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COP22 of the UNFCCC: Updates On Outcomes
Vositha WijenayakeRegional Facilitator for Asia: SV Adapt
Executive Director: SLYCAN Trust
Outline of Presentation
■ Introduction to COP22
■ Outcomes: what happened and what didn’t
■ Understanding loss and damage
■ Outcomes of loss and damage negotiations
Introduction to COP22
COP22 of the UNFCCC: Marrakesh
■ Was important as the first gathering of Parties following the entry into force of the Paris Agreement
■ Discussed the implementation of the Paris Agreement, entry into force, and key issues of finance and agriculture drew the attention of many
■ Presidential elections of the USA and its impacts were felt in the negotiations: many worried that USA will pull out of the Paris Agreement
■ Considered as overall a positive COP minus the finance negotiations which were seen as a fail by many
■ Commitment of the Climate Vulnerable Group seen as a positive outcome: 100% renewables by 2050 for the 44 countries who are members of CVF
Commitments by the Climate Vulnerable Forum in COP22
■ Update our NDCs as early as possible before 2020
■ Prepare mid-century, long-term low GHG development strategies as early as possible before 2020
■ Strive to meet 100% domestic renewable energy production as rapidly as possible
What happened in COP22?
Questions from COP22
■ Question on when to convene as Parties to the Paris Agreement : 2017/2018? Decided to convene at COP 23 a joint meeting with the second session of CMA 1 (CMA 1-2) to review progress on the implementation of the work programme under the Paris Agreement
■ Questions on promoting and facilitating compliance of the Paris Agreement: to be taken up in 2017
■ Adaptation communications what do we include in them? Discussion on this is ongoing, submissions called for by the UNFCCC ahead of the May session in 2017
■ Where to go with the Adaptation Fund: key issue in finance, and questions on where the money will come from to replenish the fund.
Finance in COP22
■ Parties discussed how to avoid a finance gap; access to and delivery of finance; SCF recommendations and work on loss and damage; and adaptation finance.
■ On scaling up, several Parties and country groups stressed the need for “something robust on adaptation finance.”
■ Outcomes noted the increase in adaptation finance to date and the need to significantly scale up adaptation finance, progress made in enhancing access to finance by developing countries
■ Need for enhancing the role of private sector in adaptation finance
■ Invitation to national designated authorities and focal points to utilize the Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme of the GCF
■ Issue of where Adaptation Fund and its placement under Paris Agreement: 81 million pledged (Germany, Italy, Sweden)
Adaptation Outcomes in a Nutshell
■ Key items discussed: National Adaptation Plans, Nairobi Work Programme, Adaptation Communications
■ Appreciation for the GCF Board approval up to US$3 million per country through the GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme to support the formulation of NAPs and/or other national adaptation planning processes
■ Issue of what needs to be included in adaptation communications, and whether it should be separate submissions or not
■ Link between adaptation communications and scaling up of adaptation finance
■ Funding for adaptation: GCF, Adaptation Fund and other options
Understanding Loss and DamageFrom Climate Change Impacts
The Concept of Loss and Damage■ Adapting to climate change is not enough, impacts of climate change are
already felt, and losses and damages from climate change already being experienced. For example: crop loss, damage to agriculture from droughts
■ In 2010, under the Cancun Adaptation Framework, COP initiated consideration on approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change.
■ After two years of deliberation, at COP19 held in Warsaw, Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts was established.
■ Paris Agreement has separated adaptation from loss and damage, and has a separate article, article 8 of the Paris Agreement focuses on loss and damage from climate change impacts
Action Areas of the WIM (1/2)
■ Vulnerable groups (particularly vulnerable developing countries, segments of the population that are already vulnerable owing to geography, socioeconomic status, livelihoods, gender, age, indigenous or minority status or disability, …)
■ Risk management: (enhance the understanding of, and promote, comprehensive risk management approaches )
■ Slow onset event: Enhance data on and knowledge of the risks of slow onset events and their impacts, and identify ways forward
■ Non- economic loss and damage: Enhance data on and knowledge of non-economic losses associated with the adverse effects of climate change and identify ways forward
■ Capacity & coordination: Enhance the understanding of the capacity and coordination needs
Action Areas of the WIM (2/2)
■ Migration, displacement & mobility: Enhance the understanding of and expertise on how the impacts of climate change are affecting patterns of migration, displacement and human mobility
■ Financial instruments: Encourage comprehensive risk management by the diffusion of information related to financial instruments and tools that address the risks of loss and
■ Organisations: Complement, draw upon the work of and involve, as appropriate, existing bodies and expert groups under the Convention
■ 5 year rolling work plan: Develop a five-year rolling workplan for consideration at COP 22 building on the results of this two-year workplan to continue guiding the implementationof the functions of the Warsaw International Mechanism
Loss & Damage in COP22
■ The Parties discussed on the role of the WIM, the review process of the WIM, and the 5yr work plan of the WIM
■ Periodical reviews to be taking place, no more than 5 years apart, next review to be in 2019
■ The review of the WIM will include: progress on the implementation of the workplan of the WIM, long-term vision that guides ways in which the WIM may be enhanced and strengthened
■ Financial support for loss and damage is/was always a key issue: technical paper to be prepared by the UNFCCC Secretariat to move forward on this discussion
Loss & Damage in COP22
■ Interested Parties are invited to set up loss and damage contact point through the UNFCCC focal point
■ establishment of, as appropriate, additional expert groups, subcommittees, panels, thematic advisory groups or focused working groups to assist it in conducting its work and supporting its efforts to enhance action and support for loss and damage
■ Issues on migration, compensation, always key issues focused on
Loss & Damage in NDCs
■ Many countries have a component of loss and damage in their commitments in the form of INDCs or NDCs
■ Example: Sri Lankan government has committed to address loss and damage from climate change through the NDCs, and to set up a local mechanism to contribute to the WIM
■ Developing countries need to address risks of climate change induced losses and damages, and need finances to address them – question remaining is where the money will be raised from.
