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Week 6: Descriptive Research. Presenter : Yubin Li Professor : Dr. Bamshad Mobasher. a. 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction. DR design & Analysis. Discussions. Outline. Descriptive Research. Introduction to Quantitative Research. YouTube: introduction to Quantitative Research - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CS 426 2011 Spring
5/3/2011 1 1
Presenter : Yubin Li
Professor : Dr. Bamshad Mobasher
Week 6: Descriptive Research
2
Outline
Introduction 1
aa2
DR design & Analysis 3
Discussions4
Descriptive Research
Introduction to Quantitative Research YouTube: introduction to Quantitative Research http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoQ9Zg8Fvf0Time
Quantitative Vs. Qualitative research
Table 1 : Comparison of features of Quantitative and Qualitative research
Quantitative Qualitative
Both are systematic in their approach
Objective Subjective
Deductive Inductive
Generalizable Not generalizable
Numbers Words
Descriptive Research
4
Quantitative Research Methodologies: Descriptive Research Correlational Research Experimental Research Ex Post Facto Research Survey Research
Descriptive Vs. Experimental Vs. Ex post facto Descriptive (What is the current situation?) Experimental (What is the cause?) Ex post facto (What was the possible cause?)
5
Outline
Introduction 1
aa2
DR design & Analysis 3
Discussions4
Descriptive Research
6
Descriptive Research What is the Descriptive Research?
This type of research involves either identifying the characteristics of an observed phenomenon or exploring possible correlations among two or more. It primarily concerned with finding out “what is”, solving the problems through the interoperation of the data that has been gathered, (answering the questions who, what, where, when and how...)
Descriptive“ what is the current situation?” Numerical data gathered through tests, surveys, observations,
interviews variables are not manipulated but are measured as they occur Subgroups may be compared on some measure Two or more variables of a group may be correlated Doesn’t attempt to identify cause of differences or relationships,
just if they exist
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Descriptive Research What the Descriptive Research can be used for?
Descriptive studies have an important role in social science research, such as business, government, public health, sociology and education research.
Can be applied to investigate questions such as: Do teachers hold favorable attitudes toward using computers in
schools? What kinds of activities that involve technology occur in sixth-
grade classrooms and how frequently do they occur? How have high school computing courses changed over the last
10 years? Is there a relationship between experience with multimedia
computers and problem-solving skills? What is the best way to provide access to computer equipment
in schools?
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Outline
Introduction 1
aa2
DR design & Analysis 3
Discussions4
Descriptive Research
9
DR design & Analysis1. Descriptive Research Designs
Observation Studies Correlational Research Developmental Designs Survey Research
2. Using Checklists and Rating scales
3. Choosing a Sample in a Descriptive Study Sampling design Bias in Research sampling
4. Interpreting Data in Descriptive Research
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DR design & Analysis1. Descriptive Research Designs – Observation Studies
In qualitative research: record in great detail In quantitative research: focus on a particular aspect of
behavior, and try to be as objective as possible Many strategies to maintain “objective”:
a) define behavior in a precise, concrete manner
b) divide the observation period into small segments…
c) use a rating scale to evaluate behavior
d) Have two/three people rate the same behavior Independently
e) Train the raters
Ultimately, an observational study can yield data that portray much of the richness and complexity of human behavior.
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DR design & Analysis1. DR Design - Correlational Research
Examines the extent to which differences in one characteristic or variable are related to differences in one or more other characteristics or variables.
Did you realize that when children grow older, they are better reader? Age & reading ability -- correlation
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DR design & Analysis1. DR Designs – Development Design
Cross-sectional study Vs. Longitudinal studies Cross-sectional study: people from different ages are sampled
and compared. Longitudinal study : a single group of people is followed over
the course of several months or years
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DR design & Analysis1. DR Designs – Survey Research
Involves acquiring information about one or more groups of people-
Perhaps about their characteristics, opinions, attitudes, or previous
experiences, by asking them questions and tabulating their answers. Face-to-face and Telephone interviews Questionnaires
2. Checking List & Rating Scales Checking List : is a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other
entities that a researcher is investigating Rating scale: is more useful when a behavior, attitude, or other
phenomenon of interest needs to be evaluated.
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DR design & Analysis3. Choosing a sample in a descriptive study
Sampling design
a) Probability sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Proportional stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
b) Nonprobability sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Purposive sampling
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DR design & Analysis3. Choosing a sample in a descriptive study
Bias in Research sampling
Bias is any influence, condition, or set of conditions that singly or together distort the data
Bias can creep into a research project in a variety of subtle and undetected ways
Bias attacks the integrity of the facts, the research generalization may not be accurate.
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DR design & Analysis4. Interpreting Data in Descriptive research
Two basic principle
a) seek the answer to a problem in the light of the data that related to the problem
b) collecting data and organizing data for extracting meaning of the data is all important.
Decide on a population
Choose sampling technique
Minimize entrance of bias
Develop a valid means
Collect, record, organize analyze
17
Outline
Introduction 1
aa2
DR design & Analysis 3
Discussions4
Descriptive Research
CS 426 2011 Spring
4/12/2011 18 18