PowerPoint Presentation

Subject Name And Code : Elements of Electrical Engineering(2110005)

Active Learning Assignment

Topic : Basic Electrical Concept

Guided by : Prof. Supraja Giddaluru

Branch : Electrical

Division : F2 Sem : 1st

Academic Year : 2014(odd)

Prepared By:Name

Harshid PanchalHarsh PrajapatiManthan RajputEnrollment no.

140120109023140120109042140120109057

CURRENT Current(I) is a measure of how much charge(Q) is flowing through a circuit at a particular moment.

Or its another definition is:Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit, measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes. In most DC electric circuits, it can be assumed that the resistance to current flow is a constant so that the current in the circuit is related to voltage and resistance by Ohm's law. The standard Abbreviations for the units are 1 A = 1C/s. I=Qt()

TYPES OF CURRENTAlternating Current(AC):-In AC, electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going "forwards" and then going "backwards.Safe to transfer over longer city distances and can provide more power.The frequency of alternating current is 50Hz or 60Hz depending upon the country.It reverses its direction while flowing in a circuit.It is the current of magnitude varying with time.Power factor Lies between 0 & 1.Its types are Sinusoidal, Trapezoidal, Triangular, Square.Direct Current(DC):-In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a single direction, or "forward.Voltage of DC cannot travel very far until it begins to lose energy.The frequency of direct current is zero.It flows in one direction in the circuit.It is the current of constant magnitude.Power Factor it is always 1.Its types are Pure and pulsating.

AMMETERAn ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range.

VOLTAGE Voltage, also calledelectromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.

It is possible to have voltage without current, but current cannot flow without voltage. Voltage is a measure of the energy carried by the charge.The proper name for voltage is potential difference or p.d. for short.Voltage is supplied by the battery (or power supply).Voltage is measured in volts, V. Voltage is measured with a voltmeter, connected in parallel.The symbol V is used for voltage in equations.

The switch is closed making a complete circuit so current can flow.The switch is open so the circuit is broken and current cannot flow.Without the cell there is no source of voltage so current cannot flow.

VOLTMETERA voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.

POWER Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit.The SI unit of Power is the watt, one joule per second.Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by chemical sources such as electric batteries.Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter P. where

Q is electric charge in coulombst is time in secondsI is electric current in amperesV is electric potential or voltage in volts

RESISTOR Resistance is a property of material due to which it opposes the flow of current through it.

When electrons flow through any material, they collide with each other which gives rise to opposition to the flow of current.

The unit of resistor is ohm().

The resistance of a conductor will be 1 when it allows 1 A current to flow through it on application of 1 V across its material.

The resistance of conducting material is found to be directly proportional to the length l of the material,be inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the material.depend on the nature of material.depend upon the temperature.

Therefore,R l/a orR = l/aWhere,R=resistance in l=length in ma =cross section area in m = resistivity in -m

INDUCTORAn inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire. An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in the magnetic field while a capacitor stores energy in the electric field.

CAPACITORA capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

The symbol use for capacitor in the circuit diagram is ::

A capacitor is a two terminal circuit element that has a current through its terminals which is proportional to the derivative of the voltage across its terminals.

The coefficient of this proportionality is the defining characteristic of a capacitor.

A capacitor is the device that we use to model the effect of electric fields on circuit variables. The energy stored in electric fields has effects on voltage and current.

Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:

Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing, the greater the capacitance.Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the greater the capacitance.

Where,

The relation between the charge in plates and the voltage across a capacitor is given below.

ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCESElectricityElectricity is very important in our lives.We would find it very hard to do without it. There are so many things in our homes that are powered by electricity that we have begun to depend on them. Imagine you woke up this morning and had no electricity. What difference would it make to your normal morning routine?

Solar energyEnergy radiates from the sun and the light rays can be captured with photovoltaics and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to concentrate the power, and the suns heat is also a thermal source.

Water ElectricityWater Electricityis electricity obtained from hydropower. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. Less common variations make use of water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as tidal power. Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.

Wind Energy

Wind is a form ofsolar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can be used to generateelectricity.

Chemical energyThis is stored, or potential, energy. Releasing chemical energy from in carbon-based fuels generally requires combustion for example the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, or a biomass such as wood.Like is carbon battery

Thermal energyTypical sources of thermal energy are heat from underground hot springs, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (per above) or industrial processes.

Nuclear energyThis is the energy stored in the bonds inside atoms and molecules. When nuclear energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and heat (thermal energy) as well.

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