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This presentation is about the latest trends in the modern Indian power system - its problems and possibilities.
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Recent Trends in Power System
Dr. Chandan Kumar ChandaProfessor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Bengal Engineering & Science University, Shibpur.MIEEE, FIE(I), MISTE
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 2
1. Power System Fundamentals2. Problems in the Indian Power Sector & the New Era3. Indian Electricity Act 20034. Latest Facts & Figures (Indian Power Sector)5. Indian Grid System6. Grid Discipline7. World’s Worst Power Outage8. Changing Trends: Power Deregulation9. New Technologies coming up in the Power System
(WAMS v/s SCADA)10. Smart Grids11. Energy Audit12. Carbon Footprint
Topics to be briefly discussed
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 3
At the substation, the 132 kV is transformed to 33kV, and then eventually to 440V (three-phase) OR, 220-240 V(single phase) which we use in our homes & small industries.
, depending upon geographical location
11 kV.
132/220 kV.
bare conductors,
OR
11 kV
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 4
Power System SegmentsGENERATION TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION POWERTRADING
+
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 5
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 6
Keeping in mind the modern challenges, Indian Government came up with a new Indian Electricity Act in 2003.
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WHICH IS THE ROOT OF SEVERAL OTHER PROBLEMS IN INDIA LIKE IRRIGATION & EDUCATION
Financial constraints.
Non uniform load density.
Limited resource utilization.
Limited no. of EHV lines.
Lack of grid discipline.
Limited power margins.
Inadequate power supply
Low capacity utilization of nuclear and non-conventional
energy.
Poor quality of supply (low voltage), bad frequency profile
and frequent loadsheddings.
PROBLEMS
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 8
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 9
POWER SYSTEM CONTROL HIERARCHY Control area: divided by area
System Voltage Profile
System Frequency
UNIT COMMITMENTDetermining the generators that must be operated to meet daily demand.
POWER SYSTEM SCHEDULING
POWER SYSTEM CONTROL
MANUAL
COMPUTER1. Reliable2. Economic3. Fast
Source: Ministry of Power, Government of India 10
India’s Installed Capacity = 205341 MW (5TH in world) (as on 30th June, 2012 – latest installation of 660MW plant at Jhajjar, Haryana)•Thermal = 136436 MW•Nuclear = 4780 MW Hydro = 39291 MW•Renewable = 24832 MW
MAHARASHTRA is #1 in terms of installed capacity
WEST BENGAL is #9 in terms of installed capacity
Captive Power Plant Generation = 31500 MWGUJRAT IS INDIA’S ONLY POWER SURPLUS STATE (Excess 2-3GW
generation)
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 11
INDIANGRIDSFIVE INDIAN
GRIDS
The power generating stations are hooked onto an interconnected network of transmission lines and substations
Heart of the National Grid system = POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA
technical minimum
SHARING CONCEPTTo distribute resources uniformly all through out India. [i.e. places far away from coal & hydel sources shouldn’t be at a loss].
Exchange of surplus and compensation of deficit power now possible.
1
2 3
Connected using EHV Transmission lines, above 383,000 circuit kilometers
4
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 12
INTER-REGIONAL LINKS AT PRESENT
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 13
INDIAN GRIDS BY THE END OF 2012
NOTE:A back-to-back HVDC arrangement is used when twoasynchronous AC systems need to be interconnected forbulk power transmission or for AC system stabilizationreasons.
•ADVANTAGES Reduction of short circuit current in strong AC systems.•Better Frequency Control•Asynchronous connection between weak AC networks
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 14
ENERGY RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDIA
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 15
BUT, WE HAVE205 GW
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 16*the data of the 12th plan, 2007-2012 is not yet published
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 17
GRIDDISCIPLINE (IEGC 2010)•Formally Mentioned in: Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010, (w.e.f 3rd May, 2010)
•It brings together a single set of technical and commercial rules, encompassing all the Utilities connected to/or using the inter-state transmission system (ISTS)
It determines the responsibilities & defines the relationship between the various Users of the inter-State transmission system (ISTS), National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC), Regional and State Load Despatch Centers (RLDC & SLDC).
1. OPTIMAL POWER SCHEDULING
2. POWER SYSTEM SECURITY
3. OUTAGE PLANNING
KEY RESPONSIBILITIES
4. DEVELOP RENEWABLE SOURCES
IF GRID DISCIPLINE IS NOT MAINTAINED
ANOTHER DISASTROUS BLACKOUT
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 18
Ensure that, grid frequency always remains within the 49.5 –50.2 Hz band.
Except under an emergency, or to prevent an imminent damage to a costly equipment, no User shall suddenly reduce his generating unit output by more than 100 MW ( 20 MW in case of NER) without prior intimation to and consent of the RLDC, particularly when frequency is falling or is below 49.5 Hz
IMPORTANT POINTS OF GRID DISCIPLINE
no User / SEB shall cause a sudden variation in its load by more than 100 MW without prior intimation to and consent of the RLDC.
All generating units shall normally have their automatic voltage regulators (AVRs).
All SEBS, distribution licensees / STUs shall provide automatic under-frequency and df/dt relays for load shedding in their respective systems, to arrest frequency decline that could result in a collapse/disintegration of the grid.
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 19
GRIDCONGESTION
Auctions are the key tool of congestion management
Electricity traders and producers export excess electricity to other countries or procure the electricity they lack from other grids.
transmission capacity of the network is limited, and this can lead to congestion in the grid.
1. Consumers may not get access to power2. Grid Stability & Power System security problems.
A limited volume of electricity conforming to the system security criteria can be transmitted in a power grid.
GRIDCONGESTION PROBLEMS
GRIDCONGESTION MANAGEMENT
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 20
WORLD’S WORST POWER OUTAGEWHERE 22 States in North, East & N.E India
AFFECTED 700 Million People
WHEN JULY 30-31, 2012
WHY • Cause yet to be determined accurately.• July 30 Failure: According to IPPAI,
‘oversupply’ and not ‘overdrawal’• At 2.35AM, when grid collapsed: line
frequency was 50.4 Hz(above normal)• July 31 Failure: Overdrawal from a weak
grid. • 2001 N.E.India Blackout: Was due to
machinery failure.
IMPACT • Daily life badly hit.• Train transportation stopped• Schools, colleges, public offices were shut
down. • Huge economic losses• Bad impression of India to the world.
PREVENTION
• States must declare to Center how much power it requires next day.
• Prevent Power Theft• ISLANDING
REAL PROBLEMPOWER DEMANDINCREASINGPOWER SUPPLYDECREASING
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 21
POWERDEREGULATIONo Vertically integrated vertically unbundledo Regulated cost based unregulated price
basedo Monopoly competitiono Service commodityo Consumer customero Privilege choiceo Engineers
Manager+Engineer+Lawyer+Economist
A CONSEQUENCE OF ALL THESE MODERNIZATIONS IN POWER SECTOR
Price Drop
Due to competition
Consumer
Importance
Innovatio
n
WHAT DEREGULATION PRACTICALLY IMPLIES?
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 22
MODERNPOWER MARKET STRUCTURE
T & BS
C CC
D & RS
GIndependent
Power Producers
Regulated Market
Limited Competition for
the market of bulk supply
PRE ELECTRICITY ACT 2003
Competitive market segments
POST
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 23
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF DEREGULATION1. Congestion and market power2. Obligation to serve3. Some suppliers at disadvantages 4. Price volatility 5. Loss operating flexibility6. Pricing of energy and transmission
services7. ATC calculations8. Market settlement and disputes
AN EXAMPLE FROM TEXAS, USA
You can see the Texan success story of Power Deregulation in this website: http://www.texaspolicy.com/center/economic-freedom/reports/texas-electricity-market
Indian Power Deregulation is still an incomplete dream
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 24
UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE POWER SYSTEM
NOTE: WHAT IS SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING?A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading:(i) has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and(ii) will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length.
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 25
REAL-TIME MONITORING OF THE POWER SYSTEM
• Power system is dynamic, and the operating conditions are changing
continuously.
• System topology (network interconnections) also changes frequently.
• Uncertainties in the Rapid growth in the demand of electricity.
• Power system components are being operated closer to their designed
limits.
• High penetration of renewable energy sources adds to power quality and
control problems.
WHY IS IT NOW REQUIRED?
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 26
COMPONENTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(E.M.S)
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 27
CURRENT TECHNOLOGYSUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 28
UPCOMING TECHNOLOGY: WIDE AREA MONITORING
(WAM)
Figure: A Typical PMU based WAMS Architecture
1. Capturing the power system data in real-time• Clearer anticipation of incipient problems• Development of faster control action to improve power grid security2. Measuring the power system data with precise time stamping• Electric grid behavior over a wide area can be tracked in asynchronized manner• Development of wide-area controls. Has SCADA at the heart of the system!
WHAT WAM CAN DO?
A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU or SYNCHROPHASOR) is a device which measures the electrical waves on an electricity grid, using a common time source for synchronization. It can be a dedicated device or incorporated in Relays. The technology has the potential to change the economics of power
delivery by allowing increased power flow over existing lines.
29Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India
COMPARISON BETWEEN SCADA & WAMS
Demerit of WAMS: Synchro-Phasor Technology is currently very expensive!
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 30
The Project is approved by CSIR & Funded by CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) under New Millennium India Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)
Along with POWERGRID (PGCIL) other members of this project are:-TCS-LeaderIIT Bombay Tata Power Company Limited (Tata Power)
EXAMPLE OF WAMS IMPLEMENTATION IN WEST INDIA
According to PGCIL’s 2010 Pilot Project plan in N.India, it was claimed that: PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units ) with GPS system, will be installed at four substations
of Northern Region and PDC at NRLDC, Delhi.PMU Locations: Moga- 400 KV, Kanpur- 400 KV S/s, Vindhyachal- HVDC, Dadri- HVDC To use Phasor Measurements data for better situational awareness and technology evaluation using minimal hardware & software.
EXAMPLE OF WAMS IMPLEMENTATION IN NORTH INDIA
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 31
SMARTGRIDS1. Empower the Customer2. Enhance Transmission &
Distribution3. Improve Efficiency4. Reduce Costs5. Assist use of renewable energy
sources
} BETTER ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
In longer term, we can expect the Smart Grid to spur the kind of transformation that the internet has already brought to the way we live, work, play and learn.
FIRST POWER GRID
1896, based on Nikola Tesla’s design
FIRST SMART GRID
2005, by ENEL S.P.A in Italy
• 109 Years• Population increased by 5 billion
people• Energy demand increased, Fossil
Fuels decreased.
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 32
THAT’S WHY SMARTGRIDS
While modernizing, simply replacing the copper wires in our transmission grids, will not improve its efficiency. We need a
technological overhaul in our power system.
1. Integrate isolated technologies : Smart Grid enables
better energy management.
2. Proactive management of electrical network during
emergency situations.
3. Better demand supply / demand response
management.
4. Better power quality
5. Reduce carbon emissions.
6. Increasing demand for energy : requires more complex
and critical solution with better energy management
WORLD NEWS
All Smart Grid Companies have shown great revenue projections in
the coming years.
2-way communication Between Utility & User
SELF-HEALING
33
AN OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 34
DISTRIBUTION IN SMART GRID
• Automatic Distribution
• Demand Optimization - Selective Load Control
• Operation Islanding of Micro-grids
• Managing Distribution Network Model
• Outage management and AMI Integration
• DMS & Advanced Switching Applications
• Integrated Voltage / VAR Control
WHAT IT MEANS
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an architecture for automated, two-way communication between a smart meter with an IP address and a utility company. The goal of an AMI is to provides utility companies with real-time data about power consumption and allow customers to make informed choices about energy usage based on the price at the time of use.
A.M.I
Smart Grid Distribution Automation Spending to Total $46 Billion Worldwide by 2015
WORLD NEWS
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 35
A smart meter is usually an electrical meter that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.
SMARTMETERS
ELECTRICVEHICLESVehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles, such as electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs),
communicate with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.
One very, very promising V2G project in the US is at the University of Delaware
ASPECTS OF THE SMART GRID
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 36
THE NEAR-FUTURE
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 37
ENERGYAUDITAs per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined:
“the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.
The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: - Function and type of industry - Depth to which final audit is needed, and - Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types. i) Preliminary Audit ii) Detailed Audit
TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY AUDITING
•Gives us a very accurate picture of your property (both the good and the bad).•Gives the end-buyer significant peace-of-mind.
YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO IT AT YOUR HOME TO DETERMINE YOUR OWN ELECTRICITY CONSUMTION & SEE
WHERE YOU CAN SAVE!
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 38
1. Determine the overall efficiency in the energy usage of a property.
2. Discover any and all problem areas as they relate to #1.
3. Provide an impartial recommendation of what the property owner/tenant
should do to fix #2.
GOALS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT
HOW TO DO AN ENERGY AUDIT?
1. Visual inspection of the home and appliances/systems.
2. Blower door test – Used to de-pressurize the home, see airflow patterns and
see where there are leaks that need to be fixed.
3. Thermal imaging pictures – Used to spot potential problem areas behind
walls/ceilings and floors. These infrared pictures can literally see through
drywall to give you an accurate view of hot spots, missing insulation, electrical
issues, etc.
4. A typical energy audit will take about 3-4 hours to complete.
39
EXAMPLE OF THERMAL IMAGING PICTURE DURING ENERGY AUDIT
40Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India
It is a MEASURE of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of CO2 & other green house gases produced, measured in units of carbon
dioxide.
CARBONFOOTPRINT
So that every person or industry understands his/ its own impact upon the health of our environment
Modern Objective: Greener & Cleaner Power
So, we should REDUCE Carbon Footprint
So, we should REDUCE CO2 production during entire life cycle of power production.
HIGH CARBON FOOTPRINTMore Pollution
More Penalties (Bills)
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 41
CARBONFOOTPRINTMEASUREMENTUNIT: grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation (gCO2eq/kWh)
Calculated using a method called Life-Cycle-Approach (LCA), calculated at every step from production to consumption of electricity
Calculation method accredited internationally by: ISO 14000
Robust Method of Calculation [means ranking of electricity generation technologies does not change with different sources of data.]
Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 42
CARBONFOOTPRINTOf Fossil Fuel Power Plants
Direct ImpactWhile power production and consumption
Indirect ImpactWhile to fuel extraction
Carbon Footprint of Typical Coal Power Plant: >1,000 gCO2eq/kWh
Approaches to deal with it
1. CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE (CCS)It is a technology attempting to prevent the release of large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries by capturing CO2, transporting it and ultimately, pumping it into underground geologic formations to securely store it away from the atmosphere.
2. LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES
PV Cells [58gCO2eq/kWh]
Biomass [25gCO2eq/kWh]
Wave & Tidal [25-50gCO2eq/kWh]
Wind Energy [4-6gCO2eq/kWh]
Nuclear [5gCO2eq/kWh]
THANK YU
Feel free to contact me with any query at:
Website: www.ckchanda.co.ccEmail: [email protected] , [email protected]