Presentation Sweden PDF - LNG · 2015-04-14 · 9 Transferred Energy • Etransferred = energy transferred from loading facilities to LNG carrier of from LNG carrier to unloading

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2

Global LNG Coverage

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Transportation Services

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LNG Competence

Center

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Center

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Africa


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North and South America



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Eq.GuineaEq.Guinea

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3

Global LNG Coverage

Terminal &


Terminal &


LNG Competence

Center

LNG Competence

Center


Lake CharlesLake Charles

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North and South AmericaGas Competence Center

Asia, Oceania



Technical Center

Europe, Middle East, Africa


Technical Center


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BrasilBrasil

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N.Brunswick N.Brunswick

ChileChile

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4

Global LNG Coverage

Terminal &


Terminal &


LNG Competence

Center

LNG Competence

Center


AustraliaAustralia

MalaysiaMalaysia

KoreaKorea

TaiwanTaiwan

JapanJapan

IndiaIndia

ChinaChina




North and South AmericaGas Competence Center

Asia, Oceania



Technical Center



Technical Center


LNG Sales and Purchase Agreement

6

SPA - Calculations

The economical consequences in using different LNG standards

8

� Typical values

• 150000 m³

• 67 500 tons of LNG

• 3 500 000 MMBTU

9

Transferred Energy

• Etransferred = energy transferred from loading facilities to LNG carrier of

from LNG carrier to unloading facilities

• DLNG = Density of LNG loaded or unloaded (kg/m³)

• VLNG = Volume of LNG loaded or unloaded (m³)

• GHV = Gross Heating Value of LNG loaded or unloaded (MJ/kg or

MMBTU/kg): quantity of heat produced by complete combustion in air of a unit of

volume or mass of the gas, at a constant absolute pressure of 1,01325 bar and at a

temperature T

• Egas displaced = quantity of energy in gaseous form displaced during loading

or unloading

displacedgasLNGLNGLNGdtransferre EGHVVDE ** −=

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Using different LNG standards

� International standards

• GPA 2145

• ISO 6578

• ISO 6976

• NBS IR 77-867

• NBS TN 1030

• Etc ….

• G.I.I.G.N.L. LNG Custody Transfer Handbook

11

Using different LNG standards: Density

� Xi, Xn, Xm determined by analysis in gas chromatograph

• Xi: Molar fraction of the ith component

• Xn: Molar fraction of Nitrogen

• Xm: Molar fraction of Methane

� Mi by standard

• Molecular mass of the ith component

� Vi by standard and dependent on Tliq

• Molecular volume of the ith component

� K1, k2 by standard and dependent on Tliq and molar mass

• Correction factors for Nitrogen and Methane

0.0425

Density = Σ ( Xi * Mi )

Σ ( Xi * Vi ) – [(k1 + (k2 – k1)*Xn) * Xm]

12

Using different LNG standards: Density

456,734

456,795

456,698

456,745

456,806

456,709

456,730

456,791

456,694

Density (kg/m³)

Difference between min and max = 0.113 kg/m³

⇒ +/- 900 MMBTU

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Using different LNG standards: GHV

� Xi determined by analysis in gas chromatograph

� Hmi by standard

• Molecular Gross Heating Value

� Mi by standard

• Molecular mass of the ith component

∑∑

=

)*(

)**(

MiXi

MiHmiXiHm

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Using different LNG standards: Hmi (15 °C)

54,3914

54,3907

54,3763

GHV (MJ/kg)

Difference between min and max = 0,015 MJ/kg

⇒ +/- 980 MMBTU

15

3517737

3518209

3517457

3517826

3518298

3517545

3517709

3518180

3517428

3518718

3519189

3518437

3518807

3519279

3518526

3518689

3519160

3518408

Qnet (MMBTU)

Using different LNG standards: Energy

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3518670

3519141

3518389

3518759

3519231

3518478

3518641

3519112

3518360

Qnet (MMBTU)


17


� Combination of D and GHV to calculate Etransferred

⇒ 27 different results between 3517428 MMBTU and 3519279 MMBTU

⇒ 1850 MMBTU

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Using same standard under different Reference

conditions

� Calculation of GHV according ISO 6976

• 0°C

• 15°C

• 60°F

• 20°C

• 25°C

Difference in energy value is

10104 MMBTU

LNG SPA calculation review:

Case Study 1

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LNG SPA review: Case Study: Calculation Section

� Master agreement:

• Client wanted to know what method was more favourable:

– Terminal regulations or

– Calculation method specified in SPA

� SGS compared energy calculations

• A typical composition from LP was requested

• Calculations are done for typical cargo (+/- 150000 m³)

• Additional: SGS compares the calculations with other calculation methods using different standards, reference conditions

� Graphs show what calculation method is more favorable for clients

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� Using a typical composition of the LP, the following calculations

were performed using the different international accepted

standards and reference temperatures

3378741

3378752

3378919

3378832

3378843

3379010

3378609

3378620

3378787

Enet

(MMBTU)

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3377835

3377847

3378013

3377926

3377937

3378104

3377703

3377715

3377881

3378924

3378935

3379102

3379015

3379026

3379192

3378792

3378803

3378970

Enet

(MMBTU)

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3378804

3378816

3378982

3378895

3378906

3379073

3378672

3378684

3378850

3384127

3384139

3384305

3384218

3384229

3384396

3383995

3384006

3384173

Enet

(MMBTU)

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3375470

3375383

3375394

3375560

3375160

3375172

3375338

3377063

3377074

3377240

3377153

3377164

3377331

3376931

3376942

3377108

Enet

(MMBTU)

25


3375160 3375483

3378700

3384396

3372000

3374000

3376000

3378000

3380000

3382000

3384000

3386000

minimum SPA calculations Terminal

Regulations

maximum

Calculation Method

En

erg

y (

MM

BT

U)

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0

9236

3540

323

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

minimum SPA calculations Terminal

Regulations

maximum

Calculation Method

En

erg

y (

MM

BT

U)

27


� Calculation was done for both SPA calculation section and terminal regulations and the following results were found:

• Terminal Regulations: 3378700 MMBTU

• SPA agreement: 3375483 MMBTU

Difference = 3217 MMBTU

� By accepting Terminal regulations client gained on average around 3200 MMBTU per shipment when selling the cargo

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� Analysis of difference between calculation sections

• Different reference temperatures

this case SPA: 25 °C vs terminal regulations: 15 °C

• vapour return included: yes/no

Difference might be around 12000 MMBTU/cargo

• Other standards used

• Roundings

• …

LNG SPA calculation review:

Case Study 2

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3.332.590

3.355.496

3.320.000

3.325.000

3.330.000

3.335.000

3.340.000

3.345.000

3.350.000

3.355.000

3.360.000

T&M calculations Terminal Regulations

En

erg

y (

MM

BT

U)

31


22.906

0

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

T&M calculations Terminal Regulations

En

erg

y (

MM

BT

U)

32

SPA - Sampling

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Change during transportation

� Change in Quantity & Quality

• Gas used as a fuel: dual - firing

• Determined by experience

– Weather ?

– Direction waves ? ( motion of the ship ? )

– Cargo handling ? (Gas – Gas, Fuel – Fuel, TK pressure …)

– Length voyage ? ( at anchor, drifting )

– Composition ?

– Volume Vessel

– Age Vessel

– Insulation

– Etc

• Has to comply with the limit described in Charter Party

– Exception Gas – Gas

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Change during transport

� Prediction based on experience

Follow up change Q&Q

36

Case studies

� Load Port 1: underestimation of LNG

� Load Port 2: overestimation of LNG

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Case studies: Load Port 1: underestimation of LNG

� Monitor change in composition for a fixed route

• General: GHV at DP and LP remain ± constant

• LP 1 – DP 1:

– GHV at DP ± constant

– GHV at LP decreases

� This might indicate an overestimation of the LNG at LP

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LP - DP GHV

0,994

0,996

0,998

1,000

1,002

1,004

1,006

1,008

1,010

1,012

14/ 11/ 2007 3/ 01/ 2008 22/ 02/ 2008 12/ 04/ 2008 1/ 06/ 2008 21/ 07/ 2008 9/ 09/ 2008 29/ 10/ 2008 18/ 12/ 2008 6/ 02/ 2009 28/ 03/ 2009 17/ 05/ 2009 Data

GH

V (

No

rmali

sed

)

GHV LP

GHV DP

GHV LP max – GHV LP min = 8.1 BTU/SCF

GHV DP max – GHV DP min = 8.3 BTU/SCF

Δ GHV max= ± 8.5 BTU/SCFΔ GHV min= ± 4.5 BTU/SCFΔ GHV avg = ± 6.5 BTU/SCF

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Voyage: LP 1 - DP 1

0,985

0,990

0,995

1,000

1,005

1,010

1,015

1,020

07/2008 09/2008 11/2008 12/2008 02/2009 04/2009Date

GH

V (

BT

U/S

CF

)

GHV LP

GHV DP

Δ GHV avg = ± 5 BTU/SCF

Δ GHV max = ± 9 BTU/SCF

GHV LP max – GHV LP min = ± 14 BTU/SCF

GHV DP max – GHV DP min = ± 12 BTU/SCF

Δ GHV avg = ± 13 BTU/SCF

Δ GHV max = ± 19 BTU/SCF

GHV LP max – GHV LP min = ± 12 BTU/SCF

GHV DP max – GHV DP min = ± 4 BTU/SCF

Δ GHV =± 7 BTU/SCF

Δ GHV = ± 19 BTU/SCF

Composition 1

Composition 2

Calculation of energy difference composition 1 vs composition 2

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� Composition has big influence on final energy delivered

� Comparison cargo calculated composition 1 and composition 2

� Difference for cargo 150000 m³

� ± 25000 MMBTU

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Case studies

� Load Port 1: underestimation of LNG

� Load Port 2: overestimation of LNG

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Case studies: Load Port 2: overestimation of LNG

� Monitor change in GHV from 1 LP to different DP

� Normally: GHVvol must increase

� At LP2: from a certain moment increase GHV lower than before AND regularly a decrease in GHV is found

� As the LNG is exported to different DP (15 different DP, with no history of problems sampling/analysis) the problem is most likely located in LP

43


Change in GHV: voyages 10-16 Days

-10,0

-5,0

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

0 8 /2 0 0 7 1 1 /2 0 0 7 0 2 /2 0 0 8 0 6 /2 0 0 8 0 9 /2 0 0 8 1 2 /2 0 0 8 0 3 /2 0 0 9 0 7 /2 0 0 9

D ate

∆ G

HV

(B

TU

/SC

F)

44


� Period 2, on average a shift of 3 BTU/SCF is found

� Energy at LP is 7250 MMBTU ‘overstated’

45

SPA - Volume

46

Level Measurement system

� Types

• Float gauge

• Capacitance gauge

• Radar system

� Two types are installed

• Primary system

• Secondary system

47

WISH YOU A SAFE OPERATION

Thank you Sven

Documents

Presentation Sweden PDF - LNG · 2015-04-14 · 9 Transferred Energy • Etransferred = energy transferred from loading facilities to LNG carrier of from LNG carrier to unloading