Presented By: Erik S. Van Anglen Technical Sales Specialist ESD Sika Industrial Flooring Lyndhurst, NJ ESD Control Flooring

Presented By:

Erik S. Van Anglen Erik S. Van Anglen

Technical Sales Specialist ESDTechnical Sales Specialist ESD

Sika Industrial FlooringSika Industrial Flooring Lyndhurst, NJLyndhurst, NJ

ESD Control Flooring

Polymer ESD Flooring ?

Why ESD Flooring?

What Are the Problems?

Where is the Market?

What Products Are Available?

What’s the Future?

What Is Static Electricity?

Static Electricity

Static Electricity:

An Electrical Charge at rest

ESD:

The transfer of static charges between bodies or objects at different electrical potentials. This may be caused by either direct contact or by induction of an electrostatic field.

Static ElectricityStatic Electricity

Tribocharging:

The generation of electrostatic charges when two materials make contact or are rubbed together, then separated

Static Electricity & The Atom

All matter consists of a collection of atoms

The “atom” is comprised of a nucleus

containing + Protons and Neutrons

Orbiting the nucleus are - Electrons

The atom is normally electrically neutral (same # of +protons = # of -electrons)

-

+

Contact and Separation of Materials Causes Electron Imbalance

+Positive Charge

-Negative Charge

Simply put, ESD discharge is the sudden and violent redistribution of free electrons between objects or to

a conductor.

Negative Electron Strips to Another Atom

Factors that Influence Tribocharging

Intimacy of Contact

Speed of Separation

Conductivity of Materials

Triboelectric Series Position

Relative Humidity

Static Electricity in an EPA Static Electricity in an EPA

Characteristics of Material Charge

Triboelectric Series Chart

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Positive + Increasing + Neutral Increasing - Negative -

From Neutral, the further apart the two materials appear on this chart, an increasing amount of tribocharging most likely will result upon separation

Put Static Voltage in Perspective

Electrostatic Voltage Scale for Various Actions

Means of Generation Electrostatic Voltage10 - 20%RH 65 -90% RH

Walking on Carpet 35,000 1,500Walking on Vinyl 12,000 250Working at Bench 6,000 100Poly Bag Picked up at Bench 20,000 1,200Work Chair Padded with Foam 18,000 1,500Walking on Standard Epoxy Floor 20,000 10,000Walking on performance <15 <15ESD Floor with Proper Footwear

ESD Events in the Workplace

A Word about People & Electrostatic Voltage

Over 3,000 Volts Needed on Body to “Feel” Electrostatic Discharge

Painful discharges occur > 10,000 volts

Rarely can a person have >30,000 Volts on body

Many Devices have a damage threshold far below 3,000 volts

Some Devices are sensitive well below 100 volts

GMR Heads are sensitive below 10 volts

ESD Protection Electronics Industry

Static ElectricityStatic ElectricityStatic Electricity Damages Electronic Components by Overstressing Microscopic Connections

(HBM) Human Body Model (MM) Machine Model

Failure AnalysisFailure Analysis

(CDM) Charged Device Model

Failure AnalysisFailure Analysis


Failures Associated with ESD Events

Latent Failure:

Damaged component, not evident until after product has been shipped

Catastrophic Failure:

Component is damaged immediately


Component SensitivityHuman Body Model

Class 0 0 to 199 VoltsClass 1 200 to 499 VoltsClass 2 500 to 1999 VoltsClass 3 2000 + VoltsClass 4 Not ESD Sensitive

Through extensive failure analysis, components have been classified as to their ESD sensitivity

ESD Events in the Workplace

(HBM) Human Body Model ESD Event

(CDM) Charged Device Model

(FIM) Field Induction Model

(MM) Machine Model

Human Body Model HBM

ESD Occurs When Charged Person Touches Device

Machine Model MM

Occurs When Sensitive Device Comes In Contact With Charged Surface.

Worst-Case Scenario of HMB

Field Induction Model FIM

Field Induction Events Occur When ESD Sensitive Devices Are Placed Within Electrostatic Field and Are Momentarily Grounded.

Charged Device Model CDM

Charged Device Events Occur When Charged, ESD Sensitive Devices Come Into Contact With Conductive Surfaces

The “Problem” with a Difference in Potential

By nature, an electrostatic field will always seek ground first.

Differences in Electrical Potential Will Always Be Equalized

“The Problem”

ESD Protection against Fire or ESD Protection against Fire or Explosion from IgnitionExplosion from Ignition

Chemical Plants Pharmaceutical Plants Munitions/Defense/Military Installations Energy Producing Products (Airbags, Gases) Dry Goods Milling OperationsPrinting Plants Any Process Susceptible to Damage by Ignition

ZAP or ESD

(from ESD-ADV1.0-1994)ESD, or Zap, is occurs when there is a difference in the amount of electrons

between two sources.

Ignition Source < 3000v

The rapid, spontaneous transfer of electrostatic charge induced by a

high electrostatic field. Usually, the charge flows through a spark

between two bodies at different electrostatic potentials as they

approach one another.

3,000 Volts = 0.5 Millijoules (mj) of Energy

Energy Transfer = Ignition Source

Propane within Explosive Propane within Explosive Concentration Range (LEL/UEL Concentration Range (LEL/UEL

2.15% - 9.6%) Requires Only 0.25 mj 2.15% - 9.6%) Requires Only 0.25 mj to Igniteto Ignite

Definition of Ground

(1) A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth.

(2) The position or portion of an electrical circuit at zero potential with respect to the earth.

(3) A conducting body, such as the earth or the hull of a steel ship, used as a return path for electric currents and as an arbitrary zero reference point. (from ANSI/EOS/ESD-S6.1-1991)

(from ANSI/EOS/ESD-S6.1-1991)

“The Problem”

ANSI/ESD S20.20-2007

Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment

MIL-1686C

IEC 61340-5-1 & 2

These are process documents, not test standards

Electronics Standards

NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION STANDARD S20.20-2007

<3.5 x 10e7 ohms resistance

<100v body voltage generation BVG

Combination of ESD STM97.1 & ESD STM97.2

“The plan shall contain the specific requirements for the organization and be evolutionary as technologies, processes or procedures change.” (More sensitive

ESD items = Lower BVG Requirements)


A Requirement for Third-Party ISO9000 Facility Certification After 2009!

NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION STANDARD S20.20-2007


NFPA-77

Recommended Practice on Static Electricity

NFPA-99

Standard For Health Care Facilities

UL-779

Electrically Conductive Flooring

Association Documents to Prevent Fire and Explosion

Ohms Meter

Voltage Meter

Charged Plate Monitor

Testing Equipment

Test Methods for ANSI Compliance

EOS/ESD STM S7.1-2006ASTM F-150

An up to date test method for the measurement of electrical resistance of floor materials both point to point and point to ground.

Results are reported in ohms of resistance

Qualification Test Method

Testing Methods

Testing Methods

Various Methods of testing have been developed to measure the

effects of static and discharge on sensitive components and for purposes of preventing fire or

explosion.

Test Methods for ANSI Compliance and Quality Control

Point-to-Point ResistanceEOS/ESD-S7.1-Rev. 2006

Minimum 5 tests per 5000 square feet

Megohmeter with a minimum range of 10e5 to 10e11 ohms.

5 lb. Conductive Rubber electrode set to 3 feet apart

Test voltage set at 10 or 100 volts

Resistance to GroundEOS/ESD-S7.1-Rev. 2005

Megohmeter with a minimum range of 10e5 to 10e11 ohms.

5 lb. Conductive Rubber electrode. Other lead connected to earth ground.

Test voltage set at 10 or 100 volts

Minimum 5 tests per 5000 square feet

EOS/ESD STM 97.1

An up to date test method for the electronics industry that measures Floor Materials and Footwear-Resistance Measurement in combination with a Person

Results are reported in ohms of resistance

Performance Test MethodTesting Methods

Floor Materials and Footwear-Resistance Measurement in Combination with a Person

ESD STM 97.1-2006

Similar to Resistance to Ground test,

but incorporates the human body model with ESD footwear.

The most important performance test of any ESD control floor system

Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage Measurement in Combination with a Person

Established Test Method for the measurement of the Voltage on a Person in combination with Floor Materials and static control Footwear, shoes or other devices.

In a given Application? “How does it Perform”

ESD STM 97.2

Performance Test Method

Testing Standards

Qualification Tests

BVG Vs. Resistance

Testing Materials vs. Testing Performance

Importance of Testing Body Voltage Generation (BVG)

ANSI/ESD S20.20-2007 Method 2 <100Volts (BVG)

Some Smart Phones Contain a (BVG) Susceptible Chip <25 v

GMR’s May Be Susceptible to <10 Volts.

Performance Test Methods


ESD STM 97.2-2006

Requires a “Charged Plate Monitor” Works in conjunction with proper

ESD footwear.

S 97.2 Body Voltage

Utilizes a “Step” Pattern to Simulate Walking


ESD STM 97.2-2006

Chart Indicates Less Than 15 Volts BVG While Walking Through “Step Cycle”

A ESD floor can tie your customer’s entire ESD-

Control program together

“Let’s take a Look”

ESD Solutions

Available Product SolutionsBare Concrete

+ Conductive (<25,000 ohms)

- Appearance

- Dusts

- Wears

- Is Not Uniformly or Consistently Conductive

ESD Waxes/Sealers

+ Effective temporarily

- requires routine re-application

Available Product Solutions

ESD Floor Mats

+ Very uniform ESD characteristics

+ Aesthetic appearance

- Require Positive Grounding Point

- Won’t take heavy point loads

- Only Work in Local Area


Tile/Sheet Goods

+ Very uniform ESD characteristics

+ Aesthetic appearance

- Requires Routine Maintenance

- Won’t take heavy point loads

- Relatively high installed cost


Rubber Sheet + Good Choice for Cleanrooms

+ Overall Cost Effectiveness

- Initial Expense

- Point Load Resistance

CarpetUnsuitable for Industrial Environment

ESD Polymer Flooring + Seamless

+ Corrosion Resistant

+ Relatively Rapid Installation

+ Relatively Low Initial Cost, Ideal For Leaseholds

+ Will Resist Point Loading

+ Very Wide Variety of Colors & Finishes

Drawbacks…- Aesthetics of Liquid Applied Coating

- Limited by Same Drawbacks of All Epoxy/Urethane Flooring

• Water Vapor Emissions

• Concrete Condition

Criteria for Choosing Polymer ESD-Control

Flooring

Performance (BVG)

Physical Properties (Durability)

Aesthetics

Ease of Repair

Relative Cost

Quality-Control ESD

What types of ESD Polymer Flooring Are On The Market?

Particulate SystemsParticulate Systems Quartz SystemsQuartz Systems Heavy Duty SystemsHeavy Duty Systems EpoxyEpoxy UrethaneUrethane Novalac-EpoxyNovalac-Epoxy Water BaseWater Base Static DissipativeStatic Dissipative ConductiveConductive

ESD - Various Requirements/Materials

The Right Floor For The Job

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Very low BVG values ( ESD particulate floors can Very low BVG values ( ESD particulate floors can

be below 15 volts)be below 15 volts) Wear Layer is Electrically ReactiveWear Layer is Electrically Reactive 100% Solids Epoxy or Low VOC Urethanes100% Solids Epoxy or Low VOC Urethanes Very easy and economical to repairVery easy and economical to repair The primers and intermediate coats can be The primers and intermediate coats can be

pigmented the same colorpigmented the same color Variety of Finishes and ColorsVariety of Finishes and Colors

System with ground plane offers even distribution of ESD protection throughout the thickness of the floor

Particulate Based ESD Flooring

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Functions independent of Functions independent of humidityhumidity

Cost-effectiveCost-effective

Easy to install and maintainEasy to install and maintain

Most Consistent DissipationMost Consistent Dissipation


Insulating Primer

Conductive Epoxy Primer

ESD Conductive System

Conductive Primer Insures High Conductivity, Uniformity of Ground Plane

Static Dissipative Systems

Concrete Substrate

Insulative Primer

Conductive Primer

ESD Topcoat

Insulating primer from substrate to prevent unreliable substrate ranges from insulative to very conductive due to

moisture content of concrete near surface.

Insulating Primer

Electrostatic Dissipative System

Static Dissipative Systems

Insulative Primer

ESD Topcoat

Concrete Substrate

Fiber Based Epoxy ESD Systems

Conductive Primer

Fiber Top Coat

Insulative Primer

Generally Thicker Systems

Depend on Uniform Distribution of Carbon Fiber

Sensitive to Application Methods

Typical Fiber Wear Layer Floor Electrical Performance

Fiber-Based Epoxy ESD

Design PropertiesDesign Properties Older TechnologyOlder Technology Non Aligning Wear Layer for Re-coatabilityNon Aligning Wear Layer for Re-coatability More Dependent on Relative HumidityMore Dependent on Relative Humidity Prone to Inconsistent Electrical PropertiesProne to Inconsistent Electrical Properties More Dependent on Applicator’s SkillsMore Dependent on Applicator’s Skills

Features

<15 Volts BVG Possible

Conductive range (2.5 x 10e4 to 1.0 x 10e6 ohms)*

Static Dissipative Range (1.0 x 10e6 to 1.0 x 10e9)*

Dissipate a 5,000 volt charge to 0 in less than 0.1 seconds

Maintains Conductivity throughout the entire thickness of system

Abrasion, impact and chemical resistant

Epoxy ESD Control Flooring

* - Per EOS/ESD Standards


Technological Trends Over Time

“Smaller and Faster Concept”

Technological Trends

In time, Integrated circuitry has become powerful and faster with each innovation

The results will be smaller and more convenient products for the consumer

Moore’s Law: The Capacity of Electronic Devices Doubles Approximately Every Two Years

In 1995 the 64-bit Processor Had 9.3 Million Transistors

By 2001 the State-of-The-Art Processor had 40 Million Transistors

By 2015 Expected to Have 15 Billion

By 2020, Will Be in Molecular Scale Production, Positioning Individual Molecules


What Does the Future Hold?

Electronic chip sensitivity thresholds and manufacturing procedures create the need for superior ESD protection both now and in the future.


Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Technology Roadmap

With devices becoming more sensitive through the year 2010, it is imperative that companies begin to determine the ESD capabilities of their handling processes.

For people handling ESD sensitive devices, personnel grounding systems must be designed to limit body voltages to less than 100 volts, and in many cases less.

To protect against Machine Model ESD discharges, all conductive elements that contact ESD sensitive devices must be grounded.

Finally, to limit the possibilities of a field induced CDM ESD event, users of ESD sensitive devices should ensure that the maximum voltage induced on their devices is kept below 50 volts.

Copyright © 2005 ESD Association


ESD Flooring as Part of an Electrostatic Discharge Control

Program

ESD-Control FlooringRemember That ESD Flooring Is Only One

Component of a Complete System

Traditional ESD Protection

Grounded Benches

Wrist Straps

Air Ionizers

Heel Straps

ESD Footwear

These alone are not enough!

Testing and Connecting Devices

The Floor Ties The ESD System Together

ESD-Control Flooring

Static ElectricityStatic ElectricityHow Much Are Static Losses Costing Your

Customer?

As High as 10% of Annual Revenues

Average Negative Impact of 6%

More Than $85 Billion Per Year World Wide*

Direct Material Loss is Smallest Portion of Total Cost

Rework, Burden and Overhead, Warranty and Field Service and Customer Service and Satisfaction Add to the Real Cost

*Based on 2001 Industry Study

Your Customers Have A Choice!

The Incremental Cost of Adding ESD-Control to your Customer’s

Facility Floors Will Prove to be one of the Best Decisions They Will Ever

Make.

Quality-Control ESD

Static Control Program Benefits

Cost Benefits: Estimates for ESD damage is in the $4 billion range for the US Electronics Industry

More reliable products, lower scrap rate

Greater customer satisfaction

The Largest Generation of Static Electricity in any Workplace is Caused by the Contact and Separation of Floor and Footwear

The Floor is the Largest Working Surface in Any Facility


Going Beyond the Need for an ESD Floor

An ESD-Control flooring system can serve as a sales and marketing tool for your customer when presenting

their organization to potential clients.

Quality-Control ESD

Thank You

ICRI Fall Convention

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