and militarily.

•Adopted by President Truman in 1946. •Opposite of Appeasement…..

•Confront dictators

•How? Help countries who were threatened by Communism with financial and economic assistance, propaganda, politically and militarily.

•Adopted by President Truman in 1946. •Opposite of Appeasement…..

•Confront dictators

1946• March• Churchill’s Iron curtain speech

NATO

•Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..

•China became a communistic country.

•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.

•Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.

•US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world

•Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..

•China became a communistic country.

•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.

•Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.

•US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world

Mao Tse Tung

Chang Kai Shek

•1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea.

•North Korea was a communist nation and

South Korea was a democracy.

•First war of ““containmentcontainment”” policy to stop communism

•““Police ActionPolice Action”” not a declared war

•President Truman leads United Nations.

•General Douglas MacArthur commands US

and UN troops.

•Called “forgotten war”.

•1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea.

•North Korea was a communist nation and

South Korea was a democracy.

•First war of ““containmentcontainment”” policy to stop communism

•““Police ActionPolice Action”” not a declared war

•President Truman leads United Nations.

•General Douglas MacArthur commands US

and UN troops.

•Called “forgotten war”.

Berlin Blockade & AirliftJune 24, 1948 – May 12, 1949

• immediate cause of the blockade was the introduction of a new currency to the Western zones

• the real issue was the reunification of Germany

• especially vulnerable-deep within the Soviet zone

Background to the War

Background to the War

z The French lost control to The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh’s Ho Chi Minh’s Viet MinhViet Minh forces in 1954 at forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Dien Bien PhuPhu

z President Eisenhower President Eisenhower declined to intervene on declined to intervene on behalf of France.behalf of France.

Formation of NATO

• Europeans became increasingly wary of Soviet intentions after the Berlin Blockade

• April 4th, 1949 the NATO treaty was signed.

• The United States, Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and the Netherlands signed.

• Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 and West Germany in 1955.

Nukes and the Space Race

NATO

•19491949

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. first atomic bomb…..

•19501950

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first Hydrogen bombfirst Hydrogen bomb

•19491949

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. first atomic bomb…..

•19501950

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first Hydrogen bombfirst Hydrogen bomb

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Facts on Sputnik

•Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio

signals.

•Launched Oct. 4, 1957

•Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

Facts on Sputnik

•Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio

signals.

•Launched Oct. 4, 1957

•Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

Effects on the United

States•Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology

Effects on the United

States•Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology•Americans resolved to regain

technological superiority over the Soviet Union

•In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and

Aeronautics Agency

•1958 -->1958 --> National Defense Education National Defense Education ActAct

•Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the

Soviet Union

•In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and

Aeronautics Agency

•1958 -->1958 --> National Defense Education National Defense Education ActAct

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Atomic Anxieties:

•“Duck-and-Cover Generation”

Atomic Anxieties:

•“Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing:•Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.

Atomic Testing:•Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.

Americans began building Americans began building underground bomb shelters underground bomb shelters and cities had underground and cities had underground

fallout shelters.fallout shelters.

Americans began building Americans began building underground bomb shelters underground bomb shelters and cities had underground and cities had underground

fallout shelters.fallout shelters.

Effects of Sputnik on United StatesEffects of Sputnik on United States

Missile Gap• the presumed strategic disparity between the Soviet Union

and the United States believed to have been created by the USSR's technological achievements in the late 1950s.

• The missile gap became an important political issue, with critics charging that President Dwight D. Eisenhower had allowed the Soviets to gain a dangerous military advantage over the United States by refusing to spend enough money on missile programs.

• The missile gap was a myth. Eisenhower had explained that there was no gap, but many doubted the president's claims.

• Concerns over the missile gap did not recede until after October 1961, when members of the Kennedy administration declared that the United States possessed overwhelming military strength.

• Agricultural overproduction, low prices

• Older industrial areas decline• 1957-1958--recession slows decade’s

economic growth

Economic Concerns

Eisenhowers Responses

Communist Fears @ Home

• Ike was privately critical but did little to destroy McCarthy

• Republicans used McCarthy in 1952 election

• McCarthy brought himself down• Continued loyalty program

Communist Fears Abroad

Eisenhower & DullesEisenhower & Dulles

1. Mutual security agreements.

2. Massive retaliation.

3. M. A. D.

4. “Domino Theory”

5. CIA & covert operations

6. Eisenhower Doctrine

1. Mutual security agreements.

2. Massive retaliation.

3. M. A. D.

4. “Domino Theory”

5. CIA & covert operations

6. Eisenhower Doctrine

“Brinksmanship”[John Foster Dulles]

• Stalin’s Death (1953)– Khrushchev (1956): “peaceful coexistence”

• Hungarian Revolt (1956)• Suez Canal Crisis (1956 to 57)• Sputnik (1957)• Second Berlin Crisis (1958)– Khrushchev: “We will bury capitalism”

• U-2 Incident (1960)• Support for Castro in Cuba (1959)

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

Cold War continues with propaganda radio broadcasts

Cold War continues with the Soviets also using propaganda radio broadcasts

•Mad Magazine makes fun of the Cold War with their Spy vs. Spy column.

•CIA vs. KGB

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

•U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower admitted on May 7 that the unarmed U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower admitted on May 7 that the unarmed reconnaissance aircraft was indeed on a spy mission. reconnaissance aircraft was indeed on a spy mission.

•In response, Khrushchev cancelled a long-awaited summit meeting in Paris, In response, Khrushchev cancelled a long-awaited summit meeting in Paris,

•Powers was sentenced to ten years in a Soviet prison for his confessed espionage. Powers was sentenced to ten years in a Soviet prison for his confessed espionage.

•year-and-a-half later, on February 10, 1962, the Soviets released him in exchange year-and-a-half later, on February 10, 1962, the Soviets released him in exchange for Rudolph Abel, for Rudolph Abel,

•Led to the Berlin Wall being built and the Cold War “heating up again”Led to the Berlin Wall being built and the Cold War “heating up again”

Ikes Responses

• Ike moderate support for space race• Huge impact of Sputnik forced hand• Federal program to build bomb

shelters/ Duck and Cover program for schools

• US supplying missiles to Britain and NATO allies

• NASA (1958) and Explorer I• MAD . Mutually Assured Destruction

Responses to the Economy

Domestic PolicyBalanced, moderate

“Bland leading the bland”Overall, a time of prosperity

New Deal a part of modern lifeExpands farm aid, Social Security, housing, health services

Highway Act of 195642,000 miles of interstate highways linking major citiesImprove national defenseGood for jobs, truckingBad for the poor, public transportation

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

• We now stand ten years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. Three of these involved our own country. Despite these holocausts America is today the strongest, the most influential and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence, we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

• A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

• American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

• In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

• As we peer into society's future, we – you and I, and our government – must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering for, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow. We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without asking the loss also of their political and spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations to come, not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow.

• We pray that peoples of all faiths, all races, all nations, may have their great human needs satisfied; that those now denied opportunity shall come to enjoy it to the full; that all who yearn for freedom may experience its spiritual blessings; that those who have freedom will understand, also, its heavy responsibilities …

• all peoples will come to live together in a peace guaranteed by the binding force of mutual respect and love.

• Now, on Friday noon, I am to become a private citizen. I am proud to do so. I look forward to it.

• Thank you, and good night.

Death DBQ

• You will have one hour to complete this DBQ.