THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 6 NO. 4 NOVEMBER 1980

President Anderson's Message

Foundation Founder And Artists Share Awards

Courtesy Lewis & Clark College

This day I completed my thirty first year, and conceived that I had in all human probability now existed about half the period which I am to remain in this Sub­lunary world. I reflected that I had as yet done but little, very little, indeed, to further the hapiness of the human race, or to advance the information of the suc­ceeding generation .... [I] resolved in fu­ture, to redouble my exertions and at least indeavour to promote those two pri­mary objects of human existence, by giv­ing them the aid of that portion of talents which nature and fortune have bestowed on me; or in future, to live for mankind, as I have heretofore lived for myself. (Meriwether Lewis, August 18, 1805, Thwaites 2, 368.)

To me, this introspective self-apprais­al by Meriwether Lewis on his 31st birthday provides a keystone to un­derstanding the remarkable political

(Continued on Page 2)

The 1979-1980 Awards Committee' re­ceived three nominations for the Foundation's Award of Meritorious Achievement. At this year's Twelfth Annual Banquet Edward Ruisch, Sioux City, Iowa; John and Doris Clymer, Teton Village, Wyoming; and Bob Scriver, Browning, Montana, were recipients of the award. The cita­tion on the award plaque reads: "Award of Meritorious Achievement . . . For Outstanding Contributions in Bringing to This Nation a Greater Awareness and Appreciation of the Lewis and Clark Expedition."

Edward Ruisch's interest in the Lewis and Clark Story dates to his service with the 1965-1969 Congressional Lewis and Clark Trail Commission. And before that, in 1956, Ed was ac­tive in the organization of the Iowa Lewis and Clark Historical Associa­tion, and he served this organization as its president in 1964. When the Congressional Commission completed its work in 1969, and recommended that the Lewis and Clark Trail States carry on the work of the Commission, Ed Ruisch was one of thirteen who journeyed to St. Louis On June 27, 1970, for the specific purpose of or­ganizing the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. He served as a Foundation Director from 1970 to 1977. The Sioux City group hosted

1. V. Strode Hinds, Chairman; Ralph H. Rudeen; Hazel Bain.

the Foundation's Third Annual Meet­ing in August 1971, and Ruisch organ­ized that meeting. Readers may re­view Ed Ruisch's many Lewis and Clark and civic activities in the "Foundation Personality" feature ti­t led: "Edward Ruisch - Iowa's Lewis and Clarkiana Man'', which appeared in the Vol. 2, No. 2, issue of We Pro­ceeded On. Foundation Vice Pres­ident V. Strode Hinds made the pre­sentation of the award to Ed Ruisch .

The historical paintings of John Clymer, complemented by the re­search of Doris Clymer, represent one of the most significant artistic achievements in the present genera­tion of American Art. Foundation director William Sherman, Portland, Oregon, who nominated the Clymers for the Foundation's award wrote:

To my mind, anyone born free in Ameri­can is born deeply in debt! Certainly we owe a debt to the wan-iors who fought the battles that made us free and kept us free - both to those who survived and to those who gave their lives.

Certainly we owe a great debt to those founders who shaped our political destiny with brilliant concepts that have lighted the paths of freedom, for the entire world, for all time.

Certainly we owe a debt to the explorers and to the pioneers who opened up vast wilderness and made it possible for the merchant, the farmer and all professional

(Continued on Page 3)

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the Expedition: -

"this morning we set out early and proceeded on . .. "

" ... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on . .. until 6 oClock ... "

" . . . the fog rose thick from the hollars we proceeded on ... "

"We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes ... "

"We set out early proceeded on past a Island on the S. Side . .. "

Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805.

Capt. William Clark, May 14, 1805.

Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1806.

Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806.

Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, 1004. ·~ . . clouded up . . . We proceeded on under a fine breeze . .. " Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 1805.

THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption Certificate No. 501(C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715

OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President Irving W. Anderson

P.O . Box LC-1 96 Lewis & Clark College Portland, OR 97219

1st Vice President V. Strode Hinds, D .D.S.

3121 Grandview Sioux City, IA 51104

2nd Vice President

Hazel Bain. Secretary 1950 - 33rd Ave .. Apt. # 1

Longview, WA 98632

Dan Murphy, Secretary P.O. Box 728

Santa Fe, NM 97501

Clarence H . Decker. Treasurer P .O. Box 128

Stephen E. Ambrose New Orleans, LA

Todd Berens Santa Ana, CA

Harold Billian Villanova, PA

Viol a Forrest Walla Walla, WA

DIRECTORS Mildred Goosman Omaha, NE

Clifford lmsland Seattle, WA

Dona Id Jackson Colorado Springs, CO

Arlen J . Large Washington, D .C.

East Alton, IL 62024

Gary E. Moulton Lincoln, NB

Sheila Robinson Coleharbor. ND

William P. Sherman Portland. OR

Wilbur P. Werner Cut Bank, MT

Bob Saindon, Helena, MT, Immediate Past President, is a Foundation Director.

PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS

" Honorary Past President" - E.E. "Boo" MacGilvra (Deceased)

Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 St. Louis, Missouri

E. G. Chuinard, M .D., 1971 Tigard, O regon

John Greenslit, 1972 Lansing, Michigan

Lynn Burris, Jr., 1972-1973 Topeka, Kansas

Robert E. Lange, 1973-1974 Portland, Oregon

Gary Leppart, 1974-1975 Lew istown, Montana

Wilbur P. Werner, 1g75.1g75 Cut Bank, Montana

Clarence H. Decker. 1976-1977 East Alton. Illinois

Gail M. Stensland, 1977-1978 Fort Benton, Montana

Mitchell Doumit, 1978-1979 Cathlamet, Washington

Bob Saindon, 1 g79-1980 Helena, MT

ABOUT THE FOUNDATION

The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage founda tion, Inc., is to stimulat e nationally: public interest in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions to American history made by t he expedition members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition which are of historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and supports 111ctivities w hich enhance the enjoyment and understanding of the Lewis and Clark story. The scope of the activities of the Foundation a re broad and diverse, and inc lude involvement in pursuits which, in the judgement of the Director& are, of historical worth or contemporary social values, and commensurate w ith the heritage of Lewis and Clark. The activities of the National Foundation are i ntended to compliment and supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for : art works of distinction; achievement in the broad field of Lewis and Clark historical research: writing; or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of activities of the Foundation. M e mbership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including Federal. State. and local government offic ials. historians, scholars. and others of wide ranging Lewis and Clark interests. Officers of the foundation are elected from the membership. The Annual M eeting of the foundation is traditionally held during August , the birth month of both Meriwether Lewis and W illiam Clark . The meeting place is rotated among t he States , and tours generally are arranged to visi t sites in the area of the Annual Meeting which have historic association with the Lewis and Clark Expedit ion.

WE PROCEEDED ON

We Proceeded On i s the o fficial publication of t he Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. The publication's name is derived from t he phrase which appears repeatedly in the collec­tive journals of the famous Expedition.

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE

Robert E. Lange, Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201

E. G. Chuinard, Business Manager 15537 S.W . Summerfield Lane Tigard, OR 97223

Paul R. Cutright 312 Summit Avenue

~Jenkintown. PA 19046

Gary E. Moulton Love Library - Univ. Nebraska Lincoln, NB 68588

Donald Jackson 3g20 Old Stage Road Colorado Springs. CO 80906

Wilbur P. Werner P.O. Box 124 4 Cut Bank, MT 59427

-2-

President's Message (Continued from Page I) success, and significant scientific con­tributions made by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1·eading between the lines of the journals, it is clear that to the Captains and their partners in discovery, the worth of their undertaking became a virtual "callin g", appearing at times to even transcend the magnitude of Thomas Jefferson 's detailed instructions. It is t his intrinsic thread of persona l human values based in the truth and honesty found woven throughout the Lewis and Clark story, that makes timeless the drama and excitement of this inspring legacy of American his­tory.

I have come to this realization not only through my own study of the Ex­pedition, but also through the medi­um of "Lewis and Clarkiana osmosis" exuded by our history-conscious, knowledgeable members. At our annu­al meetings this transcendent dimen ­sion of Lewis and Clark history is particularly experienced; to those who have yet to enjoy these delibera­tions, I am sure that you would a lso delight in the content, quality and di­versity of programs and field trips. Complementing our serious efforts are enjoyable interspersions of humorous anecdotes from the journals, and the fine camaraderie of the group.

Indeed, our Twelfth Annual Meeting, at Omaha in August, was another in our record of interest-holding pro­grams that pleasingly balance schol­arly dissertations with act ivi ties shared in by all participants. We com­mend Foundation directors Mildred Goosman, Omaha, and Dr. Strode Hinds, Sioux City, together with their many other volunteer helpers, for the comprehensive program offerings, and attendant perfection of scheduling.

In testimony to the unique elem of our group, are the words of Dr. Robert Manley, creator of Nebraska's Educa­tional Television program, Listen to the Land. Dr. Manley, au thor, educa­tor, lect urer, and fo lk singer en ­tranced our party during the Fort At­kinson evening cookou t with his diversity of talents. In writing to us, D r. Manley states: "I thoroughly en­joyed meeting the people associated with the Lewis and Clark Heritage Foundation. They were a delightful audience. I sensed immediately that they had a real feeling for history -the living past which is all around us. Believe me, that kind of audience is not often found. You can take that from one who talks to a couple of hundred audiences a year."

Consistently each year we marvel at the ingenious localized format of our

We Proceeded On, November 1980

annual meeting, and look forward ex­pectantly to the next year's event. An·d this provides a natural opener for me to give a sn eak prev:iew of the site selection for the 1981 Annual Meeting. Plans are yet tentative, but focus around a proposed three-day t ravel­ling meeting, via air conditioned ch arter busses. The tour would origi­nate in Missoula, Montana, and trav­el east to pick up the Lewis and Clark Trail at the Three Forks of the Mis­souri River. The Expedition's out ­bound r oute would then be retraced through western Montana and north­ern Idah o, returning the third day to Missoula for our annual Awards Ban­quet. Interpretive programs would be conducted throughout the journey at significan t Expedition sites, such as Shoshone Cove (Montana ), where Lewis wrote his birthd ay epistle, above. Meeting a nnouncements cov­ering dates, costs, etc., will be made bot h in WPO, a nd in detail in separate mailings, as soon as plans are fop malized .

It has been a continuing privilege and source of deep satisfaction to have served our Foundation in various or­ganizationa l capacities over the past ten years. As I st a t ed wh en I received the gave l from Bob Saindon at Omaha, although we are modest in numbers, it is my philosophy tha t we need not n ecessarily be a big organi­zation, but that we should strive to be a great organization. Toward this objective there is a compelling need for leadership in preserving and per­petuating the integrity of t he Expedi­t ion story and the lives of its members in literature, education al media mate­ria ls, movies, and a r twork.

We have seen numer ou s examples re­cen t ly of unbelievable historical inac­curacies in th ese areas. Th e challenge of guiding such works away from apocrypha is enormous; but as our ex­pertise becomes better known we can anticipa t e incr easing requests for re­viewing and critiquin g sincer e re ­search and writing efforts while still in the draft stage. As we progress in serving this need as a reference organ­ization, I hope that through commit­tee-type working gr oups, we can ac­tively involve a broad spectrum of our membership in t h is, a nd its counter­part task of poin ting up a nd correct­ing errors in existing works. With your help, we can maintain veracity in, and simu ltan eou sly become t h e recog­nized auth ority for, Lewis and Clark historical expression by wh atever me­dium.

It is a sincere pleasure to serve as your presiden t.

Irving W. Anderson

We Proceeded On, November 1980

Foundation Awards (Continued from Page I} ·

men to develop the complex, advanced and marvelous counti·y we enjoy today.

Those f01·most in repayment of that debt are our artists - of the written word of our history, of great music and songs of our deeds, and those of brush, canvas, bronze and stone who have preserved for posterity, the visual essence of our travels down through the pages of history.

It is truly right and proper that we should honor these preservers of our heritage. It is especially fitting that we should honor them in their own time while they are still alive to appreciate the recognition of their many years of hard work, of studi­ous research and of dilligent effort. We heartily acknowledge their repayments on the debt of our national heritage.

Those are the sentiments I've always had - since the earliest days of my youth. Whether they were environmentally in­duced or genetically transferred, . I don't know, but they have been the basic star I've steered by. Seeing John and Doris Clymer recognized is deeply rewarding to me.

It wa~ fitting that Foundation Pres­ident Bob Saindon reiter a ted Bill Sherman's words as h e made the pre­sentation remarks for the C lymers' award to t h ose assembled for the An­nual Ba nquet. It was unfortunate t hat, due to a previous commitment, the C ly m ers were no t able to be present to receive the award. Of par­t icular interest to Lewis a nd Clark en­thusiasts are the nine oil paintings by John Clymer t hat depict incidents re­lated to t h e Lewis and Clark Expedi­tion. In concluding his remarks Pres­ident Saindon described t he paintings as color slides were projected on the screen . Some of Clymer's Lewis and Clark paintings that h ave been repro­duced in fine limited prin t editions were exhibited at the r eai· of t he ban­quet room.

Sculptor Bob Scriver is well known to most Foundation members. His h eroic size statu e, the Montana Bicentennial Memorial to the Lewis and Clark Ex­pedit ion, stands on the Missou ri River levee at Fort Benton, Montana. The wor k depicts Captains Lewis and Clark with t he Indian woman , Saca­gawea, a nd h er infant son, involved with the "Decision at t he Marias''. (See We Proceeded On, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1, 3; Vol. 5, No. 2, .p. 5; and Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 8-13.) Several art connois­seurs have na med the Fort Benton bronze to be one of the twelve out­standing scultpures in America. In 1977 Scriver accepted a modest com­mission to produce t h e 8 inch high bronze "M eriwether Lewis and Our Dog Scannon " for the Foundation. Th e sale of this bronze (a limited edi­tion of only 150) has established a fund to underwrite the publishing

-3-

costs of the Foundation's quarterly publication We Proceeded On. There are twenty-two separate entries in t he collective journals which relate to the Newfoundland dog - as a swimmer, retriever, watchdog, curios ity for the Indians (for Newfoundlands stand nearly 30 inches ta ll a nd weigh about 150 pounds), a nd as a companion to t he explorers. Bob Scriver por t rays Captain Lewis in the act of writ+ng in hi:> journa l with his constant compa n­ion, t he dog Scannon, standing alertly beside him. (See We Proceeded On, Vol. 3, No .. 3, pp. 1, 3; Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 16; and the supplementary publica­tion, WPO Publication No. 2, July 1977, "Our Dog Scannon - Partner In Discovery", by Ernest S. Osgood, a re­print of a monograph originally pub­lished in Montana, The Magazine of Western History.) Scriver's sculptmes have received many awa1·ds, and, at t he F oundation's Twelfth Annual Banquet, t he Foundation was privi­leged to recognize this sculptor for those works of h is art, which have cer­tainly brought to t his n ation "A Greater Awa1·eness and Appreciation of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Past P resident Wilbur Werner made th e presentation to Bob Scriver, who was present to r eceive t he h onor .

Our New President Irving W. Anderson

Irving Anderson is a native of Seattle, Washington, a veteran of World War II, and a University of Washington graduate in Geography. Until his re­tirement from the Bureau of Land Management in 1977, Anderson was professionally ide.ntified wit h public la nd a nd resource management for nearly a t hird of a century . During the period 1953-1955 he ser ved in Egypt on a "Point 4 Assignment" with t h e Internationa l Cooper ation Ad­ministration , assist in g the Egyptian government in na tural resou rce pro­grams. From 1955 to 1957 he was an Agricultural Economist on the BLM Director's staff in Washington, D.C. He a lso served in Alaska for ten years, including an assignment with BLM during the first Alaskan oil and gas boom and Alaska Statehood. From 1960 until his retirement he served on the State Director's staff, Oregon State Office, BLM, Por tland.

"Andy" as he is known by his friends a nd associates, is the Foundation 's twelfth president. He is a member of the Governor of Oregon's Lewis and Clark Trai l Committee; past pres­ident of th e Oregon Lewis and Clark Heritage Foundation; and in 1976 h e c hair ed a Bicentennia l committee

(Continued on Page 4)

that created a Lewis and Clark Bo­tanical Memorial within Portland's Downtown Waterfront Park. Irving is past Chairman of the Governor's Commi ttee for a Livable Oregon ; member of the Recreational Re­sources Committee of the Portland Ch a mb e r of Co mm e rce; and a member of the Board of Directors of SOLV, Inc. (Stop Oregon Littering and Vanda lism). Irving and his wife Lynne, live in Portland. They have five children and six grandchildren.

Our new president is recognized na­tiona lly for his studious research in­terests, which have developed as a natura l outgrowth from his extensive career experience in searching out, in­terpreting and evaluating archival documents. His principal historical ef­forts to date concern the biographies of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, his mother, Sacagawea, and his father Toussaint Charbonneau, a ll of Lewis and Clark Expedition fame. Irving's published research contribu tions in­clude:

"J. B. Cha rbonneau, Son of Sacajawea", Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. LXXI, No. 3, September 1970. Also, OHQ, Vo l. LXXII, No. 1, March 1971.

"Sacajawea's Pa poose", Congressional Record, 92nd Congress, First Session, Washington, D.C., February 1971.

"He Rests at the End of the Trail", Our Public Lands, National BLM Quarterly, Washington, D.C., Spring 1972.

"Probing the Riddle of the Bi.rd Woman", Montana, the Magazine of Western Histo­ry, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, Autumn 1973.

"Fort Manuel: I ts Histo1ical Significance", South Dakota History, Vol. 6, No. 2, Spring 1976.

"Sacajawea, Sacagawea, Sakakawea?", South Dakota History, Vol. 8, No. 4, Fall 1978.

"Profiles of the American West: A Char­bonneau Family Porti·ait", The A merican West, Vol. XVII, No. 2, March/ April 1980.

Irving Anderson has been a frequent contributor to We Proceeded On' and is a recipient of t he Foundation's Award of Meritorious A chievement "For Outstanding Contributions in Bringing to this Nation a Greater Awaxeness and Appreciation of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". He served the Foundation as secretary from 1974 to 1979. The organization can look forward to a year of interest­ing activities and guidance during his presidency.

1. Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 10-11; Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 6-7; Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 11; Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 14.

STANDING COMMITTEES

The first named individual under each committee heading has been designated Lo be Committee Chairman.

EXECUTIVE Irving W. Anderson P.O. Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College Port land, OR 97219

V. Strode Hinds, D.D.S. 3121 Grandview Sioux City, IA 51104

Hazel Bain 150 33rd Ave., No. 1 . Longview, WA 98632

Dan Murphy Lewis & Clark Foundation P.O. Box 728 Santa Fe, NM 87501

Clarence H. Decker P.O. Box 128 East Alton, IL 62024

FINANCE Clarence H. Decker P.O. Box 128 East Alton, TL 62024

Wilbur P. Werner Cut Bank, MT

BYLAWS Wilbur P . Werner P.O. Box 1244 Cut Bank, MT 59427

Mitchell Doumit Cathlamet, WA

V. Strode Hinds, D.D.S. Sioux City, IA

NOMINATING Arlen J . Large 120\.li Rumsey Court, S.E. Washinglon, D.C. 20003

Gladys Silk Glasgow, MT

Mildred Goosman Omaha, NB

AWARDS Ralph H. Rudeen 2130 Woodcrest Drive Olympia, WA 98501

Hazel Bain Longview, WA

Vivian Paladin Helena, MT

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Bob Saindon 116 Harwood, Helena, MT 59601

E. G. Chuinard, M.D. Portland, OR

Sherry R. Fisher Des Moines, IA

Mitchell Doumit Cathlamet, WA

Arlen J. Large Washington, D.C.

William P. S herman Portland, OR

-4-

1981 ANNUAL MEETING Irving W. Anderson P.O. Box LC 196 Lewis & Clark College Portland, OR 97219

Wilbm P. Werner Cut Bank, MT

Robert E. Lange Portland, OR

David G. Ainsworth Salmon, ID

Bob Saindon Helena, MT

1982 ANNUAL MEETING SITE Harold Billian 1770 E. Lancaster Ave. Paoli, PA 19301

Arlen J. Large Washington, D.C.

Robert L. Taylor Washington, D.C.

MEMBERSHIP Hazel Bain 1950 33rd Ave., No. 1 Longview, WA 98632

Viola Fonesl Walla Walla, WA

NEW CHAPTER PROMOTION Viola Forrest 1236 Fonest Lane Walla Walla, WA 99632

Gladys Silk Glasgow, MT

Harold B. Billian Paoli, PA

YOUNG ADULTS ACTIVITY Todd Berens 13202 Sussex Place Santa Ana, CA 92705

Stephen E. Ambrose New Orleans, LA

Clifford lmsland Seattle, WA

Margaret Nonis Fayetteville, NY

Bob Saindon Helena, MT

PUBLICATIONS Robert E. Lange 5054 SW 26th Place Portland, OR

E. G. Chuinard, M.D. Portland, OR

Paul R. Cutright Jenkintown, PA

Donald Jackson Colorado Sp1-ings, CO

Guy Moulton Lincoln, NB

Wilbur P. Werner Cut Bank, MT

We Proceeded On, November 1980

AD HOC COMMITTEES

AD HOC EXECUTIVE SECRETARY'

Clarnnce H . Decker P.O. Box 128 East Alton, IL 62024

Wilbur P. Werner Cut Bank, MT

Dan Murphy Santa Fe, NM

AD HOC MEDALLION2 E. G. Chuinard, M.D. 15537 SW Summerfield Lane Tigard, OR 97223

Ida Prokop Lee Bismarck, ND

Sheila Robinson Bismarck, ND

AD HOC CORPORATE SEAL3

Wilbm P. Werne1· P.O. Box 1244 Cut Bank, MT

Clarence H. Decker East Alton, IL

AD HOC BRONZE' Wilbur P. Werner P.O. Box 1244 Cut Bank, MT 59427

Ray Forrest Walla Walla, WA

William P. Sherman Portland, OR

1. To study the practicability of employing an Executive Secretary and for providing funds for this activity.

2. The design of a new Foundat ion medallion was approved at the August 1980 Annual Meeting of the Foundat ion. This committee is to investigate the feasibility of production, sale, and other applications of the medallion.

3. To study the necessity of providing a Corporate Seal for the Foundation.

4. To administer the promotion and sale of the Foundation's Bronze, Meriwether Lewis and Our Dog Scannon.

News Notes From the Foundation 's Blue Moun­tain Chapter, Walla Walla and south­eastern Washington state, we have the following information:

Two public exhibits calling attention to the l 75th Anniversary of the Lewis and Cla1·k Expedition were in place in Walla Walla. An exhibit in the Com­munity Window of the Baker-Boyer· Bank on Main Street was assembled and displayed from September 29th through October 18th. Special refer­ence was made to the Expedition's presence in southeastern Washington particularly at the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers, now t he site of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission's Sacajawea State Park. 1

A showcase exhibit arranged with the cooperation of Head Librarian, Anne Ha1ey, related to the Expedition, was also on display at the Walla Walla Public Library.

The First Federal Savings and Loan Association has purchased from the national Foundation a second bronze of "Captain Lewis and Our Dog Scan­non". This Bob Scriver bronze is to be placed in the organization's Clark-

l. Readers who question the several spellings of the Indian woman's name in connection with this Interpretive Center are informed in hand-out lit­erature at the Center that the Park and building now housing the center date to 1939 and earlier, when "Sacajawea" was the accepted spelling. The recent scholarly research which has developed the preferred spelling and pronunciation "Saca­gawea", has led to the use of this spelling in the displays, hand.out literature, and interpretive ac­tivities at Center.

We Proceeded On, November 1980

ston (Washington) Branch when it opens later this year. Earlier the Asso­ciation purchased a bronze for display in their main office in Walla Walla. Bert Edwards of the First Federal Savings and Loan Association be­lieves that the Lewis/Scannon bronze is a most appropriate art work for dis­play in their offices which are located on the trail of the Expedition.

* * *

The Oregon Department of Transpor­tation - State Historic Preservation Office - Parks and Recreation Divi­sion has recently received official noti­fication from the Department of the Interior - Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service that the Rock Fort Campsite occupied by the Lewis and Clark Expedition, October 25-27, 1805, on the outbound journey, and, April 15, 1806, on the return journey, has been entered in the National Register of Historic Places.

The rocky prominence on the south side of the Columbia River and sever ­al miles below the Expedition's "Great Falls of the Columbia River"'

l. Clark's maps, in addition to indicating the "Great Falls" also detailed the "Long and Short Narrows" in the river, all of which were involved in the Expedition's difficult portage operation in October 1805. In later years the nomenclature: Celilo Falls (after the local Indians), Big Eddy, Five Mile Rapids, and Ten Mile Rapids, replaced the names applied to these geologic faults in the river by members of the Expedition. All of the rapids and the falls a re now inundated by the waters impounded by The Dalles Darn, a U.S. Corps of Engineers flood control and hydro­electric facility constructed during the years 1952-1960.

-5-

is presently within the city limits of The Dalles, Wasco County, Oregon. The site was authenticated by local historians and members of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, who conducted a special study of the site and the exploring party's journals and maps in October 1974. In October 1975 the Third Annual Oregon­Washington Lewis and Clark Sympo­sium was held in The Dalles, Oregon, and papers were presented at this symposium by Dr. E. G. " Frenchy" Chuinard .and Robert E. Lange of the Oregon Committee detailing the Ex­pedition's activities in this region. A field trip to the site was part of the symposium event.2

The dedication of a bronze marker and the transfer of the land encom­passing the site to Wasco County, Oregon, from the Union Pacific (Railroad) Land Resources Corpora­tion, took place on October 22, 1977.3

The text on the marker was developed by the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee.

In June of this year (1980) the Oregon State Advisory Committee On Histor­ic Preservation forwarded the nomin­ation for the Rock Fort Campsite to the National Register of Historic Places for final action. Both David G. Talbot, State Historic Preservation Officer, and Elisabeth Walton Potter, Preservation Specialist, who prepared the nomination papers, a1·e former members of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee.

2. The symposiums are an annual event co-host­ed by the Lewis and Clark T rail Committees from Oregon and Washington states, and a!'e open for public attendance. See also, We Proceeded 011, Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 9.

3. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 9-10.

Children's Visits To Fort Clatsop Excite Variety of Responses

Superintendent Bob Scott, National Park Service, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, near Astoria, Oregon, has provided the editor with the Final Re­port, Environmental Living Program, Fall 1979-Spring 1980, for the Memo­rial. Along with a general synopsis of both the on-site and off-site "Living History Programs" and comments by teachers and parents about the activi­ty, the report includes a section with excerpts from notes and letters from children (students) who visited the Fort or attended the classroom dem­onstrations in schools in the states of Washington and Oregon.' Readers of

(Continued on Page 18)

12th Annual Meeting Visits the Floyd Monument

Attendees (Members & Guests) 12th Annual Meeting

Figures in parentheses, following name of states, indicate number of full time registrants.

•Indicates attended only certain events.

+Indicates program participant.

••unable to attend - refused refund of registra­tion fee.

CALIFORNIA (6) Todd Berens, Santa Ana Mrs. Todd (Betty) Berens, Santa Ana Wilbur Hoffman, Yuba City Mrs. Wilbur (Ruth) Hoffman, Yuba

City John Wilhelm, Sacramento Mrs. John (Mary Ann) Wilhelm,

Sacramento

COLORADO (2) Dr. Donald Jackson, Colorado

Sp1ings M1-s. D. (Cathie) Jackson, Colorado

Sp1ings

IDAHO (2) Ralph S. Space, Orofino Judith Space, Orofino

ILLINOIS (2) Clarence H. Decker, East Alton Mrs. Clarence (Judy) Decker; East

Alton

IOWA (3) + V. Strode Hinds, D.D.S., Sioux City

Mrs. Strode (Beverly) Hinds, Sioux , City

+Edward Ruisch, Sioux City •Mrs. Edward Ruisch, Sioux City "Barham Hansen, Council Bluffs "Elizabeth Hansen, Council Bluffs "Craig Zellers, Sioux City "Mrs. Craig (Lynne) Zellers, Sioux

City

LOUISIANA (0) ••Stephen E. Ambrose, New Orleans

MISSOURI (5) Tony Crawford, St. Louis Dr. Richard Forry, Arrow Rock Mrs. Richard (Nelda) Forry, Anow

Rock Henry W. Hamilton, Mai-shall Mrs. Henry (Jean) Hamilton,

Marshall

-6-

MONTANA (8) Helen Hetrick, Glasgow Irma Mclnerney, Glasgow Tony Mitch, Cut Bank

+Bob Saindon, Helena "Bob Sc1iver, Browning Gladys Silk, Glasgow Spencer H. Smith, Glasgow Mrs. Spencer (Irene) Smith, Glasgow

+Wilbur P. Werner, Cut Bank

NEBRASKA (7) •or. John M. Christlieb, M.D., Omaha *Mrs. John (Betty) Christlieb, Omaha *Stephen F. Cox, Lincoln *Dorothy Devereux Dustin, Omaha

+ *William C. Ferrand, Omaha + *Gary Garabrandt, Bellevue, Omaha +Mildred Goosman, Omaha *Kenneth Krnbbenhoft, Omaha

+Charles W. Martin, Omaha Mrs. Charles (Mary) Martin, Omaha

*Dennis N. Mihelich, Omaha +Dr. Gary Moulton, Lincoln "Marge Mueller, Omaha

A. T . Samuelson, Omaha +Dr. W. Raymond Wood, Lincoln

Mrs. Raymond (Margaret) Wood, Lincoln

NEW MEXICO (1) +Dan Murphy, Santa Fe

NEW YORK (3) William B. Norris, Fayetteville M1-s. Wm. (Margaret) Nonis,

Fayetteville George J. Richards, Chadwicks

NORTH DAKOTA (3) Eldred P . Codling, Bismarck Ida Prokop Lee, Bismarck Sheila Robinson, Coleharbor

OHIO (2) Jean C. Cambiidge, Strongsville Dr. James P. Ronda, Youngstown

OREGON (6) Irving W. Anderson, Portland

+Dr. E . G. Chuinard, M.D., Tigard/ Portland

M1-s. E. G. (Fritzi) Chuinard, Tigard Robert E. Lange, Portland William P. Sherman, Portland Mrs. Wm. P . (Marian) Sherman,

Portland

PENNSYLVANIA (2) Harold B. Billian, Villanova Mrs. Harold (Jane) Billian, Villanova

VIRGINIA (2) E1ic W. Wolf, Falls Church M1-s. Eric (Elicia) Wolf, Falls Church

STATE OF WASHINGTON (5)

Hazel Bain, Longview Mitchell Doumit, Cathlamet Ray Forrest, Walla Walla Mra. Ray (Viola) Forrest, Walla

Walla Clifford Imsland, Seattle

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (2)

Arlen J. Large, Washington, D.C. Robert L. Taylor, Washington, D.C.

SPECIAL GUESTS Bemeal Anderson, Omaha, NB James J. Finnegan, Omaha, NB

(Can't facing Page)

We Proceeded On, November 1980

12th Annual Meeting Exceeds Expectations

Everything that was projected in previous issues of We Proceeded On about the August 20-22, 1980, Omaha, Nebraska - Sioux City, Iowa, Annual Meeting of the Foundation took place with dispatch. The Red Lion hotel facility in Omaha provided a comfortable meeting place, the charter buses were fu-st class, and Director Mildred Goosman (Omaha) and Vice President Strode Hinds (Sioux City) and their helpers deserve a sincere and lasting "thank you" for an interesting and entertaining 12th Annual Meeting.

The visit to and luncheon at Omaha's famous Joslyn Art Museum was a pleasant and educational event. This was also true of the all day charter bus tour north along the Missouri River to the Sergeant Floyd Monument at Sioux City, with the ceremony there provided by one of our organization's founders, Edward Ruisch. Similarly, a delightful change of pace was enjoyed by everyone at the Fort Atkinson historic site (Nebraska Game and Parks Commission) where a delicious picnic supper was served, followed by interpretive information about the reconstructed fort, and entertainment provided by educator, historian, and folk singer, Dr. Robert Manley from Crete, Nebraska.

All of the papers presented during the meeting were of high calibre, and covered a variety of subjects related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, local history, or the saga of our nation's westward expansion. Of special interest was Dr. Gary Moulton's banquet address (see page 14, this issue of WPO) which detailed his progress and course of action related to his position as editor of a new edition of the J ournals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Dr. "Frenchy" Chuinard's paper presented during the luncheon at Sioux City titled: "Some Thoughts on the Death of Sergeant Charles Floyd", provided some new insight on the only death to occur during the course of the Expedition. InterNorth Corporation's Herman M. Stevens presentation of the spectacular audio-visual program about the Bodmer paintings titled "Maximilian's Journey" was presented on two of the evenings.

Three Awards of Meritorious Achievement were presented at the 12th Annual Banquet. The story abou t these awards appears on pages 1 and 3, of this issue of We Proceeded On.

Sixty-one individuals were registered for the full three-day meeting. Local peo­ple, who were able to attend certain events, increased the participation to some ninety members and guests, who enjoyed all or part of the activities. (See listing on facing page.)

SPECIAL GUESTS (Can't)

·+Charles E. Hanson, Chadron, NB +Steve Kemper, Ft. Calhoun, NB

Donna King, Omaha, NB +Dr. Robert Manley, Crete, NB +Merrill J . Mattes, Littleton, CO + Allan Montgomery, Missouri Valley,

IA (38) Mrs. Gary Moulton, Lincoln, NB Miss Luanne Moulton, Lincoln, NB Jon Nelson, Lincoln, NB Dr. Joseph Porter, Omaha, NB Dudley Rehder, Omaha, NB Mimi Roberts, Omaha, NB Mrs. Bob Scriver, Browning, MT

+Herman M. Stevens, Omaha, NB Ted Stuttheit, Lincoln, NB Judy Wood, Lincoln, NB Cathy Zortman, Sioux City, IA

Special Post-Meeting Activity Added Feature

Foundation Director Mildred Goos­man has provided the following infor­mation regarding the August 23, 1980 "Post-meeting excursion''.

On Saturday, August 23rd at 9:00 A.M., a group of ten departed Omaha's Red Lion Inn. William and Margaret Norris and Mildred Goosman provid-

We Proceeded On, November 1980

ed the transportation. Charlie Mar­tin1 led the group, south from Omaha (about 18 miles), to the confluence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. On the return they v isited the Sarpy County Historical Society in Belle­vue, where they were greeted by Mr. Ray Lind, president of the Society. Stops were a lso made at the proper­tie& administered by the Society or by the City of Bellevue: the 1858 church building, the oldest building in Ne­braska ; the First National Bank Building; and a log cabin related to the early settlement in Nebraska. A visit was made to the Fontenelle Forest Nature Center, where Gary Garabrandt, who was a Friday after­noon Annual Meeting speaker, met the group and suggested a wa lk through the wooded area to a river view lookout point. The entire Satur-

• l. Charles W. Martin was one of the very helpful members of Mildred Goosman 's and Strode Hind's plan nin g committee. He is a Board Member of the Nebraska State Historical Soci­ety, and of the Western Heritage Society of Omaha. Charlie served as a President of the Douglas County Historical Society, and is a Charter Member and an active member of the Omaha Posse of Westerners. During the Annual Meeting's T hursday charter bus tour to Sioux City and return, Charlie served as a tour guide on one of the buses.

-7-

day activity proved to be a delightful extra event for those who were able to stay over for the additional day.

Illinois Press Announces Foundation Members' Books

Of special interest to Lewis and Clark enthusiasts are two major literary ef­forts by Foundation members. One is by Donald Jackson, the other is a col­laboration by Paul R. Cutright and Michael J. Brodhead. Both volumes are scheduled for publication in early 1981 by the University of Illinois Press.

Donald Jackson's new work is titled: Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello. Savoie Lottinville, author of the Rhetoric of History, when com­menting about Jackson's book, says that it is: "A first-rate piece of history and, just as important, a first-rate pie.ce of writing. As a master docu­mentarian, Jackson sees Jefferson as he was, not in adulation. But his por­trait, and a long and absorbing one it is, gives us nonetheless an admirable and a great figure, more human by far than most of the representations we have had in the past." The publisher's announcement indicates that this vol­ume will be 340 pages, 6 X 9 inches, with maps, and should be at book­sellers in January 1981. Price will be $11.95.

Paul Russell Cutright and Michael J. Brodhead have completed a biogra­phy, Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian. Students of the Lewis and Clark Expedition know Dr. Coues for his 1893, four volume, His­tory of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark ... Readers will find that this biography reveals that Elliott Coues (1842-1899) was one of the renowned figures of American science during the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Naturalist, anatomist, taxonomist, writer, editor, historian, lexico­grapher, and occultist - Coues was all of these. But he is best remembered as perhaps the most brilliant ornithol­ogist this nation has yet produced and the author of the magnificent Key to North American Birds. At this writ­ing the publisher's announcement reads: "Coming in the spring 1981."

Foundation members and Lewis and Clark students will be watching for these two fine volumes, which will complement the University of Illinois Press' previous issues relating to the famous Expedition.

Cameras Record Activities During 12th Annual Meeting ·

Dr. Gary Moulton, Lincoln, N ebraska, ad­dressed members and guests at the 12th Annual Banquet. Dr. Moulton is busy with the task, a ten year project, of editing the new edition of the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, at the Love Library, Uni­versity of Nebraska Lincoln. The text of his address is published in this issue of WPO. See page 14. Photograph by Gladys Silk.

Foundation Director William Sherman, Portland, Oregon, supplied this unique photograph of the beautiful Missouri River's course and adjacent farmlands. The photograph was taken at a charter bus stop, at Blackbird Wayside near Decatur, Nebraska, about forty miles south of Sioux City on Route 73.

Returning from Sioux City on the charter bus trip, the picnic at historical Fort Atkinson, a few miles north of Omaha, provided members and guests with an evening of historical interpretation and entertainment. The historical marker refers to Lewis and Clark being at this site 16 years prior to construction of the fort. Dr. Robert Manley, educator (history teacher), speaker, and entertainer provided a pleasant change of pace. The reconstructed military fort appears in the background. Photographs by Bill Sherman.

-8- We Proceeded On, November 1980

Cameras Record Activities During 12th Annual Meeting

Foundati.on President Bob Saindon, Glasgow, Montana, was the recipient of a Hudson Bay Fiue Point Coat, a gift from members of the Valley County Lewis and Clark Trail Society. Pri.or to Bob's recent moue to Helena, Bob served as charter president of the Society and continues as editor of the organization's publicati.on A Squaw! of Wind. Vice President V. Strode Hinds, Si.oux City admires the coat. In the righthand photograph, Bob Saindon turns the gavel over to 1980-1981 President Irving Anderson. Photographs by Gladys Silk.

~iiiiiil··-1. ~--k;:d.•

On August 21, 1980, members and guests assembled at the base of the JOO foot high Sergeant Charles Floyd Monument, Sioux City, Iowa, for a special ceremony. On August 20, 1804, 176 years earlier, the Expedition's Sergeant F/,oyd died on an island in the nearby Missouri River, and was buried on the highpoint known today as Floyd's Bluff. Foundation Vice President Strode Hinds, in the righthand photograph, is making the introduction of Edward Ruisch, Sioux City, a founder of our organization, who delivered the memorial address. At the Foundation's 12 Annual BaTUjuet, ihe following evening, Ed Ruisch was a recipient of the Foundation's Award of Meritorious Achievement, for his long interest and interpretation of the Lewis and Clark story (See story on page 1). Photographs by Bob Lange.

More 12th Annual Meeting Photographs on Page 17

We Proceeded On, November 1980 -9-

·I I

Editor's note: Robert Betts, New York City, is a member of the Foundation and a champion of, as well as a substantial financial contributor to, We Proceeded On. When tbe editor was preparing his manuscript for our press, it occurred to him that, now as a literary contributor to our quarterly publication, we needed to include a word about this "by-liner". A request to Bob Betts promptly provided this information, and we excerpt the following from his letter:

"As for biographical material, there isn't much to say [obviously a n understatement). I am a rela tively Johnny-come-lately to the lore of Lewis and Clark, not having picked up their trail, so to speak, until I read DeVoto's brilliant introduction to his abbreviated edition of the journals about five years ago. Since then I've tried to make up for lost time by zealously collecting and reading everything l could lay my hands on. My library of books, monographs, and periodical pieces having to do with the Expedition has become quite extensive (perhaps 250 titles in all), but I should make it clear that I collect solely for the substance of the material, not for t he rarity of the editions. (Jokingly, I tell my friends that I am probably the outstanding authority on Lewis and Clark living between 49th Street and 51st Street on Beekman Place in New York!) T here is very little else to add. Many years ago I graduated from Harvard, where at that time, alas, the required reading on Lewis and C lark amounted to about a six-sentence paragraph. I am today the Chai rm an of the Board of the William Esty Company, one of the largest advertising agencies in the country."

We Proceeded On readers and the editor are grateful to Bob Betts fo r t he delightful monograph on a subject t hat has intrigued students and readers of the journals of William Clark. In a recent letter Bob added a comment: " It may amuse you to hear that lately, while reading a number of letters and diaries written by Clark's siblings, I've discovernd tha t all We Clarks were incredibly bad spellers. Especially George Rogers, who could give William a run for his money in any "misspelling bee". Tn fact, the trai t is so strnng throughout the family tha t did I not know it to be scientifically impossible, I'd be inclined to think that William's great gift as an imaginative speller was less a result of little forma l education than of genetics!"

"we commenced wrighting &c.m A Salute to the Ingenious Spelling and Grammar of William Clark

By Robert B. Betts

Stanley Vestal in his volume The Missouri, Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., N.Y., 1945, (page 248) makes this statement" "In those days Americans not only had freedom of speech but freedom of spelling."

Taking note of Vestal's observation, Jeannette Mirsky in a beautifully written book, The Westward Crossings - Balboa - Mackenzie - Lewis and Clark, Alfred Knopfe, N.Y., 1946, includes Vestal's statement and elaborates (pages 252-253) as follows:

"I" wrote Clark, "Set out at 4 oClock P.JJf., in the presence of many of the neighboring inhabitents, and proceeded under ajentle brease up the Missourie" - so quietly they started up the river. The day was Monday, May 14, 1804. A "jentle brease" breathes even in the spelling of the diaries, a spicy mixture of schooling and phonetics, a mixture that fills the ear with the sound of the words as spoken. Americans of that day, it has been remarked, "not only had freedom of speech but freedom of spelling." [In a footnote Mirsky credits this latter quotation to Vestal.]

Stallo Vinton, a biographer of the Expedition's John Colter, in his John Colter - Discoverer of Yel"lowstone - An Account of His Exploration in 1807 .... and Member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Edward Eberstadt, N.Y., 1926, includes a pertinent footnote (page 49), when referring to William Clark's and Jacob Fowler's spelling, and adds a statement which he attributes to Seymour Dunbar. The footnote reads:

The spelling is Clark's. At best, or worst, he could push even Jacob Fowler for originality of orthography. However, as Seymour Dunbar says in his History of Travel in America, referring to a similar implacable enemy of the dictionary, "The man who helps make an empire may spell as he chooses."

William Clark was a fearless and re­sourceful man. In an extremely tense confrontation with the Teton Sioux, when warriors of that tribe threat­ened to attack the Lewis and Clark party, he boldly drew his sword, sig­naled his men to prepare for action, and faced the Tetons down. Later in the expedition, when he wanted to ob­tain food from some sullen Indians along the Columbia River, he adroitly won them over by using a magnet to make the needle of his compass spin and by throwing an artillery fuse into a sleeping fire, making flames magical­ly flare and change color. Throughout the long journey across the trans-Mis­sissippi West during the years 1804-1806, Clark exhibited these qualities time and again. But nowhere did he exhibit them more consistently than in his journal entries, where he proved himself to be one of the most fearless and resourceful writers of English who ever lived.

Bernard DeVoto has observed that a large part of the charm of the original journals kept by Lewis, Clark, and 1. T hwaites, Reuben Gold, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 8 vols . (New York, 1904-05 ), 5:395.

several of t heir men is to be found in their misspelling of words.2 This is especially true of Clark, who was not only the master misspeller of them all, but also displayed dazzling virtuosity in his approach to punctuation, capi­talization, and simple sentence struc­ture. Unfortunately, the full flavor of his prose can be savored only by read­ing his lengthy journals in their en­tirety, and few people today seem to be able to find the time to do that. The following sampler of some of his more delightful gems is therefore of­fered in the light-hearted hope that it will bring him long overdue recogni­t ion as an intrepid explorer of far ho­rizons in the English language, just as he gained lasting renown as an explor­er of far horizons in the American West.

In an age when spelling was haphaz­ard at best and even the well-educat­ed Thomas Jefferson sometimes wrote "knolege"3 for "knowledge," William Clark stood out as a discoverer of or-

2. DeVoto, Bernard, ed., The Journals of Lewis and Clark (Boston, 1953). p. vii.

3. Jackson, Donald, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783-1854, 2nd ed., rev., 2 vols. (Urbana, 1978), 1:2.

-10-

thographic possibilities hitherto un­known. For example, who but William Clark could take the five-letter word Sioux and spell it in no less than twenty-seven different ways? ( "Scioux," " Seauex," "Seeaux," "Soux," and "Suouez" are just a few of his renderings, with perhaps the most bizarre being "Cucoux.")4 Who . but William Clark could relish the taste of "Water millions''" fresh from the gardens of the Oto tribe, swat pes­tiferous "Muskeetors"6 along the Mis­souri, gratefully "bid adew t o the Snow"7 after crossing the Bitterroot Range, and, wonder of wonders, come upon the tracks of "bearfooted Indi­ans"8 in the wilderness of the North­west? And who but William Clark could transform an ordinary sentence into a classic howler by writing, as he

(Con't facing Page)

4. The writer has counted twenty-six different spellings of t he word Sioux by Clark in T hwaites, op. cit. The twenty-seventh spelling, "Cucoux," appears in Osgood, Ernest S., ed., The Field Notes of Captain William Clark, 1803-1805 (New Haven, 1964), p. 102.

5. Th waites, op. cit., 1:97. 6. Ibid., 1:146.

7. Ibid., 5:171 8. Ibid., 5: 175.

We Proceeded On, November 1980

\~

J

'

did on the day the expedition set out, "Many of the Neighbours Came from the Countrey Mail and feeMail"?9

(One can only wonder whether he re­ferred to the distribution of letters among the men as "male call.")

Because Clark had little, if any, for­mal schooling, he spelled many words phonetically, and in this his ear was often true. Thus, celestial navigation understandably entailed taking "Looner"10 observations, a tribe of In­dians spoke with a different "ax­cent,"" he was entertained by "10 Musitions playing on tambereens,"12 a sailing ship could be either a "Slupe"13

or. a "Skooner,"14 and the Pacific was an "emence Ocian." 16 On the other hand, his ear frequently failed hitn, and this was when he demonstrated his remarkable gift for picturesque in­ventions. An u mbrella became an "Humbrallo,"'6 a naturalist became a "natirless,"17 a botanist became a "Botents,"18 and a duct in the diges­tive tract of a candlefish became an "alimentary Duck." 19 In addition, some hard-bargaining Indians "tan­terlised"20 him, other Indians lived in ho uses built in "oxigon" 21 form, beaver swimming in a river made a "flacking"22 noise, the Yankton Sioux wore "leagins and mockersons,"23 he and Captain Lewis "assended"2• a hill, and, among the choicest of all his mal­apropisms, two rifles were damaged when they "bursted near the mus­cle."25

When it came to spelling the names of people and places, Clark abided by Emerson's maxim that a foolish con­sisten cy is the hobgoblin of little minds. Although he never surpassed himself in the number of variations he discovered in the word Sioux, he did ma nage to take the last name of Toussaint Charbonneau, one of the expedition's interpreters and the hus­band of Sacagawea, and spell it at least fifteen different ways, not once correctly. ("Chabonat," "Chabonee," and "Shabowner" are a few of his cre­ations, with the closest to the mark being "Chai·bono.")26 Admittedly, the

9. Osgood, op. cit., p. 38.

11. Thwaites, op. cit., 3:185.

14. Ibid.

10. Ibid., p. 56.

12. Ibid., I : 168.

15. Ibid., 3:234. 13. Ibid., 3 :306.

16. Ibid., 2:200. 17. Osgood, op. cit., p. 95.

18. Ibid.

19. Coues, Elliott, ed., History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark, 3 vols. (New York, 1965), 3:895-96, n. 99.

20. Thwaites, op. cit., 4:293.

22. Ibid., 5:258.

24. Ibid., 1: 106.

21. Ibid., 1: 188.

23. Ibid., 1 :130.

25. Ibid., 5: 181.

26. The writer has counted fourteen different spellings of Charbonneau's name by Clark in T hwaites, op. cit. T he fifteenth variation, "Cha­bonah," appears in Osgood, op. cit., p. 174.

We Proceeded On, November 1980

French Canadian's name is not easy to spell, but one would expect the sim­ple last name of Clark's longtime friend and co-commander of the expe­dition to have been inviolate. Yet even here Clark spurned consistency, on one occasion referring to Captain Lewis as "Cap Lewers"27 and on an­other naming what is now called the Salmon River "Louis 's river."28 At no time, however, did Clark perform such an astonishing feat of legerdemain as when he made an interpreter for the Oto tribe disappear into oblivion by calling him "Fairfong," "Faufon," and "Faufonn."29 Whatever the inter­preter's name really was, Clark's spelling was obviously far afield, for to this day scholars have searched in vain to identify the man. Nor can the river Clark referred to as the "Missop­pie"3o be positively identified. Was it the Mississippi, the Missouri, or, as Ernest Osgood has speculated, an in­genious combination referring to both?3

'

Clark was equally inspired in his use of capital letters. When D onald Jack­son compiled his monumental Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783-1854, he had to struggle with many highly individualistic writing styles, yet he was forced to confess that "in the matter of capitalization , one man has u tterly bested me."32 Cit ing Clark's sentence " I send my Sister Croghan Some Seeds of Severa l Kinds of Grapes," Jackson commented : "Wil­liam Clark, a creative speller, is also a versatile capitalizer - especially in handling words beginning in s. After many attempts to work out a sane norm I have retired in confusion."33

To this Jackson might have added that at times Clark's syntax could also cause confusion, as in this con­voluted sentence paying tribute to Jefferson's role as the guiding genius behind the expedition: "The Objcets of this Plan of Governments are Great and Worthey of that great Chaructor t he Main Spring of its action."3

' Even Jefferson, who was interested in cryp­tography, would have had to labor to decipher that.

In fairness to Clark, it must be said t hat he was seldom guilty of writing so stiltedly as in the sentence just quoted above. For the most part, his prose is straightforward, vigorous, and clear, a refreshing contrast to Lewis's mere sophisticated, often overly ele­gant, style.35 What is more, his blissful disregard for syntax permitted him to 27. Osgood, op. cit., p. 80.

28. Thwaites, op. cit., 3:10.

29. Jackson, op. cit., 1:216, n. 1.

30. Osgood, op. cit., p. 53.

32. Jackson, op. cit., l:ix.

34. Ibid., 1:111.

-11-

31. Ibid., n. 6.

33. Ibid.

cram as much information into a sin­gle sentence as others might take a paragraph to do. For instance, when he arrived unannounced in an Indian village and his white skin tenified the natives, he wr ote, "I gave a fiew Small articles to those fritened people which added veny much to their pasifica­tion but not entirely as some of the women & Childn. Cried dureing my Stay of an hour at this place."36 Thus, in a scant t hirty-seven words, we learn that Clark's appearnnce caused great consternat ion in the village, that he gave the natives presents to assure them of h is peaceful inten­tions, that despite this some of the women and children continued to cry, and that he remained an hour with these people. There are few who can write telegrams more tersely.37

Clark's prose is a delight to read, fu ll of many unexpected surprises, espe­cially when his misspelling and misap­plication of words combine to form some startlingly ambiguous state­ments. Describing an aging Indian chief who t ransferred his authority to his son, Clark suggested a remarkable reversal in t he flow of solar energy by writ ing tha t the chief "transfired his power to his Sun ."38 On the muddy Missouri, when some of the men were stricken with dysentery, he diagnosed both t he ailment and its cause in a sentence containing not one, but two, magnificent verbal slips: "Several have the Deassen tary, which I con­tribute to the water."39 After Indians had stolen twenty-four of his horses on the Yellowstone, he prepared a scolding speech in which he based his accusation of theft on what appears to have been the testimony of talking horses. "Children," he wrote, "I heard from some of your people [blank space in M.S.] nights past by my horses who complained to me of your people ha­veing taken 4 [24] or' their cum­merads."•0 And although he was a most proper man, he was u nwittingly indelicate when he named an exten­sive area of beautiful bottom land along the Columbia in honor of his youngest sister, Frances, who was known in the family as Fanny. H e

(Continued on Page 12) 35. For an interesting comparison of the d iverse writing styles of Lewis and Clark, see Criswell, Elijah H ., Lewis and Clark: Linguistic Pioneers, University of Missouri Studies, vol. 15, no. 2 (Co­lu mbia, 1940), pp. xxiii-xxiv. See a lso: We Proceeded On, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 6.

36. Thwaites, op. cit., 3:16.

37. For an excellent example of Clark's ability to convey even significant scientific information telegraphically, see Cutright, Paul R., Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana, 1969), pp. 224-25.

38. Thwaites, op. cit., 1 :210.

39. Ibid., 1 :51.

40. Ibid., 5:300.

bluntly dubbed it "fannys bottom."H

T here is evidence that Clark was aware of h is deficiencies in spelling and gi·ammar, perhaps even embar­rassed by them. When Lewis sent J ef­ferson the journal Clark had kept as far as the Mandans, he cautioned t he president to be discreet in its publica­tion. "Capt. Clark," he wrote, "dose not wish this journal exposed in it's present state, but has no objection, that one or more copies of it be made by some confidential person under your direction, correct ing it's gramati­cal errors &c."<12 This request was even tually carried out when Clark's journals, a long with Lewis's and those of several of the other men, were edit­ed and polished into orthodox prose by Nicholas Biddle. Fortunately for us, however, the original manuscripts Clark penned during the expedition have survived the vicissitudes of time and are now safely preserved in the ar chives of the American Philo­sophical Society in Philadelphia, the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis, and the Yale University Li­brary. What a loss it would have been if they had vanished forever . How much poorer we would all be if we were denied the pleasure of reading the dashing, uninhibited writing of this man who so proudly and ably served our country, a land he once re­ferred to as the "Untied States."'"

41. Ibid., 4:205. Clark was not a lone among the expedition's journalists in composing ambiguous sentences. Describing the celebration of New Year's Day, 1806, Sergeant John Ordway wrote, "The party Saluted our officers at day break this morning by firing at t heir quarters." Quaife, Milo M., ed., The Journals of Captain Meriwether Lewis and Sergeallt Johll Ordway (Madison, 1916), p. 291.

42. Jackson, op. cit., I :231.

43. Thomas, Samuel W., "William Clark's 1795 and 1797 Journals and Their Significance," B11lle­ti11 of the Misso11ri Historical Society, vol. 25, no. 4, pt. 1 (July, 1969), p. 281, n. 21.

News Note Members of the Foundation and readers of We Proceeded On wh o missed acquisit ion of the fast edition of Dr. E. G. "Frenchy" Chuinard's book Only One Man Died: The Medi­cal Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, will be interested in knowing that a second edition is now available at book sellers throughout the country. T he rapid sale of the ear ­lier edition in only a few months prompted the publisher, The Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, California, to produce a second edition of t his 444 page volume. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 18.

A Unique New Lewis and Clark Sculpture

Stan Wanlass, Astoria, Oregon, a Clatsop Community College art instructor, has completed the 16-inch sculpture illustrated above. This project is in cooperation with the Fort Clatsop Hist orical Association to commemorate the 175th Anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expe­dition. The sale of the 16-inch bronze sculptures (a limited copyright edition of 300) will eventually fund the creation of a 61h-foot bronze statue which will be permanently placed on the grounds of the National Park Service Fort Clatsop National Memorial (the site of the Lewis and Clark Expedition's 1805-1806 winter establishment), four and one-half miles south and west of Astoria.

Sculptor Wanlass sees his work as a montage depicting the arrival of the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the northwest coast near the Columbia River estuary. It portrays Captain William Clark standing on the Pacific shore, while Captain Meriwether Lewis examines a flounder held for him by a Clatsop Indian, and records the incident in his journal. Scannon, Captain Lewis's Newfoundland dog is also an interested spectator and is included in the group.

The artist plans to start work in the near future on the clay model for the 61h-foot statue. A community project, the Port of A storia and the Astoria Chamber of Commerce have made space available for this activity at Pier 1 in Astoria.

The 16-inch bronze, mounted on a walnut base, will be cast in the lost wax process, and will be available for purchase by mid-August. Individuals interested in acquiring one of the limited edition should write for additional information and an order form to: Fort Cl.atsop Historical Association, attention of Mr. Steve Olienyk, President of the Bank of Astoria, 85 W Marine Drive, Astoria, Oregon 97103. The bronzes will be numbered and an early order will assure a low copyright edition number.

-12- We Proceeded On, November 1980

Mt. Hood National Forest (Oregon) Features Lewis And Clark And a Variety Of Other Interpretation Oregon's Multnomah Falls descends for 620 feet from the high rocky cliffs on the south side of the Columbia River Gorge. It is located about 30 miles east of Portland on U.S. Inter­state Highway 84 a nd is one of the state's scenic attractions for both na­tive Oregonians and visitors who trav­el through the Columbia River Gorge. Three hundred acres of land encom­passing the falls was donated to the city of Portland by Simon Benson, lu1nberman-philantluopist, in 1915. In 1943 Portland transfened the area to the United States Government, to be administered by the U.S. Forest Service - Mt. Hood National Forest.

On April 9, 1806, Captain Lewis provided this description of the falls: "several small streams fall from a much greater hight, and in their decent become a pe1fect mist which collecting on the rocks below again become visible a second time in the same manner before they reach the base of the rochs."

The upper falls measures 542.3 feet, and the wwer cataract descends 63.3 feet. Adding the difference in elevation from the bottom of the upper falls to the top of the lower falls of 14.4 feet, the total height of the falls measures 620 feet.

A Multnomah Falls Visitor's Center was established with an excellent view of the waterfall, and this facility dis­plays geology and botany exhibits re­lating to the Columbia Gorge area. There is a special emphasis on native Oregon food plants; this display in­cludes the Oregon Grape (berberis Aquifolium), the Oregon State flow­er,' whose berries are edible.

Under the supervision of Mr. Frank Menard, Visitor Information Special-

l. See WPO, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 23.

We Proceeded On, November 1980

ist, Mt. Hood National Forest, a new feature was developed this year at the Visitor's Center at Multnomah Falls. This is a trial innovative program sim­ilar to the Interpretive Services Pro­grams so successfully offered by the National Park Service at their facili­ties. Mr. Menard contacted many of the citizens' groups in the Columbia Gorge communities, seeking their par­ticipation on weekends during the summer months, for the presentation of interpretive programs. These activ­ities included exhibits, informative talks, and question and answer ses­sions related to geology, fauna and flora, history, and preservation of the area. The Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee acted in this capaci­ty on September 6 and 7, 1980. The Indian Summer weather was ideal and there were many visitors at the Center.

Dr. E. G. "Frenchy" Chuinard, chair­man of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, arranged with Na­tional Park Service Superintendent Robert Scott, Fort Clatsop National Memorial (near Astoria, Oregon), to provide the services of his Chief Ranger, Curt Johnson. Curt brought with him many of the items used dur­ing the summer "Living History" demonstrations at Fort Clatsop, and during the school season in the off­site, traveling, " Living History" pro­grams presented throughout Oregon and Washington." These included: typical clothing worn by members of the exploring party, firearms, knives, animal skins, powder horns, candle making equipment, etc. Mrs. Johnson, who accompanied Curt with their 18 month old son, assisted with the dem­onstrations. Dr. Chuinard displayed books about the Expedition, including the Thwaites' edition pages of the journals which detailed the explorers' activities in the Multnomah Falls area.

Dr. Chuinard pointed out to visitors that there was little documentation in the journals about Multnomah Falls in November 1805, when the exploring party was descending the Columbia River. Clark's journal for November 3rd mentions that the fog was so thick along the river that they delayed set­ting out until 10:00 A.M.3 However, the following year on the return jour­ney, in April 1806, Captain Lewis's journal provides an accurate descrip­tion of the "casscades" or waterfalls in this vicinity.•

The Oregon State Travel Bureau's brochure and map describing the Lewis and Clark Trail in Oregon, and the descriptive folder published by the

-13-

National Park Service concerning Fort Clatsop were distributed to visi­tors. Portraits of Captains Lewis and Clark, and photographs of Fort Clat­sop were exhibited. A "Jefferson Peace Medal"' was also on display and this attracted a lot of attention from both adults and children. One little five year old boy was so fascinat­ed by t h e medal that he wanted to "trade my four little pennies for your big one". Many visitors indicated that they had a strong interest in the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and this provided the opportunity to hand-out copies of the Foundation's prospectus and membership application.

Frank Menard's information special­ist staff included Mary Stuart and Vickie Nesbit and these individuals provided a great deal of assistance to Dr. Chuinard and Curt Johnson . Miss Nesbit is especially interested in the Lewis and Clark story, and wrote her freshman history thesis at the Univer­sity of Oregon on the Indian woman, Sacagawea. Both Mr. Menard and Dr. Chuinard were pleased with the pub­lic response to this first trial of adding an interpretive information program for visitors to the scenic environment at Multnomah Falls. Supervisor Men­ard is hopeful that the Mt. Hood Na­tional Forest will be able to carry on with this type of program in years to come. For the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee such future pro­grams will present the opportunity to tell the story of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to visitors to our National Forest Service facility at Multnomah Falls.

2. See WPO, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 16; Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 20.

3. On Captain Clark's map (Thwaites, Vol. 8, Map 32, Part II) in addition to indicating 800 foot high Beacon Rock (on the north, present Washington State side of the Columbia ), and Phoca Rock (Greek foi· Seal, downstream and nearly in the middle of the 1·iver), he wi·ites t he word "Cascades" very close to the present loca­tion of Multnomah Falls. It is likely that the map was drawn during the winter months at Fort Clat­sop (from his notes and sketch maps), and he must have ln10wn of the existence of the water­falls from information given by the local Indians or from Sergeant Gass, Sergeant Ordway, and Pri­vate Whitehouse, who detailed in their Nov. 2, 1805 journals the "Springs flowing from the high clifts and m ountains . . . "

4. Thwaites, Vol. 4, pp. 259-260.

5. Medals of several sizes carried by the Captains and presented to prominent Indians encountered along the trail of the Expedition.

Christmas presents? How about an annual membership in the Founda­tion which includes .a subscription to the four -quarterly issues of We Proceeded On. Membership appli­cations should be directed to the Membership Secretary.

Editor's Note: Dedicated students of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and trans-Mississippi West history are eagerly anticipating the new, complete and modern edition of The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Exepdition. In the November 1979 (Vol. 5, No. 4) ~ue of We Proceeded On, Gary Moulton, the editor for this new edition, announced that the project was underway. At the Foundat10n's Twelfth Annual Meeting, at the Annual Banquet, August 22, 1980, Moulton, as the principal speaker, detailed for members and guests the project's background, sponsorship, the editing procedures, and the progress made to date. We Proceeded On continues the policy of publishing our Annual Banquet speaker's address in the fall issue following the meeting. We are delighted to have Dr. Moulton's sincere interest in our organization, especially his participation as a' Director of the Foundation.

The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Beginning Again By Gary E. Moulton1

The idea to develop an entirely new and complete edition of the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition has been a hope of scholars and enthusi­asts of the expedition for many years. Realizing the deficiencies and incom­pleteness of the volumes done by Reu­ben Gold Thwaites in 1904-1905, Foundation member Don Jackson may have been one of the first to for­mally declare for the need. In an address to the Centennial Conference of the Missouri Historical Society in March, 1967, Don pointed out what had been apparent for some time: that using the multiple published edi­tions of the jou.rnals was becoming in­creasingly difficult and that "some kind of standard edition" was needed. But, Don's clarion call for action went unheeded for nearly a decade. In fact, when action did occur, the idea for a new edition came initially from another source.

Sometime in 1977, Steve Cox, editor at the University of Nebraska Press, read an article by Ernst A. Stadler in which that writer recommended reis­suing several important historical travel accounts in a modern format. Stadler recognized Lewis and Clark's epic work as a prime subject for re­editing. It is interesting that Stadler's wife, Frances, was at that time in charge of manuscripts at the Missouri Historical Society, which includes the important Clark journals of the Voor­his family. Stadler probably heard Don's address to the Society and cer­tainly read the printed version pub­lished later in the Society's Bulletin,2 Stadler, then, may just have been echoing Jackson's urgings for a new edition. Steve, a personal friend of Don knew of his knowledge of Lewis and Clark, and after a phone call quickly discovered Don's own sugges­tions in this area. Don related his per­sonal enthusiasm for such a project, but having recently retired, insisted that he was not ready t o undertake the task himself. Steve now set out to discover the level of interest at the Press and at the University.

Steve turned first to a newly formed

1. Editor's note: Editor Moulton was the subject of a "Foundation Personality" feature that ap­peared in We Proceeded On, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 9-10.

organization : the Center for Great Plains Studies at the University of Nebraska. The Center was formed in 1976 out of a desire of several Univer­sity professors to develop an interdis­ciplinary approach to studying the Great Plains region of the United States. The activities of the Center are directed toward exploring all aspects of the Great Plains environ­ment: the land, the people, the wild­life, the institutions, the economy, and the cultures unique to the Great Plains. The Center serves chiefly as a resource agency and a clearing house for ideas on the study of the Great Blains. The Board of Directors for the Center were attracted from the start to the idea of sponsoring a new edition of the journals. They realized that Lewis and Clark were the first Ameri­cans to cross and describe the Great Plains. Since much of the territory that the Captains were assigned to ex­amine lies within this region, an edi­tion of the journals was a most fitting enterprise for the Center. The Board of Directors were now ready to accept sponsorship of the project while the managing director and other members of the University Press were encour­aging about the prospects of publica­tion.

2. Editor's note: In the Bulletin, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, October 1967, Dr. Jackson made these state­ments: "The Thwaites edition of the journals is sixty years old, and a ll those who use it are de· prived not only of the scholarship that has come after, but deprived also because the ground rules for transcribing and interpreting historical docu­ments have changed for the better since 1905. The edited version of the Biddle narrative is even older, having come from Coues's hand in 1893. But t he field notes of Clark, the collected letters, and a few other such items a re relatively recent. Anyone who has had to seek information on Lewis and Clark in all these works, scattered throughout time and not always readily avail­able, will agree that some kind of standard edition seems called for ....

"When we have found a man who is willing to undertake all these diverse tasks, and have found a university or a society or a foundation which is willing to support him as he does !tis work, and when finally we have a publisher who goes eagerly into the process of publishing the result while realizing that multi-volume editions sel­dom pay for themselves - then we should be on our way toward having what the world has need­ed for 150 years, a complete and modern edition of the journals of Meriwether Lewis and William Chuk."

Dr. Jackson made the introduction of Dr. Moul­ton at the August 22, 1980 banquet, Omaha, Ne­braska.

-14-

The Board now moved to discover the practicality of such a project. Jack­son, serving as consultant to the Center, sought to determine the feasi­bility of publishing a new edition in terms of obtaining the cooperation of institutions that hold the precious Lewis and Clark materials and in terms of available financial support. Don's work was a success throughout. Not only did all the manu­script-holding institutions agree to share their journal and manuscript materials with the anticipated proj­ect, but the principal holding institu­tion, the American Philosophical So­ciety, agreed to co-sponsor the project should it materialize. Moreover, Don wrote the first draft of a proposal to be submitted to the National Endow­ment for the Humanities and that draft became the basis for the final and successful proposal which the NEH granted in July of this year.

The next step was to locate and hire an editor. The University of Nebraska showed its further commitment to the endeavor by providing an appoint­ment slot in the appropriate depart­ment to the successful candidate. I was the fortunate and privileged per­son selected as editor. My entry into the world of Lewis and Clark came somewhat indirectly. I saw an ad for the editorial position in a trade jour­nal and having just completed an edi­torial project, I hoped to be able to continue in the field of historical edit­ing. I must admit that I had no special knowledge of Lewis and Clark, but I did have a fair background in the American West and a pa1ticular in­terest in Native American history. My professional credentials seemed to in­dicate that I could gain sufficient ex­pertise about the expedition to do the editing job. My greatest assets were my abilities as a historical editor. I began work in July 1979.

In short, then, some twelve years after Don's public recommendation, the project to publish a completely reedited version of the journals is un­derway. The task is sponsored by a re­cognized educational institution on the Great Plains, has the encour­agement and cooperation of all the manuscript repositories, has secured the services of a well-known Western

We Proceeded On, November 1980

Americana publisher, has obtained fi­nancial support from the principal funding agency for editorial projects, and has appointed an editor to direct the work.

Those of you who are familiar with Thwaites's edition will appreciate the preliminary decision to follow that work in the design of the new edition. T h waites publish ed Lew is's and Clark's entries together, but printed other journals separately. This meth­od has several desirable features. It is familiar to Lewis and Clark scholars and laymen who have used his work over the decades. Thwaites's chapter divisions are identical to those used by Biddle in the first edition, in spite of the uneven chapter lengths it creat­ed in his own work. T hwaites's re­marks for this decision are appropri­ate for the new edit ion: "they are convenient chronological and geo­graphical divisions; they are familiar to scholars, and thus have acquired a certain historical and bibliographical standing; moreover , comparisons be­tween the Biddle paraphrase and the Original Journals will be facilitated by their retention." I migh t add that comparisons between the new edit ion and Thwaites's volumes will a lso be facilitated by the retention of the vol­ume and chapter divisions.

The most logical alternative approach has major deficiencies. A chrnno­logical series, with each man's entries printed side by side, might prove more cumbersome than Thwaites's plan. Jumping from one explorer's entry to another would break a journalist's running nanative and spoil his cont i­nuity. The substan tial gaps in the writings of subordinates would make large portions of the volumes almost exclusively the writing of Lewis, Clark or John Ordway. An appendix coor­dinating the location of a ll entries could a nswer the desire of those who want to see particu lar events as they were viewed by different persons. In spite of the strengths and weaknesses mentioned here, I have not closed my mind to using any practical plan.

T he first step in editing the journals will be to set the manuscript pages to print. This will be a most difficult task, for the transcriber will have to read every single word - no matter how fair.Uy written , poorly spelled, or badly penned. You may be assmed that the eccentric and delightful spelling and punctuation of the Lewis and Clark party will not be altered. I wish that such a simple statement of method could so easily be put to practice. Does every undotted "i" au­tomatically become an "e"? Does every uncrossed "t" stand as an "l" no matter how ridiculous the spelling? We plan to take a sensible approach

We Proceeded On, November 1980

and consider that the Captains and their men were not ignorant, but un­tutored, and certainly are not to be judged by our own orthographic stan­dards. A sensible approach to this problem would be to use a journalist's typical spelling, or simply to adopt the present correct spelling. Where words or letters in words defy compre­hension, we will give the reader a con­ject ural reading and inform h im of our action. On these and a dozen other questions about capitalization, hyphenation, punctuation, sentenc­ing, and paragraphing - we will have to make decisions in transcribing the journals. Our aim is to present users with a definitive text - correct and uncluttered but also clear and usable. We will intrude in the text only when absolutely necessary to clarify partic­ularly difficult passages.

In t ranscribing the Lewis and Clark journals an editor has the added chore of trying to read between the lines. I refer here, of course, to the handwrit­ing of others that has been added to the journals over the years. Nicholas Biddle and that other famous editor, E lliott Coues, both placed interlinea­tions on the originals. Clark also set down remarks in later years an_d at least one other unknown person has emended words here and there. I will identify the writer wherever possible in some unobtrusive fashion and leave the words within the text as did Thwaites. These emendations have now become a part of the journals, and I believe most persons prefer their retention.

The most difficult and time-consum­ing work on the journals will be in the area of annotation. In hundreds of footnotes the staff will clarify and ex­pand upon the manuscript diaries. If we were to edit the journals on ly in terms of placing the original material into print we could complete the proj­ect in short order, even considering the extreme care we will give to this dimension. But a great deal of time and effort will be required to search out the writers' numerous obscure ref­erences to people, places, and events. At present we see a life of ten yeal"S for the project. The greater part of this time will be spent in the research and writing of annotative materials.

Our general philosophy on annotation is to treat subject matter in relation to its prominence in the journals. Ceasal' Rodney, who is mentioned but once in the journals and then indi­rectly may merit only a line .in the footnotes while that expert hunter George Drouillard will be given the fullest biographic write-up. The foot­notes will be full but not rambling. The staff understands that we are not writing essays in the footnotes, but

-15-

are supplying source material to be borrowed from and enlarged upon by other scholars. We are fortunate to have a vast body of literature from which to draw. Without slighting other works of merit I might mention that I find myself returning again and again to t he works of Foundation members John Allen, Paul Cutright, Don Jackson, and "Frenchy" Chuin­ard, as essential and reliable sources.

What sort of topics do the footnotes cover? A quick list will not only give you an idea of the sort of research in which we are involved but also illus­trate the breadth of the Captains' knowledge and cmiosity. The topics show too, that President Jefferson, in his instructions to Lewis, displayed that brilliance so characteristic of his life. Categories would include: geogra­phy, cartography, topography, bo­tany, zoology, ethnology, medicine, equipment, weaponry, personalities, and international relations.

Perhaps I might specify the nature and exten t of annotation for the new edition. In doing this I will be drawing examples from preliminary work that I have done on one of the journals, so I ought to say a few words about that journal first. The Eastern Journal of the Lewis and Clark expedition covers a trip from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to St. Louis, Missouri, from August 30 to December 13, 1803. This journal is sometimes misnamed the "Ohio Jour­nal" or "Lewis's Ohio Journal", which terms are inappropriate because slightly more than half of the entries deal with events along the Mississippi River. Moreover, the diary is not Lewis's a lone, for ClaTk was given pos­session of the uncompleted notebook on December 2, 1803, near Kaskaskia, Illinois, and kept the official r ecords for the next e leven days, until the pru-ty reached the winter encamp­ment at Wood River. The discovery of the Eastern Journal coincided with the rediscovery of the lost journal of Sergeant John Ordway among the papers of Nicholas Biddle, editor of the first narrative account of Lewis and Clark's journals in 1814. Biddle made no use of the Pittsburgh­to-St. Louis diary in his volumes, nor did it appear in Thwaites's edition. In fact, from 1818 when Biddle received it, until 1913 when it was recovered, no one knew such a journa l existed. T he manuscript was found among Biddle's papers by his grandsons in the family's country home near Phila­delphia. In 1914, the volume was re­leased to Milo Milton Quaife, superin­tendent and editor for the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, who edited it along with Ordway's journal.

(Continued on Page 16)

He published both men's journals as Volume XXII of the Publications of the State Historical Society of Wis­consin - a volume t hat is practically unobtainable today.

This small leather-bound journal, some five by eight inches in size, con­tains about two hundred and fifty­eight pages, of which thirty-seven are blank and ninety -three. are notes made by Biddle when Clark visited him at Fincastle, Virginia, in 1810. T h e remaining one hundred and twenty-eight pages are devoted to the river trip. This small journal will be­come the initia l pages of the first vol­ume in the new edition.

My remarks on the Eastern Journal and the annotation to it may appear severely critica l of the diary's editor. This criticism is not directed at the abilities of Quaife entirely, since the editorial standards of his day did not call for greater efforts. Moreover, he did not have the vast resources avail­able to him that I enjoy today, and he worked under a much shorter time­table.

In annotating the journals we will identify the geographic features men­tioned by the explorers, which will in­clude quite a bit of topographic and car tographic work by the staff. The Eastern Journal stands in contrast to other journals, since the Pittsburgh­to-St. Louis trip was across well­known terrain. The Ohio River had become a prominent waterway by Lewis and Clark's time, so we are able to identify the creeks, rivers, islands, and specia l features to which the journalists refer. We can also locate and historically describe the villages and towns the Captains notice or visit. Quaife did h is best work at this point. He relied chiefly on Zadoc Cramer's Navigator as his source for geographic references to the Ohio River. Cramer's work was a river guide to be used by boatmen or travel­ers of Lewis's time, and it provided in­forma tion of natural features and depicted prominent towns along the stream. The book went through sever­al printings, but Quaife used only the 1811 edition, not taking advantage of the many corrections in the several volumes.

One particulal"ly knotty geographic problem for me came on the Mississip­pi River portion of the journey. On November 25, 1803, Lewis related in the journal t hat "on the Starb. qtr. muddy River falls in - this is also called Cow River, or River Avaise .. . " This is the Big Muddy River of today, which is on the eastern side of the

.Mississippi R iver in Jackson and Union counties, Illinois. Lewis's spell­ing of the last word could be his

rendering of either of two French words: Vache which means cow, or vase which is translated mud. From the proximity of the words "Cow" and "Avaise" in the manuscript, it would seem that he was referring to vache (cow). Yet only one Lewis and Clark map used the term "Cow" to desig­nate the stream and only one other map I have found, dating from 1796, employs such a term . All other ob­served maps use some form of the word "vase" (mud). What confused me for a time was the modern .creek, River aux Vases, which is lpcated on the opposite side of the Mississippi River and some miles upstream from the Big Muddy. There is no reference to this stream in the journal, but from Lewis's not es at that point, it would appear t hat in 1803 the mouth of modern River aux Vases was behind an island and was not noticed by the Captain. On first spotting the modern River aux Vases I wanted to shift Lewis upstream considerably, but other refer ences in the journal would not allow that, particularly since he clearly stated that his stream (the Big Muddy) is opposite Apple Creek and falls in from the Starboard side (i.e. the eastern or Illinois side). That small remark of Lewis's became in the end a problem that involved not only solutions from geography, but also work in orth ography, French, nu ­merous old maps, and modern place­names. P lants and animals will be named in the new edit ion, both by their popular labels and their scientific denomina­tions, with questionable species so noted. Lewis mentioned some twenty different botanical species while Clark referred to none. Lewis principally idendfied trees such as the buckeye, gum, sassafras, hickory, popla1-, oak, and cottonwood. He also noted plants like mistletoe, cane, and scourin g r ush . Quaife made no notation, scien­tific or otherwise, on these species, nor did he label the many animals that Lewis described. Sturgeon, bass, cat­fish, and pike; squirrels and deer; pig­eons, ducks, and grouse were some of the animals Lewis saw. On September 11, 1803, Lewis described in some de­tail the rather rare phenomenon of a squirrel migration, but Quaife did not ca,ll attention to that extraordinary event. Nor did the editor note that the pigeons Lewis observed were the familiar passenger pigeons of the Cap­tain's day, which had become extinct the ver y year Quaife had gained access to the Eastern Journal.

Indian tribes will be recognized by t ribal and linguistic designations, and significant Indian personalities will be portrayed as fully as possible. Lewis men t ions two tribal groups in the Eastern journal - the Shawnee and

-16-

Delaware - while Clark notes the Po­tawatomi. T hese Algonkian speaking, Eastern Indians would be quite dif­ferent from the Indians which Lewis and Clark would meet farther to the west. Quaife gave no account of these peoples in his footnotes.

Members of the exploring party and other persons mentioned in the diaries wi ll be given appropriate biographic treatm ent. Lewis mentioned over twenty persons by name in the East­ern Journal. Some of these people will be easily iden tified, even when he gives only the last name. Men like George Rogers Clark, Anthony Wayne, Charles Willson Peale, and William E. P atterson are of such prominence that little research will be r e q u i red for a sho r t wri te- up. Members of the Corps like Nathaniel Pryor and George Drouillard who are named in the Eastern Journal will likewise require only a small amount of work for identification. But what of the woman who was shot when a bystander accidentally discharged Lewis's ail·gun? Or, who were the ac­tual members of the party traveling with Lewis at this t ime? Or, who is the merchant that Lewis met and list­ed as "Gui Brian?" Since Quaife did not tell of his criteria for annotation, we do not know if he was unable to identify these people or whether he simply considered them of too litt le importance to note. In the new edi­tion, we will specify the dimensions of our annotation and define the criteria for inclusion or exclusion in the foot­notes.

Other topics familiar to Lewis and Clark enthusiasts will not be slighted. In the Eastern Journal we find Lewis's first reference to his famous airgun and to his well-known New­foundland dog, Scannon. Lewis also used a 'number of geologic terms in this preliminary journal - terms like freestone, limestone, spanish whiting, grind and flint stones, and petrified wood. Medical notations appear for the first time - with references to the Captain's observation of goitre, fever and ague and to his use of "Rushes pills." To these entries Quaife gives OQly the barest of annotative materi­al. We plan to give such items the no­tice they deserve.

I know that you look forward with me to the exciting prospects of this enter­prise and the added interest such a· project must generate in Lewis and Clark. Let us hope that this effort fos­ters a broadened knowledge and sparks a new enthusiasm for the expe­dition and its illustrious members.

fl We Proceeded On, November 1980

L. & C. Commemorative Postage Stamp In 1981 You Can Help, Now! Bob Saindon advised the editor that he had been informed that the U. S. Postal Service would be giving consid­eration to the issuance of a commem­orative postal stamp celebrating the l 75th Anniversary of the successful completion of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. If it is determined that this postal stamp is to be issued, it will be placed on "First Day Sale" at St. Louis, Missouri, on September 23, 1981, 175 years following the Expedi­tion's return to St. Louis in 1806.

We need your help. Please write Citi­zens's Advisory Committee, U.S. Pos­tal Service, Washington, D.C. z ip 20260, indicating your support of this Lewis and Clark Commemorative Postal Issue.

Anecdote - From The Journals And Literature About the Expedition Meriwether Lewis in his journal for J une 14, 1805, details " ... the succes­sion of curious adventures ... " that befell him on that date. Travelling alone, he had ascended the Missouri, passed the group of cataracts that make up the Great Falls of the Mis­souri, examined " .. . a handsome stream about 200 yds. wide ... ", his Medicine (today's Sun) River, and was on his way to returning to the main party who were involved with the 17% mile portage around the falls. Lewis had shot a buffalo, forgot to re­load his rifle, when he discovered that " ... a large white or reather brown bear .. . " had advanced on him and was " . .. within 20 steps before I dis-covered him ... " The Captain's jour­nal tells the story:

... it was an open level plain, not a bush within miles nor a tree within less than three hundred yards of me; the river bank was sloping and not more than three feet above the level of the water; in short there was no place by means of which I could conceal myself from this monster un till I could charge my rifle . . . . I ran about 80 yards and found he gained on me fast, I then run into the water the idea struck me to get into the water to such depth that I could stand and he would be obliged to swim, and that I could in that situation defend myself with my espontoon .... at this instance he arrived at the edge of the water within about 20 feet of me; the moment I put myself in this attitude of defence he su­donly wheeled about as if frightened, de­clined the combat on such unequal grounds, and retreated with quite as great precipitation as he had just before pur­sued me .... so it was - and I felt myself

We. Proceeded On, November 1980

not a little gratifyed that he had declined the combat.1

The Captain's day of" ... curious ad­venture .. . " had only begun! The ani­mals in the area either confronted or pursued him:

... in returning through the level bottom of Medecine river and about 200 yards distant from the Missouri, my direction led me directly to an anamal that I at first supposed to be a wolf; but on nearer approach ... I discovered that it was not, it's colour was a brownish yellow; it was standing near it's burrow, and when I ap­proached ... it couched itself down like a cat looking immediately at me as if it designed to spring on me. I took aim at it and fired, it instantly disappeared in it 's burrow; I loaded my gun and ex[a)mined the place which was dusty and saw the track from which I am still further convinced that it was of the tiger kind.

. . . It now seemed to me that all the beasts of the neighbourhood had made a league to distroy me, or that some fortune was disposed to amuse herself at my ex­pence, for I had not proceded more than tluee hundred yards from the burrow of this tyger cat, before three bull buffaloe, which wer feeding with a large herd about half a mile from me on my left, seperated from the herd and ran full speed towards me, I thought at least to give them some amusement and altered my direction to meet them; when they arrived within a hundred yards they mad[e] a halt, took a good view of me and retreated with pre­cipitation.'

The latter two incidents took place in the evening, and with 12 miles to walk in order to return to the main party, the Captain hastened his pace and wrote that " ... it was sometime after dark before I returned to the party ... "He indicates that they were con-cerned and " ... extremely uneasy for my safety . .. " and that he was " ... much fortiegued ... " After all that had happened on this day, we are not surprised that Lewis decided not to remain where he had experienced the episodes with the animals, and his jomnal reads:

... I ... did not think it prudent to re­main all night at this place which really from the succession of curious adventures wore the impression on my mind of in­chantment; at sometimes for a moment I thought it might be a dream, but the prickley pears which pierced my feet very severely once in a while, particularly after it grew dark, convinced me that I was really awake, and that it was neces­sary to make the best of my way to camp.3

1. Thwaites, Reuben G. (Editor), Original Jour­nals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Dodd Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904. Vol. 2., pp. 156-157.

2. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 158.

3. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 158.

-17-

Annual Meeting Photos (See also Pages 8 & 9)

Sculptor Bob Scriver, Browning, Montana, accepts the Foundation's Award of Meri­torious Achievement. See story, page 1, this issue of WPO. Plwtograph by Gladys Silk.

1980-1981 President Irving W. Anderson, Portland, Oregon, visits with Past Pres­ident Clarence H. Decker, East Alton, Illi­nois. Clarence continues to serve the Foundation as Treasurer, a position he has held since 1974. Photograph by Bob Lange.

Christmas presents? How about an annua l membership in the Founda ­tion which includes a subscription to the four -quarterly issues of We Proceeded On. Membership appli­catione should be directed to the Membership Secretary .

Children at Fort Clatsop (Continued from Page 5)

We Proceeded On will be interested and amused by these responses:

I learned how limited their food was and how even the simplest thing like~tarting a fire was a difficult task in 1805-1806.

The two things I liked the most was making candles and when the musket fired.

I thought about 175 years ago. It __ was really hard to live back then.

It wasn't very much fun in the rain. But Lewis and Clark had to do it anyway.

I really liked the nature walk. It was very fun because I saw different things and I en­joyed walking through paths and the soft ground.

I learned how Lewis and Clark lived in Fort Clatsop, how they made dugout canoes, how they made rifle balls.

I thought about Lewis and Clark and that we were cheating a little, so it would have been much harder for them.

I thought I was in the expeditioJl.

I really noticed how hard it was for Lewis and Clark. I learned that you had to be tought. There was a lot of hard work to do.

I was thinking about 1805. I wish that I was Lewis and Clark and be the first man to cross the rockies.

I learned that you can go back in time and still learn something about it.

The above comments from children who visited Fort Clatsop or a school room demonstration by the Fort Clat­sop ranger staff, are probably typical of the responses received by National Park facilit ies throughput the country where Environmental Living Programs are an on-going activity. When discussing the cost of organiz­ing and running these programs, Charlie Hawkins, the site manager at Fort Point National Historic Site (San Francisco, CA), summarized it very well: " . .. its something you can't measure. What is it worth to turn youngsters on to h istory? You just can't measure it in dollars and cents!" As we can see from the above com­ments from visitors to Fort Clatsop - they have a new appreciation of Lewis and Clark and the winning of the west, and how about the young Shannon2 who was so fascinated with his visit to Fort Clatsop, that he "thought I was in the expedition".

k~~-_,.-~-- ' ~ ' '<

. . :~'\ -.- . - 'c ''-' "" . . . -· = 'l , I• • ,f ! ' \ ·A .. J ..... \' 'll

:'v 2. George Shannon, the youngest member of the exploring party. About 17 years old.

Recent Meetings

Dr. Robert Carriker, Professor of His­tory, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, was t he speaker for the Sep­tember 28, 1980 meeting of the Blue Mountain Chapter of the Foundation. The Sunday afternoon meeting was held at the Cascade Natural Gas Company's Community Room, Walla Walla, WA. Dr. Carriker's interesting presentation was an illustrated lec­ture titled: "Next Up the Missouri -George Catlin and Karl Bodmer".

* * •

September 27, 1980, was the date for the quarterly meeting of the Gover­nor's Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, at the Portland Ortho­pedic Clinic. Having operated since 1978 without the services of a regular secretary,' the committee is now to h ave the services of Jan Ernst through the courtesy of Dave Talbot, Superintendent of the State Parks and Recreation Division of the Ore-

.. gon Department of Transportation. She will act in this secretarial capaci­ty when needed from the Division's Portland office. At this meeting members heard the preliminary report from the sub-committee chaired by Jean Hallaux regarding a future rec­ommendation by the committee to both the Oregon State Parks and Rec­reation Division and to the National Park Service's Lewis and Clark His­toric Trail Study, concerning the ac­cessibility and development of the trail and viewpoints on Tillamook Head (the Expedition's "Clru·k's Point of View"), the coastal headland or prominence just south of Seaside, Oregon. A date was also set for the Committee's, DecembeI 13, 1980, meeting and Christmas Party, which is to be, as in previous years, at the National Park Service's Fort Clatsop National Memorial, near Astoria, Oregon.2 Committee member and Na­ture Ti·ail Supervisor, Roger Mack­aness, provided a progress repor t on the Lewis and Clark Nature Trail being developed at Lewis and Clark State Park, 15 miles east of Portland.3

Prior to the meeting's conclusion, committee member Ed Harvey ex­tended an invitation for the February 1981 meeting to be held in Astoria, Oregon - luncheon at Ruth and Ed Harvey's home, with the meeting to follow at the Astoria City (Astor) Li­brary auditorium. 1. The vacancy was the result of committee member Mary Ann Amacker, Oregon Historical Society, moving from Portland to Warner Robins, Georgia.

2. See WPO, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 13, for details of the committee's 1979 Christmas Party.

3. See WPO, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 22-23.

-18-

As a service to Foundation members, we have included with the distribution of this issue of We Proceeded On the (yellow) Brochure/ Order Form which announces the availability of exceptionally fine print repro­ductions of four of artist John Clymer's Lewis and Clark Paintings. These print repro­ductions are avai lable from Western American Heritage Prints, Chandler, Arizona.

Scannon Reprint Sales Exceeds 2000 Copies 3rd Printing Possible In July 1977 We Proceeded On pub­lished a supplementary publication (WPO, Publication No. 2) "Our Dog Scannon - Partner In Discovery", by Ernest S. Osgood. Dr. Osgood's mono­graph was originally published in Montana, the Magazine of Western History (Vol. XXVI, No. 3, Summer 1976). When the Foundation commis­sioned sculptor Bob Scriver to exe­cute the limited edition of the bronze "Captain Lewis and Our Dog Scan­non" in 1976-1977, We Proceeded On was granted permission by both Dr. Osgood and Montana Magazine .. . to develop the reprint of Dr. Osgood's monograph. A reproduction of a pho­tograph of Scriver's bronze appears on the cover of the eleven page publica­tion, and a recapitulation of the jour­nal entries of t he Expedition which relate to the dog Scannon, together with general information about New­foundland dogs, follows Dr. Osgood's delightful perspective of the canine member of the famous Expedition.

So popular was the first printing of this supplementary publication that a second printing was done in October 1978. We Proceeded On continues to receive mail orders for this publica­tion, and it is of special interest to note that the Fort Clatsop Historical Association, the operator of the book and publication counter at the Fort Clatsop National Memorial near As­toria, Oregon, have merchandised over 700 copies of "Our Dog Scannon - Partner in Discovery", (WPO Publi­cation No. 2) to visitors to the Nation­al Park Service Facility since 1977.

The publication sells for . 75¢ and there is stll a supply available. If your local historical society is interested in merchandising this item, they may be purchased in lots of 25 or more (post­age paid) at .45¢ each from We Pro­ceeded On, 5054 S. W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201.

We Proceeded On, November 1980

Paladin Reports 175th Anniversary Event At Gates Of The Mountains

The August issue of We Proceeded On briefly reported on the Lewis and Clark 175th Anniversary event which took place on July 19, 1980, at Mon­tana's Gates of the Mountains.

Now, through the eyes and the writ­ing skill of Foundation member Vivi­an A. Paladin,' we have a first-hand report of this commemorative event. Vivian's account follows :

Friday, July 19, 1805 [Lewis]: This morn­ing we set out early and proceeded on vary well tho' the water appeares to en­crease in volocity as we advance .... wh[en]ever we get a view of the lofty summits of the mountains the .snow presents itself, al tho' we are almost suffo­cated in this confined vally with heat ..... This evening we entered much the most remarkable clifts that we have yet seen . . . . . I found a place sufficiently large to encamp my small party; at length such an one occurred on the lard. side' where we found plenty of lightwood and pitch pine . ... From t he singular ap­pearance of this place I called it the gates of the rochy mounatains.3

Saturday, July 19, 1980: A party of about 40 Lewis and Clark enthusiasts set out at 7:00 P .M. aboard the cruise boat Pirogue from the Gates of the Mountains Boat Club and debarked at Meriwether (Lewis) Picnic Area to commemorate the event which had occurred exactly 175 years before.

No one on board was suffocating with the heat. Indeed, with the tempera­ture hovering no higher than 45 de­grees and a high wind blowing, it was a cold trip during which those on board shared blankets, windbreakers and hooded jackets in order to keep

1. Vivian Paladin is Editor-Emeritus, Montana, the Magazine of Westem History . See WPO, Vol. 4, No. 4, p. 13; Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 4, 9; Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 3-5.

2. The site of the Expedition's July 19, 1805 night encampment is today the U. S. F orest Service's Meriwether Picnic Area. This site is only accessi­ble via the river and boat. T he excursion boat landing may be reached by driving 15 miles north from Helena on Inters/ale 15. Despite Lewis's ref­erence to 11

••• n1y small party .. . ", his party consist­ed of all members of the Corps except for Captain Clark, Joe Field, Potts and York, who were t rav­eling overland, slightly west of the river in search of Indian trails. ReadetS having access to Olin D. Wheeler's The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804· 1904, will enjoy reading (Vol. 1, pp. 346-352) Wheeler's description of this beautiful canyon as he observed it in 1904. See also: Ferris, Robert G., (Editor); Appleman. Roy G.: and others: Lewis and Clark: Historic Places Associated with their Transcontinental Exploration ... , U.S. Dept. of the Interior - National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1975, pp. 306-309. See also, WPO, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 7.

3. Thwaites, Reuben G. (Editor), Original Jour­nals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904. Vol. 2, pp. 247-248.

We Proceeded On, November 1980

warm. But it was one of the most memorable evenings anyone had ever experienced.

As wine a nd cheese were passed around during the cruise, Gates of the Mountains Manager /Pilot Bob Tubbs gave his knowledgeable and totally entertaining commentary on the can­yon, its geological features and wild­life, the fact that it still looks much the same as it did 175 years ago except that the dammed up waters of the Missouri make it from 30 to 40 feet higher than it was then. Even those on board who had heard it before were entranced as the big cruise boat cut through rising waves and entered one of North America's most spectacular canyons.

As the Pirogue passed through the canyon and made its big circle to head south again so t hose aboard could see how the canyon looked to Captain Lewis and his men, the full quote from the July 19th Journal entry was read over the loudspeaker by Dr. Ste­phen E. Ambrose of New Orleans, La. Professor of history at New Orleans University, Dr. Ambrose is the official biographer of Dwight D. Eisenhower and recently has become deeply inter­ested in the Lewis and Clark Expedi­tion and an enthusiastic member of the Foundation:'

Many other notables aboard the boat had been introduced earlier, along with Dr. Ambrose. Among them were Dan and Brian Hilger , grandsons of the pioneer who founded the Hilger ranch close by t he Gates of the Moun­tains Boat Club in 1867, a ranch still operated by the Hilger family who guard its historic shoreline as a sacred trust.

Passengers were also introduced to Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foun­dation President Bob Saindon and his wife, but few knew that because of this young man, much more was in store when the boat docked at Meriwether Picnic Area. With a small generator furnishing power , a slide projector was set up in the visitor's shelter, and with a colleague holding a flashlight, Bob read a carefully re­searched but remarkably fast-paced paper which traced the epic journey from Wood River (Illinois) to Fort Clatsop (Oregon).

Entitled "Lewis and Clark, Primeval Artists of the West: An Illustrated Journey to the Pacific", his paper was illuminated with 75 carefully selected slides from the Journals, specifically the explorers' crude but apt drawings

4. Dr. Ambrose was elected a director of the Foundation at the August 1980 Annual Meeting. He is a frequent cont ributor to We Proceeded On. See WPO, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 12-14; Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 11-12.

-19-

of animals, fish, birds, implements and objects encountered along the way.5

Bob Saindon,6 who recently moved to Helena, Montana from Glasgow, Montana, added one more dimension that evening to his term as President of the Foundation.7 There were few in the audience who had the opportunity of attending the Foundat ion 's Eleventh Annual Meeting in Glasgow in August 1979, which had been host­ed in remarkable innovative style by Bob and his colleagues in the Valley County Lewis and Clarh Trail Soci­ety. After they heard his talk in the windy darkness at Meriwether (Lewis) Picnic Area, however, some became Foundation members and all devel­oped a new or renewed interest in the subject.

Bob had gone to the considerable trouble of arranging for commemo­rative postal cachets (envelopes), complete with Lewis's journal text, the dates, and including a three-cent Lewis and Clark commemorative postage stamp, issued in 1954 to mark the 150th anniversary of the Expedi­tion.

Later in July, on the 26th and 27th, more elaborate commemorative events were planned for Montana's Headwater's State Park near Three Forks. It is unlikely, however, that a more significant or meaningful pro­gram could have been held anywhere along the Trail than the one experi­enced on the night of July 19, when a party of about the same size as the total Corps of Discovery braved not heat and "musquetoes" bu t high winds and spray from the Missouri to ma1·k the anniversary of one evening of America's epic Journey of Discov­ery. 5. Editor's note: Bob Saindon presented this same paper a t one of the evening programs during the 12th Annual Meeting of the Foundation, Omaha, August 20-22, 1980.

6. For biogmphical material about Bob Saindon, see WPO, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 6; Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 4; Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 3-4.

7. Editor's note: When Vivian Paladin wrote about this event, Bob Saindon was serving as President of the Lewis aud Clark T rail Heritage Foundation. His term of office was completed in August 1980 at the organization's 12th Annual Meeting, when he turned the responsibility of the presidency over to Irving W. Anderson.

Editor's note: It is of interest that on the return journey only Sergeant Ordway's party of ten t raveled through the Gates of the Monlains por­tion of the Missouri River on J uly 16, 1806 (within a few days of being a year after the party ascend­ed the tiver). Ordway's party were bringing the canoes from upstream on the Beaverhead River where they had cached the previous August. Lewis's party of ten were to the north, having crossed the Continental Divide from the head­waters of Clark's Fork River to the Sun River. Clark's party of thirteen were descending the Yel­lowstone River, having separated from Lewis at "Traveler's Rest'', 11 miles south of present Missoula, Montana, and from Ordway's party at the Three Forks of the Missouri.

1903-1905 Expositions Commemorated Nation's Westward Expansion

Some eighty years ago, in the era of World Fairs and Expositions, two such events took place, both of which related dir ectly to, and commemo­rated, the one hundreth anniversary of the beginning of the westward ex­pansion of the United States. These were: The Louisiana Purchase Expo­sition, 1903-1904, St. Louis, Missouri, and The Lewis and Clark Exposition (also referred to as The Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition and Ori­ental Fai1), 1904-1905, Portland, Ore­gon.

Foundation member, biologist, histo­rian, and author Paul Russell Cut­right is presently engaged in writing a new biography of Theodore Roose­velt. Paul, in a recent letter to the edi­tor, refers to a paragraph he noted when reading President Theodore Roosevelt's Third Message to Congress, December 7, 1903,' which Paul says: " ... might be of interest to readers of We Proceeded On." In this message, the president stated:

I trust that the Congress will continue to favor in all proper ways the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This Exposition commemorates the Louisiana Pm·chase, which was the first great step in the ex­pansion which made us a continental na­tion. The expedition of Lewis and Clark across the continent followed thereon, and marked the beginning of the process of exploration and colonization which thrust om· national boundaries to the Pa­cific. The acquisition of the Oregon country, including the present states of Oregon and Washington, as a fact of im­mense impmtance in our history; first giving us our place on the Pacific sea­board, and making ready the way for our ascendency in the commerce of the great­est of the oceans. The centennial of our establishment upon the western coast by the expedition of Lewis and Clark is to be celebrated at Portland, Oregon, by an exposition in the summer of 1905, and this event should receive recognition and sup­port from the National Government.

Both of the Expositions stimulated new interest in, and increased migra­tion to, the western United States. Newspapers and magazines, the railroads, and real estate entrepre­neurs provided additional impetus, and in the years following, western cities, towns, and farming communi­ties experienced growth and land­value appreciation. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition and The Lewis

1. [Roosevelt, Theodore], A compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Prepared Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on Printing of the House and Senate, Pursuant to an Act of the Fifty-Second Congress of the United States, New York: Bureau of National Litera­ture, Volume XIV, p. 6798.

1905 Statues Of The Captains Have Disappeared!

Ruskstuhl's Cg,ptain William Clark Lopez's Captain Meriwether Lewis

There is a mystery connected with the World's Fair or Lewis and Clark Centen­nial Exposition, held in Portland, Oregon in 1905. No one knows the where­abouts or disposition of the two statues pictured above. At the close of the Exposition in October 1905, the Exposition grounds and buildings were disman­tled. Only the huge log cabin or Forestry Building, built of some 300 logs, many over five feet in diameter, remained until its destruction by fire in 1964.

There is a rumor that the statuary may have been shipped to San Francisco, with the idea that the promoters of the 1915 Panama - Pacific Exposition may have planned to use them on the Exposition grounds in that city. If they were shipped and did arrive there, they were never seen again.

The statue of Captain William Clark was the worlz of sculpture F. W. Ruskstuhl, The companion statue of Captain Meriwether Lewis was done by, what the literature describing the Exposition referred to as, " ... the eminent sculptor Charles Lopez". There is no explanation as to why Ruskstuhl did not also rate the connotation "eminent". Both statues were of heroic size (larger than life siz e) and were placed at either end of the bulastrade on "Lakeview Terrace" and facing "Columbia Court". Other statuary in place on the Exposition grounds were by sculptors Frederic Remington, Solon H. Borglum, A. A . Wein­mann, and A lice Cooper. ' Other than the Cooper work, it has been suspected that some of the statuary may have been in place on the grounds of the St. Louis, Missouri, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the year previous, and at the close of that event had been shipped to the Portland location.

We have lost two statues of our favorite Captains! What really did happen to them? 1. A statue of Sacagawea. See WPO, Vol. 6, No. l, p . 12.

and Clark Centennial Exposition at the eastern and western portals of the Lewis and Clark Trail truly commem­orated one hundred years of th e "Winning of the West", and increased our nation's interest in Theodore Roosevelt 's "continental nation".

-20-

Indian Woman's Name Now In Outer Space Geological features revealed on the Planet Venus by the Pioneer radar- · mapper in orbit around the planet are being named for goddesses or famous women no longer living. Officials at 'the National Aeronautics and Space Administration recently made this announcement. One feature is to be named for Sacagawea, the Shoshoni Indian woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

We Proceeded On, November 1980