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PresentationOn
The Common Cold
Laura BockelmanMaggie ChristensenDeven KucinskyBarbara SullivanKerry WedelChristin Stimatze
Why The Common Cold?
• Although everyone has probably had a cold sometime in their life, not everyone knows what causes it or what can be done to help with the symptoms.
• We would like to give some information to help you understand the workings of the common cold, what you can do to make yourself feel better if you catch a cold, and give you some hints on how to keep from catching one.
• We also wanted to get the word out that taking antibiotics for a cold is not only useless, it can be dangerous.
What is a virus
• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites– Outside of hosts, they are
inactive.
• Outer coating consists of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein.
• Inside contains RNA or DNA genetic material – Virus can’t reproduce without
host cell. – Virus inserts itself into host cell
and takes over its function.
What is bacteria• Single-celled prokaryotes.
– No membrane enclosed nucleus
– No mitochondria or other organells
• Rigid cell walls, responsible for shape of organism.– Walls contain peptidoglycan.
• Multiply by binary fission.– One cell divides into two cells,
identical to original cell
• Many can move using flagella.– Appendages extending from
the cell
Normal Flora
• Bacteria that live in the nose– Staphylococcus aureus
• MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacteria that live in the mouth– Streptococcus mutans
• Dental caries (cavities)• Bacteria that live on the skin
– Staphylococcus epidermidis – Propionbacterium
• Acne• Bacteria that live in the digestive system
– low populations of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile.
• Overgrowth causes severe diaharrhea – E. coli
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Although these bacteria reside on our bodies or within without causing problems, they are capable of causing infection– Opportunistic
• Once they get into a place where they aren’t supposed to be, they cause disease.
The Common Cold
• Caused by viruses– There is no evidence that you can
get a cold from exposure to cold weather or from getting chilled or overheated.
• Rhinovirus– are most active in early fall, spring,
and summer – More than 110 distinct rhinovirus
types have been identified – These viruses grow best at
temperatures of about 91 degrees, that perfect body temperature right inside the human nose.
– Seldom serious• Coronaviruses
– These cold viruses are most active in the winter and early spring
– Of the more than 30 kinds of coronaviruses, three or four infect humans
– Difficult to grow in laboratory• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
– produce mild infections in adults but can lead to severe lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, in young children.
How do you catch a cold?• Virus enters body
through mouth, nose, or eyes.– Touching eyes, nose,
or mouth after touching surfaces with cold germs on them.
– Hand-to-hand contact.– Sharing utensils,
computers, towels, ect.
– Inhaling the germs.• the virus can spread
through droplets in the air when someone who is sick sneezes or talks.
SYMPTOMS• Symptoms of a cold usually begin 2 or 3 days after infection and last 2 to 14 days. A cold can last for about one week, but some colds last longer, especially in children, elderly people, and those in poor health
• Congestion• Coughing• Sneezing• Runny nose• Watery eyes• Fever
– Up to 102 F or 39 C
• Fatigue
Treatments
• There isn’t a vaccine for the common cold because there are so many different viruses that can cause a cold.
• You can treat the symptoms– Fluids. Water, juice, and herbal tea can help
replace lost fluid. Drinking warm lemon water with honey may help ease symptoms of a sore throat as well.
– Eat chicken soup - Chicken soup acts as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the movement of neutrophils - immune system cells that help the body's response to inflammation.
– Gargle with warm salt water - Gargling with 1-2 teaspoons of salt dissolved in warm water several times a day can help significantly soothe a sore throat and relieve a cough.
– Get plenty of rest - Relaxation allows the body's immune system to recuperate. Stay home from work or school for a day or two to give you a chance to rest as well as to reduce the chances of infection transmission.
– Use a humidifier - A cool-mist humidifier or vaporizer can moisten the air and help ease congestion and coughing.
– Take over-the-counter pain or cold medicines - Cough drops, throat sprays and saline nasal drops are they're effective, safe and nonirritating for most cold sufferers.
Secondary Infections• Middle Ear Infection– Streptococcus pneumoniae
• 40-80% of cases – Haemophilus influenzae
• 20-30% of cases– Less common bacteria are Streptococcus
pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.• Bronchitis
– The most common cause of acute (short-term) bronchitis is due to viral infections.
• adenovirus, influenza virus, Para influenza virus, corona virus, and respiratory syncytial virus.
– Some of the bacteria that cause bronchitis include streptococcus, pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae
• Pneumonia– The most common cause of pneumonia in the
United States is the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus
• Sinus Infection– Bacteria that normally cause acute sinusitis
are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus
• Strep Throat– caused by group A streptococcal bacteria,
• Streptococcus pyogenes
How to tell if your cold has turned into something more
• Thick Green or Yellow mucous either from nose or lungs
• Sore Throat With Deep Red Color, White Patches
• High Fever– Over 102 F
• Difficulty Breathing• Severe pain in ear
– Pressure in ear
• Cough that doesn’t clear up in a week• Severe congestion of nasal cavity, frontal
headache that accompanies the congestion
Antibiotics Kill the Bacteria That Cause the Infection
• Strep Throat– Penicillin– Amoxicillin– Azithromycin– Cephalosporins
• Otitis Media– Amoxicillin
• Sinusitis– Amoxicillin
• Pneumonia– Penicillin– Azithromycin– Tetracyclines
• Bronchitis– Zithromax– Bactrim– Sulfa Drugs– Amoxicillin
Antibiotics…When they can help and
when they can hurt
• Bacterial Infections, helpful– Bacteriostatic
• Inhibits reproduction of bacteria
– Bacteriocidal• Kill bacteria outright
– inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan
» Once cell wall synthesis is inhibited, enzymatic autolysis of the cell wall can occur
• Antibiotic resistance, hurtful – Causes
• Taking antibiotics for a viral infection
• Not taking the full course of antibiotics
• Antibiotic use in animals humans consume
Antibiotic ResistantSuper Bugs
• The antibiotic no longer works on the targeted bacteria– Bacteria mutate to survive
• Need to discover new antibiotics to kill new strain of bacteria– Expensive– Time consuming
• Death– If there is no way to destroy
new strain, higher mortality of humans
Cold Prevention
• Eat Healthy– Vitamins are important
• Get Plenty of Sleep– At least 7 to 8 hours nightly
• Stay stress-free– exercise
• Keep away from people who are ill– If you are ill, cough and
sneeze into your elbow joint
• WASH HANDS OFTEN– Most important rule to keep
from transferring germs
What Germs Look Like • A growth medium or culture
medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells– The most common growth media
for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates
• Some examples of selective media include: – blood agar (used in strep tests),
which contains blood that becomes transparent in the presence of hemolytic Streptococcus
– MacConkey agar for Gram-negative bacteria
How To Correctly Wash Hands• remove any rings or other jewelry, • use warm water and wet your hands
thoroughly, • use soap (1-2 squirts) and lather very
well, • scrub your hands, between your fingers,
wrists, and forearms with soap for 20 seconds,
• scrub under your nails, • rinse thoroughly, • turn off the taps/faucets with a paper
towel, • dry your hands with a single use towel or
air dryer, • protect your hands from touching dirty
surfaces as you leave the bathroom. • To help to wash long enough, one option
may be to sing a short song such as "Happy Birthday" or the "A, B, C’s" twice.
Hand Sanitizers• Not a substitute for washing hands
– Use as a supplement, not a replacement.
ExperimentHow well do you wash your hands?
Put it to the test!Step 1: “Contaminate “ your hand
Step 2: Look at “germs” under black light
Step 3: Wash your hands following proper procedure
Step 4: Check your hands under black light again
Did you effectively remove all the germs?