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NHS Yorkshire and the Humber

Mentoring for Success Masterclass

Transactional Analysis (TA) for Mentors

with

Keith Tudor

Clinical, Teaching and Supervising Transactional Analyst

accredited by the

International Transactional Analysis Association

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Definition of transactional analysis (TA)

Transactional analysis is a theory of

personality and a systematic psychotherapyfor personal growth and personal change.

(The International Transactional Analysis

Association)

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TA is

A theory of personality (of people, groupsand systems)based on ego states.

A theory of child development andpsychopathologybased on scripts.

A theory of communication (betweenpeople, groups and systems) based ontransactions.

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The four pillars of TA

Ego states

Transactions

Scripts

Games and rackets

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TAs value base

1. People are OK Im OK, Youre OK

and TheyreOK (Berne, 1972).

2. Everyone has the capacity to think.

3. People can decide their own destiny.

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Autonomy

is manifested by the release or recovery of three capacities:

awareness, spontaneity and intimacy (Berne, 1964/1968, p.158).

Is the aim/goal of TA in practice.

Is Adult, which is characterized by an autonomous set of

feelings, attitudes, and behavior patterns which are adapted

to the current reality (Berne, 1961/1975, p. 76).

NB Critique of autonomy as self-responsibility in terms of more

relational and social approaches; homonomy (Angyal, 1941), and

relational needs (Erskine & Trautmann, 1998).

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Health psychology

Health is different from illness.

Mental health is different from illness (Tudor, 1996)

Studying what is diseased doesn't necessarily help usunderstand what is healthy (Antonovsky, 1979).

Positive psychology emphasises strengths, and happiness

(Seligman, 2003).

You will grow the most in your areas of greateststrength. (Buckingham, 2007, p. 54).

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Health psychology in TA

Co-creative TA(Summers & Tudor, 2000, 2005)

Ego states Personality

a way of understanding yourself and others.

Transactions Relationship

ways of initiating or maintaining creative contact with otherpeople.

Games Confirmations

understanding and influencing repeating patterns of positive ornegative interactions and their predictable outcomes.

Script Identity

ways of understanding yourself in the context of your past and

present culture and shaping the histories you construct aboutyourself, others and life.

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Ego states

(structural analysis and model)

Ego states are a consistent pattern of feeling and experience

directly related to a corresponding consistent pattern ofbehaviour (Berne, 1966, p. 364).

Adult ego state - The Adult ego state is characterized by anautonomous set of feelings, attitudes, and behavior patterns

which are adapted to the current reality (Berne, 1961/1975, p.76).

Child ego state - The Child ego state is a set of feelings,attitudes and behavior patterns which are relics of theindividuals own childhood (ibid, p. 77).

Parent ego state - A Parental ego state is a set of feelings,attitudes, and behavior patterns which resemble those of a

parental figure (ibid, p. 75).

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Recognition and diagnosis of ego states

Behaviourial diagnosis (central to Berne) -

observable words, voice tone, gestures, expressions,posture and attitudes.

Are you behaving in a parental way e.g. tellingsomeone off, or a child-like way e.g. sulking?

Social diagnosis - observing the kinds of reactionsthe person elicits from others.

Are others around you behaving in a complementaryfashion. If others are being child-like, this mightindicate that you are operating from Parent egostate?

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Historical validation - that a past experience did actuallyoccur,

Does you attitude or behaviour remind you of one of yourparent figures, or yourself when you were younger?

Phenomenological diagnosis or feltsense- on the basis

of subjective examination.

Do you feel as if you of one of your parent figures, oryourself when you were younger?

Diagnosis requires all four and requires the observationand cooperation of the subject (empirical andphenomenological), although it is usually done on anbehaviourial and intuitive basis.

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neopsycheintegrating Adult

archeopsyche

Archaic Child

ego states

exteropsyche

Introjected Parentego states