Presented to: By: Dennis H. Whitley Date: March 1, 2011 Federal Aviation Administration SOUTHERN REGION FAASTeam/Area 1 Approach and Landing Accidents

Presented to:

By: Dennis H. Whitley

Date: March 1, 2011

Federal AviationAdministrationSOUTHERN REGION

FAASTeam/Area 1

Approach andLanding Accidents

Clearwater Florida CFI’s & Pilots

December 6, 2008 2 2Federal AviationAdministration

Clearwater Florida March 1, 2011

Approach and Landing Accidents

• Over half of all accidents occur during these phases.

• The leading accident factor for takeoffs and landings is loss of control (30.2 % of takeoff accidents and 32.8 % of landing accidents).

• Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.




NTSB Accidents by Phase of Flight

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

LA

ND

ING

LA

ND

ING

- R

OLL

LA

ND

ING

-

FLA

RE

/TO

UC

HD

OW

N

TA

KE

OF

F -

IN

ITIA

L

CL

IMB

TA

KE

OF

F

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y

DE

SC

EN

T/L

AN

DIN

G

AP

PR

OA

CH

- V

FR

PA

TT

ER

N -

FIN

AL

AP

PR

OA

CH

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y

LA

ND

ING

TA

KE

OF

F -

RO

LL/R

UN

(blank)

UNKNOWN

SKYDIVING

PUBLIC USE - STATE

PUBLIC USE - LOCAL

PUBLIC USE - FEDERAL

PUBLIC USE

POSITIONING

PERSONAL

OTHER WORK USE

INSTRUCTIONAL

GLIDER TOW

FLIGHT TEST

FIRE FIGHTING

FERRY

EXECUTIVE/CORPORATE

BUSINESS

BANNER TOW

AIR RACE/SHOW

AIR DROP

AERIAL OBSERVATION

AERIAL APPLICATION

YEAR 2007 FSDO (All) OPERATION TYPE (All)

Count of CAUSAL ID

PHASE OF FLIGHT

PERSONAL/ BUSINESS DESCRIPTION



Percent of Accidents by Phase of Flight

17% 54%




• Major Factors To Consider– Lack of Situational Awareness - CFIT– Nonstabilized Approaches– Wind (Direction and Velocity)– Obstructions– Weather – Turbulence,Wind Shear,

Microburst – Runway (Condition, Length, Slope)– Night (Decreased Visibility)



Why Focus on Landings?

Statistics indicate:

46% Of accidents occurred during the Landing phase of Flight.



Stabilized Approach

FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook




• The Stabilized VFR Approach– On Glide Path, On Airspeed

• Profile –Approach Segment Airspeeds (Vref)– Downwind– Base– Final– Short Final



Landing - Common Errors

Un-stabilized approach.Failure to allow enough room on final to

set up the approach, necessitating an overly steep approach and high sink rate.

Too low on approach resulting in possibly landing short.

Too low an airspeed on final resulting in inability to flare properly and landing hard. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying

Handbook



Landing - Common Errors(continued)

Too high an airspeed resulting in floating on round out.

Prematurely reducing power to idle on round out resulting in hard landing.

Touchdown with excessive airspeed.Excessive and/or unnecessary braking

after touchdown.Failure to maintain directional control.




Crosswind Landings



Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors

Unstabilized approach.

Attempting to land in crosswinds that exceed the airplane’s maximum demonstrated crosswind component.

Inadequate compensation for wind drift on the turn from base leg to final approach, resulting in undershooting or overshooting.

Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final approach.




Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.

Touchdown while drifting.

Excessive airspeed on touchdown resulting in loss of control or excessive braking.

Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.

Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors

(continued)




Go Around From Rejected Landing




Go Around Common Errors

Pitch attitude increased excessively resulting in a stall

Applying only partial power

Failure to reconfigure the aircraft (gear and Flaps) for climb

Retracting the flaps too quickly

Elevator trim (excessive forward pressures)














Several types of pilot error can lead to a CFIT accident.Several types of pilot error

can lead to a CFIT accident.







The pilot continues flying the aircraft in the less-than-desirable conditions…and impacts an object, terrain, or water.

The pilot continues flying the aircraft in the less-than-desirable conditions…and impacts an object, terrain, or water.



2007 Weather Accidents

Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

VFR into IMC




MSA figures are extremely helpful!MSA figures are extremely helpful!




• Know altitude and distance from • Be aware of your DA or MDA• Pay attention to the MSA

• Know altitude and distance from • Be aware of your DA or MDA• Pay attention to the MSA

landing airportlanding airport




• Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)

• Key Factors– Situational Awareness – Active monitoring/scanning– Weather – Marginal VFR or IMC– Navigational/Communication errors– Terrain– Preflight Preparation and Planning







Fatigue causes bad decisions!• Slows problem-solving ability• Degrades motor skills• Impairs attentiveness

Fatigue causes bad decisions!• Slows problem-solving ability• Degrades motor skills• Impairs attentiveness




Single Pilots Do It All!

• Pilot

• Navigator

• Radio Operator

• System Manager

• Record Keeper

• Flight Attendant

Single Pilots Do It All!

• Pilot

• Navigator

• Radio Operator

• System Manager

• Record Keeper

• Flight Attendant







• LESSONS LEARNEDA current pilot and an airworthy aircraft can get into trouble.

• The importance of preflight planning and preparation.

• Night operations require extra planning.• Understand flap configurations.• Manage Your Focus of Attention.• Always fly the aircraft!




• TRAINING SUGGESTIONS• Situational Awareness – Contingency plan

for every takeoff and landing.• “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure,

including flaps and airspeeds.• Review Graphs and Tables in the POH.• Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile• Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.

December 6, 2008 32Federal AviationAdministration


Thanks for Having Me!!!

Documents

Presented to: By: Dennis H. Whitley Date: March 1, 2011 Federal Aviation Administration SOUTHERN REGION FAASTeam/Area 1 Approach and Landing Accidents