Presented by Clifford Milligan

IntroductionWhat is Building Automation?With this presentation, you will have brief

understanding of what a BAS system is and how it effects energy efficiency of buildings.

I’ve been in the Building Automation business for 12 years. I’ve worked on smaller facilities like a remote building for a refinery to larger facilities like college campuses with many buildings.

Topic Outline1: Intro to BAS and Terminology 2: Components3: Maximizing energy performance4: Communications protocol and

Interoperability5: User interface demonstration

1: Intro to BAS What is it?The majority of BAS systems are for HVAC

only, even still today. That’s why you probably hear HVAC controls most of the time.

With the new energy crisis, we are expanding into controlling or interfacing with all the different systems buildings have. Such as HVAC, lighting, card access, utilities, fire and many others.

1: WikipediaBAS core functionality keeps the building

climate within a specified range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, and monitors system performance and device failures and provides email and/or text notifications to building engineering staff.

The BAS functionality reduces building energy and maintenance costs when compared to a non-controlled building.

A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building system.

1: TerminologyBuilding Automation System (BAS)Energy Management System (EMS)Building Management System (BMS)Direct Digital Controls (DDC)All are typical references to Building

Automation

1: ASHRAEThe American Society

of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

To advance the arts and sciences of heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world

1: California’s Title 24Enforced by The

California Energy Commission

Has mandatory efficiency standards for HVAC, Lighting, Roofing and many other components in facilities.

This makes automation almost mandatory in most commercial buildings.

1: LEED and Green BuildingsLeadership in Energy

and Environmental Design

LEED certifications are given by the U.S. Green Building Council

Facilities get LEED Points for energy efficiency designs and many other green deigns such as water efficiency.

Certified 40–49 points

Silver 50–59 pointsGold 60–79 pointsPlatinum 80 points

and above

2: Components

2: InterfaceAllows access in

system to make changes and view history.

Most now are accessed through a web browser which allows access all over the world.

Sends alarms to email, cell phone, or on a local computer

2: Interface sample

2: PLC or Central Plant ControllerAllows access in system to make changes and

view history.Most now are accessed through a web

browser ,which allows access all over the world.

Also can have I/O boards for local control

2: Unitary ControllerContains logic for

locally controlled devices

Some are programmed with the software in the plant controller and some require a separate tool for programming.

2: End devicesThermistor sensors for

space, air and water temperature

Co2 SensorsFlow SensorsHumidity SensorsCurrent sensorsStatic pressure sensorsWater pressure sensorsActuators for valves and

dampers

3: Maximizing energy performanceGetting the most out of your BASMinimum Code RequirementsEnhanced StrategiesBAS Technology TrendsEnergy Monitoring and Accounting

3: Getting the most out of your BASControl DevicesMonitoring ToolsMetering CapabilityHuman Machine Interface

(HMI)InteroperabilityLegacy Systems Support

3:Minimum Code RequirementsASHRAE 90.1 Mandatory ProvisionsZone Thermostatic ControlCooling/Heating Setpoint Overlap Restriction &

Dead BandOff-Hour Automatic Shutdown and Setback ControlsOptimum Start ControlsVentilation System Motorized Shutoff DampersHumidifier preheat shut off valve for preheat jackets

mounted in air streamDemand Control Ventilation (DVC) Ventilation

Controls for High Occupancy areas to reduce outdoor air

Lighting Controls Automatic Shutoff (interior & exterior)Occupancy-based shutoff

3:Enhanced StrategiesElectric Demand LimitingDemand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) with

CO2 MonitoringOccupancy based HVAC SetbackTerminal Air Distribution ECM Motor ControlDaylight HarvestingNatural Ventilation ControlVAV Supply Air Temperature ResetKitchen Hood Fan Speed ControlEmergency Egress Lighting Control

3: BAS Technology TrendsControl Systems

Interoperability BACnet LonWorks XML & Web Services ZigBee

Web Based Supervisory Control

Wireless Sensor Networking Integration with Fire/Life

Safety, Security &Lighting ControlsDashboard HMI DisplaysBuilding Information Model

(BIM) Intelligent Buildings

3: Energy Monitoring and AccountingStudies have shown that building occupants are more

sensitive to resource use when information is available to them regarding how much energy and water they are consuming.

A Measurement & Verification (M&V) process will allow the facility manager to discover anomalies in consumption patterns of building utilities associated with inefficient equipment and systems operation.Confirmation of Design Energy ConservationMeasures (ECM)LEED CreditAll Building Utilities Metering RequiredMay Require Continuous Isolated Metering (Sub-Metering)

of: Lighting Loads and Controls Motor Loads Economizer/Heat Recovery Systems Air Distribution Pressures and Airflow Heating/Cooling Loads & Equipment Efficiencies

3: Energy NumbersAccording to the EPA, energy upgrades typically have a 20 to

30 percent rate of return and are low risk. At a 10 percent capitalization rate, a building owner can generate $2 to $3 in incremental asset value for each $1 invested in energy performance improvements. Saving 30 percent of energy costs is equal to increasing NOI (Net Operating Income) by five percent.

Energy Facts:Commercial buildings account for 18% of total energy

consumptionEnergy costs represent 30% of typical building’s annual budget

and is the single largest operating costLEED or Energy Star buildings cost $2-$5 more per sq.ft., but

the return investment is an average of $20-$50 per sq.ft. over 20 years.

Green Buildings can reduce:Energy Use 24%-50%CO2 Emissions 33%-39%Water Use 40%Solid Waste 70%

4: Communications protocol and Interoperability

BACnetLonWorksModbusOBIXOPC

4: BACnetDeveloped under the auspices of

the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Building Automation and Control Network.

Protocol Rules Addressing Network access (RS-485 or IP) Error Checking Flow Control Message Format

4: LonWorksLonWorks is a networking

platform specifically created to address the unique performance, reliability, installation, and maintenance needs of control applications. The platform is built on a protocol created by Echelon Corporation for networking devices over media such as twisted pair, power lines, fiber optics, and RF.

Free topologyPeer to peer or IPStandard microprocessor and

transceiverNo address each transceiver has a

MAC type address built in

4: ModbusModbus is a serial

communication protocol published by Modicon in 1979 for use with its Programmable Logic Controllers(PLCs).

Serial RS-485 or IPToken Ring protocolRTU or ASCII Serial

transmission modesPeer to peer

4: OBIXoBIX (Open Building Information

Xchange) is a focused effort by industry leaders and associations working toward creating a standard XML and Web Services guideline to facilitate the exchange of information between intelligent buildings, enable enterprise application integration and bring forth true systems integration.

Based on standards widely used by the IT Industry.

XML and WEB communication protocol

Most buildings have IP network in place

4: OPCOPC (Open connectivity) is open

connectivity in industrial automation and the enterprise systems that support industry. Interoperability is assured through the creation and maintenance of open standards specifications.

OPC is used for facilities to integrate many of their systems database’s to share information.

An example would be to integrate a maintenance program into the automation for reminders or shut-downs. Also use the same company database to store your automation database.

4: InteroperabilityTridium Niagara AX is the overall

interoperability solution. Web-enabled Integrated tool-set Vendor Neutral Software or hardware Not protocol specific

BACnet LonWorks OBIX Modbus OPC Legacy

4: Niagara AX

4: Niagara AX