Presentation on the in-dePth analysis and Public health hazard caused by niPah Virus

Presented By Sanjina Kowsar Mahmud 121-0523-030

Tamanna Nahar- 132-0959-630Ishrat Zereen-133-0911-630

Mabruka Tabassum-132-1231-030Taiyeba Masrafa-132-1402-030

north south uniVersity

At a Glance

Nipah virus infections were first described during widespread outbreaks that occurred in Malaysia in 1998-1999

This virus is carried in fruit bats of the genus Pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. It emerges periodically to affect humans, pigs and occasionally other domesticated animals.

The virus is named after the Malaysian village where it was first discovered. This virus along with Hendra virus comprises a new genus designated Henipavirus in the sub family

Paramyxovirinae.

Geographic Distribution

Fruit Bats Nipah Virus

Transmission Pathway

Clinical Manifestation

Diagnosis

Nipah virus can be recovered in many cell lines including Vero (African green monkey kidney), RK-13, BHK and porcine spleen cells.

In humans, Nipah virus has been isolated from blood, throat or nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine samples, as well as from a variety of postmortem tissues. Nipah virus is

most likely to be recovered from clinical samples early in the illness. This virus is classified as a biosafety level 4 (BSL4) pathogen, which restricts the number of laboratories able to perform

virus isolation

Viral antigens can be detected in formalin-fixed tissues by immunohistochemistry. Antigens are most likely to be found in the central nervous system (CNS), followed by the lung or kidney.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques are in routine use at some laboratories.

Antibodies to Nipah virus may be found in serum and/or CSF. Acute and convalescent samples are collected whenever possible. Serologic tests used in humans include enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and serum neutralization.

Risk Factor

date palm sap collected during winter months, as high possibility of the

presence of fruit bats

A complex process of anthropogenic driven deforestation, climatic changes

has built the new rise of mixed agro-pig farming practices and design of pig-sties led to the spillovers of the virus from its

wildlife reservoir into pig population.

activities involving close contact with pigs, such as processing of piglets,

administering injection or medication to pigs, assisting in the birth of piglets,

assisting in pig breeding, and handling of dead pigs

Risk Factors

Treatement

No effective drug therapies available yet. Treatment is limited to supportive care. Because Nipah virus encephalitis can be transmitted person-to-person, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial transmission).

The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro, but human investigations to date have been inconclusive and the clinical usefulness of ribavirin remains uncertain.

Passive immunization using a human monoclonal antibody targeting the Nipah G glycoprotein has been evaluated in the post-exposure therapy in the ferret model and found to be of benefit.

Prevention and Control

Do not drink raw date palm

sap & unpasteurized fruit

juices

Wash, peel, and/or cook all

fruit thoroughly before eating

Equipment and other fomites

should be cleaned

Fatal Rate

Epidemiology of Nipah Virus

What is the

Problem?

Out-Break of Nipah

virus

Where is the

Problem?

Bangladesh ,more

precisely north west portion of

Bangladesh

When is the

Problem ?

Harvesting date

juice from December through March

Why is the Problem?

Deadly effects of Nipah virus is exposed to

human population via

domestic animals or person to

person or fruit juice i.e. for Bangladesh

date sap

How to control and

prevent?

After culling, the burial sites are

disinfected with

chlorinated lime.

biosecurity practices

.Confirmatory diagnosis done by

Public Health Loopholes

Recommendation Public Health Administrator

globally should have conducted seminars to

promote awareness when Niv was first out-broken

Extensive research should have performed by the epidemiologist so that

human would have been familiar and more cautious

Recomendation

Conclusion To conclude, Nipah encephalitis, a fatal zoonotic diseasere currently

claims lives in Bangladesh following the initial reports of outbreaks in other countries.

Multidisciplinary outbreak investigations can be an important tool in exploring novel characteristics and risk factors of emerging infectious zoonotic diseases in resource-poorsettings

thank you

any Questions

Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Prognosis of Nipah virusSlide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18