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Presented by: Alvaro Bonilla
Academic Advisor: Prof. Joel HarleySponsored by: L-3 Communications
L-3 Communications Liaison: Dr. David LandonTeam Members: Samuel Kingston, Riley Leigh, Ming
Gao, Minh Nguyen
Are those who protect us ever safe?
How can we protect them?
What is Radar?
Radar Types
RADARs
CW
FMCW
Pulsed
Non-coherent Coherent
Low PRF Medium PRF High PRF
• CW = continuous wave• FMCW = frequency modulated CW• PRF = pulse repetition frequency• MTI = moving target indicator
Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radar
• GOAL: To See and Not be Seen
o Antenna Considerationso Achieving Ultra-low Side Lobeso Antenna Scan Patterns for Search Processingo Advanced Multifunction RF Concepto Transmitter Considerationso Power Managemento Carrier Frequency Considerations
Radar WaveformsContinuous Wave (CW) Radars• Frequency Modulated Continuous
Waveform (FMCW)
Pulsed Radars• Phase-Shift Keying Technique
o Frank Codes
• Frequency-Shift Keying Techniqueo Costas Codes
Project Goal
Design a process to detect and identify LPI radar
waveforms
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
Cyclostationary Processing
Image Analysis Classification
Signal Detection
Parameter Extraction
Type of signal
Alvaro Bonilla, Samuel Kingston and Riley Leigh
Research Team
VHDL TeamRiley Leigh, Ming Gao and Minh Nguyen
Understanding Choi-Williams Distribution (CWD) and Parameter Extraction
By: Alvaro Bonilla
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
Cyclostationary Processing
Image Analysis Classification
Signal Detection
Detection Method• Choi-Williams Distribution (CWD):
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡,𝜔𝜔,𝜙𝜙 =12𝜋𝜋
�𝑒𝑒𝑗𝑗 𝜉𝜉𝜉𝜉−𝜏𝜏𝜉𝜉−𝜉𝜉𝜉𝜉 𝜙𝜙 𝜉𝜉, 𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴 𝜇𝜇, 𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑑𝑑𝜉𝜉
• Start with Wigner-Ville Distribution:
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡,𝜔𝜔 = �∞
−∞𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 +
𝜏𝜏2𝑥𝑥∗ 𝑡𝑡 −
𝜏𝜏2𝑒𝑒−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜏𝜏𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏
Wigner-Ville Result
𝒇𝒇
𝒕𝒕
𝑾𝑾𝒙𝒙
Cross Term
Auto-term
Auto-term
Transform Relationship
Wigner-Ville Function
Ambiguity Function
𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇−𝟏𝟏𝑭𝑭𝝉𝝉𝑭𝑭𝜼𝜼−𝟏𝟏
Wigner-Ville Transform
𝜼𝜼
𝒇𝒇
𝒕𝒕
𝝉𝝉𝑨𝑨𝒙𝒙𝑾𝑾𝒙𝒙
Cross Term
Auto-term
Auto-term
𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇−𝟏𝟏
Cross Term
Kernel Function• Weight function applied to Ambiguity Function
o Serves as a filter to remove cross-terms
𝜼𝜼
𝝉𝝉𝑨𝑨𝒙𝒙FilteredOut
Cross Term
Cross Term
Auto-term
𝑭𝑭𝝉𝝉𝑭𝑭𝜼𝜼−𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇
𝒕𝒕
𝑾𝑾𝒙𝒙Auto-term
Auto-term
𝜙𝜙 𝜉𝜉, 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑒𝑒 �−𝜉𝜉2𝜏𝜏2𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 > 0
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
Cyclostationary Processing
Image Analysis Classification
Parameter Extraction
FMCW Parameter Extraction
Frank Code Parameter Extraction
Costas Codes Parameter Extraction
Classification
Frequency Modulation Continuous Waveform
(FMCW)
FMCW
Image Analysis• Detection Result for FMCW
Image Analysis
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝑬[ 𝑪𝑪𝒇𝒇 ]𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄
Image Analysis
𝑩𝑩 = 𝜟𝜟𝑭𝑭 𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎
Parameter Extraction
𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎 =𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
Parameter Extraction
B
Results
Generated LPI Parameters
EstimatedParameters
Carrier Frequency (𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄) 1000 Hz 1056 Hz
Bandwidth (∆𝑩𝑩) 500 Hz 496 Hz
Time Modulation Period (𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎)
20 ms 20 ms
Phase-Shift Keying Technique
Frank Codes
Frank Codes
We divide 360° by N number of codes in order to obtain ∆𝜑𝜑
Frank Codes• For example, if we want N = 4 number of codes,
we will get the following result:
𝐹𝐹16 = 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 𝑗𝑗,−1,−𝑗𝑗, 1,−1, 1,−1, 1,−𝑗𝑗,−1, 𝑗𝑗
LPI Waveforms Analyzed
Image Analysis• Detection Result for Frank Codes LPI
Image Analysis• Detection Result for Frank Codes LPI
Parameter Extraction• Radon Transform
𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌,𝜃𝜃 = �−∞
∞
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦)𝛿𝛿(𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑦𝑦 sin𝜃𝜃 − 𝜌𝜌)𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
Radon TransformS
𝝆𝝆
y
x
𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔𝑹𝑹(𝝆𝝆,𝜽𝜽)
Radon Transform
𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔 𝑩𝑩
𝑻𝑻
𝝆𝝆𝑺𝑺
d
Parameter ExtractionUsing the results, and the following equations:
𝑻𝑻 = −𝟏𝟏𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔
𝒅𝒅𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔
𝑩𝑩 = ∆𝒇𝒇 ∗ �𝒅𝒅
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒔(𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔)𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔)
𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 = 𝑻𝑻 ∗ 𝑩𝑩
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = �𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄 𝑩𝑩
Parameters can be successfully recovered
Results
Projection Vector at angle θ
Results
D D
𝑇𝑇 = −1𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑cos 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠
𝐵𝐵 = ∆𝑓𝑓 ∗ �𝑑𝑑
cos(𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠)tan(𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠)
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = 𝑇𝑇 ∗ 𝐵𝐵
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵
Results
Generated LPI Parameters
EstimatedParameters
Carrier Frequency (𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄) 1000 Hz 1125 Hz
Bandwidth (∆𝑩𝑩) 1000 Hz 1022 Hz
Time Modulation Period (𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎)
68 ms 68.4 ms
Number of sub-pulses (𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄
𝟐𝟐)64 64
Conclusion• Research and Simulation part successfully
completed• Choi-Williams Distribution will be used for
implementation on hardware
References• [1] M. Skolnik, Radar handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.• [2] Schleher, D.C., "LPI radar: fact or fiction," in Aerospace and
Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE , vol.21, no.5, pp.3-6, May 2006. <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1635166&isnumber=34291>
• [3] Denk, A., “Detection and Jamming Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radars,” Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. <http://dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a456960.pdf>
• [4] Altium Limited, PeakVHDL, Accolade VHDL Reference Guide, 2000 http://web.ewu.edu/groups/technology/Claudio/ee430/Cad/AccoladeVHDLref.pdf
• [5] E.P. Phillip, Detecting and Classifying LPI RADAR, 2nd Edition, Artech House, 2009
References• Images used in presentation
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_time%E2%80%93frequency_distribution#Choi.E2.80.93Williams_distribution_function
o http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~mmwave/mm-waves/avtis/theory-mmw-imaging/radar/
o http://www.slideshare.net/solohermelin/5-pulse-compression-waveform
o “Numb3rs” Netflix, May 6, 2005 [Video file]. Available: http://www.netflix.com/watch/70174556?trackId=14170286&tctx=1%2C0%2C75f323f4-c337-40ee-87db-4c0819eb48fb-128733175. [Accessed: Feb. 15, 2016].
Questions?• Contact Information:
Alvaro BonillaEmail - [email protected] - (801) 318-2107
Presented by: Samuel Kingston
Academic Advisor: Prof. Joel HarleySponsored by: L-3 Communications
L-3 Communications Liaison: Dr. David LandonTeam Members: Alvaro Bonilla, Riley Leigh, Minh
Nguyen, Ming Gao
LPI vs Radar Where’s Waldo?
Presentation Outline• Goal of Project• Experiments Performed• Results of The Experiments• Conclusion
Goal of Project• Identify LPI SignaloParameter ExtractionoReconstruction of SignaloSignal Classification
Identifying LPI Signal
Time Frequency Analysis
FMCW Parameter Extraction
Frank Code Parameter Extraction
Costas Codes Parameter Extraction
FMCW Signal Reconstruction
Frank Code Signal
Reconstruction
Costas Codes Signal
Reconstruction
Cross Correlator
Parameter Extraction Signal Reconstruction
Signal Classification
FMCW signal• Carrier Frequency• Bandwidth• Modulation
Period
Frank Codes Signal• Carrier Frequency• Bandwidth• Number of
Phase Codes• Number of
Cycles/Phase
Costas Codes Signal• Carrier Frequencies
with their Sequence• Frequency Time
Duration
Identifying LPI Signal
Time Frequency Analysis
FMCW Parameter Extraction
Frank Code Parameter Extraction
Costas Codes Parameter Extraction
FMCW Signal Reconstruction
Frank Code Signal
Reconstruction
Costas Codes Signal
Reconstruction
Cross Correlator
Parameter Extraction Signal Reconstruction
Signal Classification
LPI Waveforms After Time Frequency Analysis
• FMCW waveform• Bandwidth (BW)• Modulation Period (Tm)• Carrier Frequency (fc)
BW
Tm
fc
Parameter Extraction for FMCW Signal
fcBW
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚
LPI Waveforms• Costas Codes• Frequency Hop Sequence (3khz, 2khz, 6khz, 4khz, 5khz, 1khz)• Frequency Duration (T)
T
Parameter Extraction for Costas Codes Signal
T
Costas Code Parameter Extraction
Carrier Frequency
# of Elements in row
Frequency valueat given index
Identifying LPI Signal
Time Frequency Analysis
FMCW Parameter Extraction
Frank Code Parameter Extraction
Costas Codes Parameter Extraction
FMCW Signal Reconstruction
Frank Code Signal
Reconstruction
Costas Codes Signal
Reconstruction
Cross Correlator
Parameter Extraction Signal Reconstruction
Signal Classification
FMCW Signal Reconstruction
• Original param: Fc = 1khz, BW = 450hz, Tm = .05 sec• Extracted param: Fc = 978hz, BW = 479hz, Tm = .054 sec
FMCW Signal Reconstruction in Noise
• Original param: Fc = 1khz, BW = 450hz, Tm = .05 sec w/ SNR = 0dB
• Extracted param: Fc = 993hz, BW = 506hz, Tm = .0477 sec
FMCW Signal Reconstruction in Noise
• Original param: Fc = 1khz, BW = 450hz, Tm = .05 sec w/ SNR = -6dB
• Extracted param: Fc = 1.2khz, BW = 1261hz, Tm = .0691 sec
Frank Code Signal Reconstruction (No Noise)
• Original param: Fc = 1khz, Tm=.064, Phase Codes = 8, Cycles = 1 w/ no noise
• Extracted param: Fc = 1015hz, Tm = .0642 Phase Codes = 8, Cycles = 1
Frank Code Signal Reconstruction in Noise
• Original param: Fc = 1khz, Tm=.064, Phase Codes = 8, Cycles = 1 w/ noise: SNR = 0dB
• Extracted param: Fc = 1125hz, Tm = .068 Phase Codes = 8, Cycles = 1
Costas Code Signal Reconstruction
• Original param: Fc = [3khz, 2khz, 6khz, 4khz, 5khz, 1khz], Tm=.01 sec w/ No Noise:
• Extracted param: Fc = [2.99khz, 2khz, 5.99khz, 3.99khz, 5khz, 1khz], Tm = .009 sec
Costas Code Signal Reconstruction in Noise
• Original param: Fc = [3khz, 2khz, 6khz, 4khz, 5khz, 1khz], Tm=.01 sec w/ Noise: SNR = 0dB
• Extracted param: Fc = [3khz, 1.998khz, 6khz, 3.99khz, 4.98khz, 995hz], Tm = .0079 sec
Identifying LPI Signal
Time Frequency Analysis
FMCW Parameter Extraction
Frank Code Parameter Extraction
Costas Codes Parameter Extraction
FMCW Signal Reconstruction
Frank Code Signal
Reconstruction
Costas Codes Signal
Reconstruction
Cross Correlator
Parameter Extraction Signal Reconstruction
Signal Classification
Classification of Signals• Using Matlab Function: XCORR• Test Results with 80 different signals
o 88.7% classified correctlyo 11.25% classified incorrectlyo 1.25% False Alarm
Conclusion• Extraction of Parameters was successful • Reconstruction of signal • Cross Correlated reconstructed signal with original
signal• LPI radar detected
We Found Waldo
References• [1] M. Skolnik, Radar handbook. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2008.• [3] Denk, A., “Detection and Jamming Low
Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radars,” Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. <http://dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a456960.pdf>
• [4] Altium Limited, PeakVHDL, Accolade VHDL Reference Guide, 2000 http://web.ewu.edu/groups/technology/Claudio/ee430/Cad/AccoladeVHDLref.pdf
• [5] E.P. Phillip, Detecting and Classifying LPI RADAR, 2nd Edition, Artech House, 2009
Presented by: Riley Leigh
Academic Advisor: Prof. Joel HarleySponsored by: L-3 Communications
L-3 Communications Liaison: Dr. David LandonTeam Members: Minh Nguyen, Alvaro Bonilla,
Samuel Kingston, Ming Gao
Presentation Outline
1 – Cyclostationary Processing Research
2 – VHDL Implementation of the Choi-Williams Time Frequency
Distribution
Cyclostationary Processing Research
Radar Chirp
Frequency Modulated CW Frank Codes
Costas Codes
CyclostationaryProcessing Goal
Determine if CyclostationaryProcessing is the most viable technique in detecting LPI
Radar waveforms
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
CyclostationaryProcessing
Image Analysis Classification
Matlab SimulationsResearch
Cyclostationary Theory
Cyclostationary Theory
Cyclostationary Theory
Direct Frequency Smoothing Method (DFSM)
SimulationPhillip E. Pace - Detecting and Classifying Low
Probability of Intercept Radar
Frank Code Modulation• Carrier Frequency – 1000 Hz• Number of Phase Codes – 8• Number of Cycles Per Phase - 1
Processed Signal without Noise
2 fc
BW
Code Rate
Frank Code Modulation with SNR = 0 dB
Research Conclusions
• Viable Solution
• Computationally Demanding
• Difficult Parameterization
• Proceed with Choi-Williams
VHDL Implementation of the Choi-Williams TF Distribution
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
Cyclostationary Processing
Image Analysis Classification
Signal Sampler
Specialized Shifter FFT Mathematical
Operations
Signal Sampler
Specialized Shifter
Input(Signal, Shift Amount)
Shift Right by Amount Shift Left by Amount
Zero Fill Shifted Indexes Zero Fill Shifted Indexes
Negative Shift AmountPositive Shift Amount
FFT Xilinx IP Core
Input Signal FFT
Signal Sampler
Specialized Shifter FFT Mathematical
Operations
Output Processed Signal to Image
Analysis
Conclusion
• CylostationaryProcessing
• Theory becoming a reality
Frequency Modulated CW Frank Codes
Costas Codes
References• [1] M. Skolnik, Radar handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.• [2] Schleher, D.C., "LPI radar: fact or fiction," in Aerospace and
Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE , vol.21, no.5, pp.3-6, May 2006. <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1635166&isnumber=34291>
• [3] Denk, A., “Detection and Jamming Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radars,” Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. <http://dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a456960.pdf>
• [4] Altium Limited, PeakVHDL, Accolade VHDL Reference Guide, 2000 http://web.ewu.edu/groups/technology/Claudio/ee430/Cad/AccoladeVHDLref.pdf
• [5] E.P. Phillip, Detecting and Classifying LPI RADAR, 2nd Edition, Artech House, 2009
• [6] Cyclostationary Figures Slides 10-12: E.P. Phillip, Detecting and Classifying LPI RADAR, 2nd Edition, Artech House, 2009
Presented by: Ming Gao
Academic Advisor: Prof. Joel HarleySponsored by: L-3 Communications
L-3 Communications Liaison: Dr. David LandonTeam Members: Minh Nguyen, Alvaro Bonilla,
Samuel Kingston, Riley Leigh
Building a Bookshelf
Implementation Strategy
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
CyclostationaryProcessing
Image Analysis Classification
Signal Compare
Signal Reconstruction
Pulse Generator
Sine Wave Generator NCO LPI Signal
Reconstruction
Why VHDL?• Fast
• Design & Simulation before translate into hardware
• Hardware (FPGA)
Classification
Pulse Generator NCO LPI Signal
ReconstructionSine Wave Generator
VHDL Simulation - Pulse Generator
Classification
Pulse Generator NCO LPI Signal
ReconstructionSine Wave Generator
VHDL Simulation – Sine Wave Generator
Classification
Pulse Generator NCO LPI Signal
ReconstructionSine Wave Generator
Numerically Controlled Oscillator(NCO) Block Diagram
32-bit Phase Accumulator• Fix a sampling frequency: 100 MHz (clk on
off every 5ns)
• Select a frequency of the output waveform
• Calculate a constant phase value (input to the NCO)
Example (Output 1.7 MHz)
Example (Output 1.7 MHz)Phase (Integer)
Phase (32 –bit binary)
First 12-bit Decimal
73014444 00000100010110100001110010101100
000001000101
69*nth index in the LUT
1st Sine Wave output = 2046*sine(69*0*0.088) = 0
2nd Sine Wave output = 2046*sine(69*1*0.088) = 216
3rd Sine Wave output = 2046*sine(69*2*0.088) = 433
VHDL Simulation Output (1.7MHz)
1st Sine Wave output = 2046*sine(69*0*0.088) = 0
2nd Sine Wave output = 2046*sine(69*1*0.088) = 216
3rd Sine Wave output = 2046*sine(69*2*0.088) = 433
VHDL Simulation Output (1.7MHz)
Classification
Pulse Generator NCO LPI Signal
ReconstructionSine Wave Generator
Reconstructing LPI Signals Using Extracted Parameters
Time-Frequency Plot of Choi-William Distribution (FMCW)
Specifications• Running Time: 80ms (2 periods)
• Number of Data: 800
• Clock Rate: 80ms/800 = 0.1ms
• Sampling Frequency: 0.01MHz
• Number of Clock Cycles: 20ms/0.1ms = 200
• Bandwidth: 500Hz
• Slope: 500Hz/200 = 2.5Hz/clock cycle
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
311
321
331
341
351
361
371
381
391
Am
plitu
de
Time(0.1ms)
Reconstructed FMCW Signals
FMCW
William Distribution (Frank
Codes)
Specifications• Running Time: 80ms
• Number of Data: 400
• Clock Rate: 80ms/400 = 0.2ms
• Sampling Frequency: 0.005MHz = 5KHz
• Number of Clock Cycles: 40ms/0.2ms = 200
• Bandwidth: 500Hz
• Number of Clock Cycles Stalled Per Frequency: 10
• Slope: 500Hz/(200/10) = 25Hz/10 clock cycles
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
311
321
331
341
351
361
371
381
391
Am
plitu
de
Time (0.1 ms)
Reconstructed Frank's Code Signals
Frank's Code
Time-Frequency Plot of Choi-William Distribution (Costas Code Signals)
Specifications
• Clock Rate: 0.5ms
• Sampling Frequency: 0.002MHz = 2KHz
• Frequency Hoping: 750Hz, 2500Hz, 1250Hz, 3300Hz, 2800Hz, 2000Hz
• Number of Clock Cycles Stalled Per Frequency: 40
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106113120127134141148155162169176183190197204211218225232239246
Am
plitu
de
Time(0.5ms)
Costas Code
Series1
Conclusion• Pulse Generator
• Sine Wave Generator
• NCO
• LPI Signal Reconstruction FMCW
Frank Codes
Costas Codes
• Software Optimization
References• [1] M. Skolnik, Radar handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.• [2] Schleher, D.C., "LPI radar: fact or fiction," in Aerospace and
Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE , vol.21, no.5, pp.3-6, May 2006. <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1635166&isnumber=34291>
• [3] Denk, A., “Detection and Jamming Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radars,” Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. <http://dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a456960.pdf>
• [4] Altium Limited, PeakVHDL, Accolade VHDL Reference Guide, 2000 http://web.ewu.edu/groups/technology/Claudio/ee430/Cad/AccoladeVHDLref.pdf
• [5] E.P. Phillip, Detecting and Classifying LPI RADAR, 2nd Edition, Artech House, 2009
References (Images)• http://www.ecmag.com/sites/default/files/xml_uploads/unzi
pped/_KleinTools.ElectriciansHandTools_0.jpg• http://images.meredith.com/wood/images/2009/07/p_DP-
00593Ex.jpg• http://www.designandhome.xyz/wp-
content/uploads/2015/12/small-white-bookcase.jpg
Questions?Contact Information:
Ming [email protected]@utah.edu
Presented by: Minh Nguyen
Academic Advisor: Prof. Joel HarleySponsored by: L-3 Communications
L-3 Communications Liaison: Dr. David Landon
Team Members: Ming GaoRiley Leigh, Alvaro Bonilla, Samuel Kingston
How Are They Related?
Implementation Strategy
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
CyclostationaryProcessing
Image Analysis Classification
Signal Compare
Signal ReconstructionComparator Cross-
Correlation
NCO to Cross-
Correlator
Signal Classification
Comparator• The goal is to detect and classify an
incoming LPI signalo The comparator module provided a
means to compare two signals
Expected Results• Case 1: Both x1 and x2 are the same• Expect comparator to return true (1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
x1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
x2
Comparator Module VHDL Simulation
Expected Results• Case 2: x1 differs from x2 by one value• Expect comparator to return false (0)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
x1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5
x2
Comparator Module VHDL Simulation
Cross-Correlation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8X1 0.25 0.45 0.15 0.75 0.65 0.5 0.3 0.6X2 0.18 0.8 0.65 0.48 0.26 0.58
0.25
0.45
0.15
0.75
0.65
0.5
0.3
0.6
0 Lag Position
X1
X2
(0.25)(0.18) + (0.45)(0.8) + (0.15)(0.65) + (0.75)(0.48) + (0.65)(0.26) + (0.5)(0.58) = 1.32
Cross-Correlation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8X1 0.25 0.45 0.15 0.75 0.65 0.5 0.3 0.6X2 0.18 0.8 0.65 0.48 0.26 0.58
0.25
0.45
0.15
0.75
0.65
0.5
0.3
0.6
1st Lag Position
X1
X2
(0.45)(0.18) + (0.15)(0.8) + (0.75)(0.65) + (0.65)(0.48) + (0.5)(0.26) + (0.3)(0.58) = 1.31
Cross-Correlation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8X1 0.25 0.45 0.15 0.75 0.65 0.5 0.3 0.6X2 0.18 0.8 0.65 0.48 0.26 0.58
0.25
0.45
0.15
0.75
0.65
0.5
0.3
0.6
2nd Lag Position
X1
X2
(0.15)(0.18) + (0.75)(0.8) + (0.65)(0.65) + (0.5)(0.48) + (0.3)(0.26) + (0.6)(0.58) = 1.72
Matlab vs. VHDL• Matlab
o xcorr(x1, x2)
• VHDL
Expected Results• x1 and x2 are quite similar signals• Should have high correlation
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x1
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x2
VHDL Simulation Results
VHDL Simulation Results
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cor
rela
tion
Valu
e
Lag Position
Cross Correlation Sequence
NCO to Cross-Correlator
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103
109
115
121
127
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
175
181
187
193
199
205
211
217
223
229
235
241
247
Am
plitu
de
Time(0.5ms)
Reconstructed Costas Code
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
311
321
331
341
351
361
371
381
391
Am
plitu
de
Time(0.1ms)
Reconstructed FMCW Signals
VHDL Simulation Results
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Cor
rela
tion
Val
ue
Mill
ions
Lag Position
Cross Correlation Sequence
How Are They Related?
Strategy Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
CyclostationaryProcessing
Image Analysis Classification
FMCW
Choi Williams Processing
Matlab Scripts
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
CyclostationaryProcessing
Image Analysis Classification
Image Analysis
𝑩𝑩 = 𝜟𝜟𝑭𝑭 𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎
Generated LPI Parameters
EstimatedParameters
Carrier Frequency (𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄) 1000 Hz 1056 Hz
Bandwidth (∆𝑩𝑩) 500 Hz 496 Hz
Time Modulation Period (𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒎)
20 ms 20 ms
Project Overview
Digital Receiver
Choi-Williams Processing
CyclostationaryProcessing
Image Analysis Classification
Signal Reconstruction Original FMCW In Signal Reconstructed from Extracted
Parameters
Cross-CorrelationSignal Reconstructed from Extracted
Parameters
Cross-Correlator Matlab Scripts
VHDL Strategy Overview
Cross Correlator
NCOCWD
Conclusion• Cross-correlation is an efficient method for
comparing signals• Apply the theory to provide a electronic
support system that may protect our service men and women
Are those who protect us ever safe?
References • Pedroni, Volnei A. Circuit Design with VHDL. Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT, 2004. Print. • Daitx, Fabio Fabian, Vagner S. Rosa, Eduardo Costa, Paulo
Flores, and Sergio Bampi. "VHDL Generation of Optimized FIR Filters." 2008 2nd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems. Print.
Questions?• Contact information:
oMinh Nguyeno [email protected]