Presented By :Presented By : Submitted To :Submitted To : B.V.MANINDER. REDDYB.V.MANINDER. REDDY Mr.A.M.J.NEWTON Mr.A.M.J.NEWTON M.Pharmacy Associate Associate

professorprofessor Dept of Pharmaceutics

NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

CONTENTSIntroductionDifferent types of tablet compression machinesPunches and diesDifferent shapes of tabletsCompaction profileEffect of compaction on hardnessEffect of compaction on friabilityEffect of compaction on laminationReferences

INTRODUCTION

What is a TABLET ?A tablet is a pharmaceutical unit dosage form. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TABLETTING MACHINES

Single punch pressRotatory tablet pressComputerised tablet press

Single punch pressSingle punch pressIt posses a die and a pair of punches.The amount of powder fill in to the die is

controlled by the position of the lower punch.After ejection of tablet it is displaced by the

shoe of the hopper.as it moves back to the die for next tablet.

OUTPUT:200 TABS per minuteUsed in production of small batches.

ROTATORY PRESSROTATORY PRESSDeveloped to increase the out put.It operates with a number of dies & sets of

punches which can vary considerably.Both the dies & punches rotate during the

operation.The vertical movement of the punches is

controlled by tracks that pass over cams and rolls used to control the volume of powder fed in to the die and the pressure applied during compression.

Computerised Computerised hydraulic presshydraulic pressIn these the movement of the punches can be

controlled and varied considerably.Thus the tablet can be prepared under

controlled conditions with respect to loading pattern and loading rate.

Applications: to predict the sensitivity of the drug to such variations, to mimic the loading pattern of production presses to predict scale up problems.

Because of the later application this is also called as compaction simulator

International International StandardsStandards

Type of Tools Punch Body (mm) Diameter (mm)

D tools 25.35 38.10

B tools 19 30.16

BB tools 19 24

BB toolB toolD tool

PUNCHES AND DIESPUNCHES AND DIESGeneral Terminology of ToolingDifferent shapes of dies and punchesInternational StandardsMaterials For ConstructionCoating of Dies and PunchesQuality ControlMaintenance of Dies and PunchesNew Developments

GENERAL GENERAL TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY OF OF TOOLINGTOOLING

Upper punchLower punchDieKeying

Different shapes of Different shapes of tabletstablets

Different Shapes of Different Shapes of punches and punches and DiesDies

Round shape punch die setOval shape punch die setCapsule shape punch die setGeometric shape punch die set Irregular shape punch die setCore rod tooling punch die set

Used by pharmaceutical and veterinary industry.

Can manufacture following type of tablets:

Shallow Concave Ball Shape

Deep Concave Flat Faced Concave with Edges Flat

with Bevel EdgesNormal Concave.

Round shape Punch Round shape Punch Die SetDie Set

Oval Shape Punch Oval Shape Punch Die SetDie SetApplicable to

pharmaceutical and ayurvedic industries.

Can manufacture following types of tablets: Flat Faced Flat with bevel

edges Concave/Deep/Deep

Concave with bevel edges.

Capsule shape Capsule shape punch die setpunch die setApplicable to

pharmaceutical and ayurvedic industries.

Can manufacture

following types of tablets: Concave with Edges Deep Concave Flat

Faced Normal concave Flat

with Bevel Edges.

Geometric Shape Geometric Shape Punch Die SetPunch Die Set

Applicable to pharmaceutical, confectionery, chemical, industrial powder metallurgy industries.

Can manufacture following types of tablet:Triangular Benzene Rhombus Rectangular Square.

Irregular Shape Punch Irregular Shape Punch Die SetDie SetAre applicable to

confectionery industries.

Available with different size, concavity, and flat in plain or engraved break line.

Core Rod Tooling Core Rod Tooling Punch Die SetPunch Die Set

Applicable in confectionery and ceramic industries.

Can manufacture following types of tablets: Tablet with hole in

center & concave rib Tablet with hole in

center & flat rib.

Materials For Materials For ConstructionConstructionDies- HCHC (High carbon High chromium steel )Punches- OHNS (Oil Hardened Nitride steel)Different types of steel standards:

For dies:- AISI-01 For punches:- AISI-S7, AISI-S1, D2(HCHC-D2), SUS 440C.

Coating of Dies and Coating of Dies and PunchesPunches

Why coating is required?

Sticky material

Corrosive material

Abrasive material

Different Types of Different Types of CoatingsCoatingsTitanium Nitride CoatingElectroless Nickel Plating (ENI)Chromium Nitride Coating (CrN)Chromium Carbon Nitride (CrCN) CoatingDiamond Coating of Diamond like Carbon (DLC)Cr-CrN-Cr Multilayer Coating (Nano Coating)

PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) Coating Technology

Quality ControlQuality ControlVisual InspectionDimensional

Inspection

Punches:Overall lengthWorking length Cup depthTips – round and capsuleTip and Barrel

concentricityHead, Head flat and NeckBarrel

Dies:Height and outside

diameterDie bore diameter

using expandable, small bore gauges

Die bore major and minor axis using Vernier caliper and expandable, small bore gauges

Die Bore concentricitySquareness

Maintenance of Dies Maintenance of Dies and Punchesand PunchesWhy is it required?

To improve the lifespan of toolings.

How are they Maintained?Fitting instructions usually as per the manual given.Warm soap water and a soft brush are suitable for

thorough cleaning Not to be touched by bare fingers Thoroughly coated with an acid-free oil in order to

prevent corrosion.

Contd..Toolings should be regularly checked.Polishing –

By hand “Drag Finishing” machine

Storage cabinets for tooling – Clashing Dusting Humidity

New DevelopmentsNew DevelopmentsMulti-tip punchesDevelopment in manufacturing different shapes of tablets

Polo Teddy Beer, Lion, etc.

Tablets which can be broken into 4 equal halves

Multi-tip PunchesMulti-tip Punches

COMPACTION PROFILECOMPACTION PROFILE

EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON HARDNESS OF HARDNESS OF TABLETTABLETIt has the same causes as weight variations.Hardness depends on weight of the material

and the space between the upper and lower punch at the moment of compression.

If the distance between the punches varies hardness is like in consistent.

Effect Of Effect Of Compaction On Compaction On Friability Friability Of Of TabletTablet

When the punches are in poor condition or worn at their surface edges this problem arises.

Less compression pressure also leads to increased friability.

Effect of compaction Effect of compaction on on lamination lamination Rapid relaxation of the peripheral region of a

tablet,on ejection from a die.This can be prevented by using tappered diesRapid decompression also causes lamination.This can be prevented by doing pre

compression step. And decreasing the final compression pressure.

References:References:www.google.comParle-Elizabeth Tools Pvt Ltd.Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology,

second and third volumeshttp//www.thomaseng.compresstooling.pdfwww.vmindustries.comPharmaceutics by AultonPharmaceutical technology by Libermann and

laitman.