Presentation on E_commerce

8/6/2019 Presentation on E_commerce

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DR.PANKAJ MADAN(SENIOR LECTURER)


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EE--COMMERCECOMMERCE

THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SELLINGTHE ART AND SCIENCE OF SELLINGPRODUCTS AND/OR SERVICES OVER THEPRODUCTS AND/OR SERVICES OVER THE

INTERNET.INTERNET.


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WHAT DO I NEED TO START AN EWHAT DO I NEED TO START AN E--

COMMERCE SITE?COMMERCE SITE?

First of all, you obviously need a product or service to sell. ThenFirst of all, you obviously need a product or service to sell. Thenyou need a Web site. This can either be an existing Website toyou need a Web site. This can either be an existing Website to

which you can add Ewhich you can add E--Commerce capabilities, or you can buildCommerce capabilities, or you can build

the site from scratch. Next you need some way of accepting onthe site from scratch. Next you need some way of accepting on--line payments. This normally means credit cards, although thereline payments. This normally means credit cards, although there

are other options for very small or loware other options for very small or low--volume sites. Lastly, butvolume sites. Lastly, butmost importantly, you need to have a strategy for marketing yourmost importantly, you need to have a strategy for marketing yoursite and attracting customers. This is far harder than you mightsite and attracting customers. This is far harder than you might

thinkthink


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Pearls of joyPearls of joy

66--PRIMARY SPHERICASPRIMARY SPHERICAS

IF ANY 1 OF THESE R MISSING THEN THE O/P ACHIEVEDIF ANY 1 OF THESE R MISSING THEN THE O/P ACHIEVED

IS LESS THAN THAT CAN BE ACHIEVEDIS LESS THAN THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED


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IntroductionIntroduction

Layers cooperate to provide seamless transitionLayers cooperate to provide seamless transitionbetween todays computing resources and those ofbetween todays computing resources and those oftomorrow by integrating information accesstomorrow by integrating information access..

Architecture should focus on synthesizing the diverseArchitecture should focus on synthesizing the diverseresources already in place in corporation to facilitate theresources already in place in corporation to facilitate theintegration of data and software for better application.integration of data and software for better application.

Framework is intended to define andcreate tools thatFramework is intended to define andcreate tools that

integrate the information found in todays closed systemintegrate the information found in todays closed systemand allow development of eand allow development of e--commerce.commerce.


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Generic FrameworkOfGeneric FrameworkOf

EE--commercecommerceTwo pillars supporting the frameworkTwo pillars supporting the framework ApplicationApplication

InfrastructureInfrastructure

11stst pillar :pillar :--public policy, legal privacy issues.public policy, legal privacy issues.

22ndnd

pillar:pillar:--technical standards for etechnical standards for e--commerce,multimedia &networkcommerce,multimedia &network

protocolsprotocols


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Four LevelsOfEFour LevelsOfE--commerce:commerce:--

Information superhighwayInformation superhighway-- very veryfoundationfoundation -- provide means for travelprovide means for travel

Multimedia contents & networkMultimedia contents & network

publishingpublishing creation of products & itscreation of products & itspresentationpresentation

Messaging & distribution ofMessaging & distribution of

information.information.

Common business servicesCommon business services facilitatesfacilitates

buying & selling of product.buying & selling of product.

It includes aspects like:It includes aspects like:--security/authenticationsecurity/authentication--payment/catalogspayment/catalogs


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EE--commerceConsumercommerceConsumer

ApplicationApplication Consumer needs include entertainment on demand, video nConsumer needs include entertainment on demand, video ndemand, games on demand, and news on demand; electronicdemand, games on demand, and news on demand; electronicretailing via catalogs and home shopping networksretailing via catalogs and home shopping networks

Interactive distance educationInteractive distance education

Collaboration through desktop video conferencing; medicalCollaboration through desktop video conferencing; medicalconsultants and many more.consultants and many more.

The current trends in the radio and television talk shows canThe current trends in the radio and television talk shows canbe seen in the online news groups.be seen in the online news groups.

Sight, sound, and motion combine to make television aSight, sound, and motion combine to make television a

powerful means of marketing as already proved by the successpowerful means of marketing as already proved by the successof home shopping network.of home shopping network.


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A TRAVEL GUIDE PORTALA TRAVEL GUIDE PORTAL


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EE--Commerce LayersCommerce Layers

..

Application ServicesApplication Services Customer to businessCustomer to business

Business to businessBusiness to businessIntra OrganizationalIntra Organizational

Brokerage and dataBrokerage and data

managementmanagement

Order processingOrder processing

Payment SchemesPayment Schemes

ClearinghouseClearinghouse

Interface LayerInterface Layer Interactive catalog Interactive catalog

Directory Support functDirectory Support funct

Software AgentsSoftware Agents

Secure MessagingSecure Messaging Secure hypertext transfer protocolSecure hypertext transfer protocol

EDIEDIRPCRPC

Middleware ServicesMiddleware Services SGML,HTMLSGML,HTML

OLE,Open docOLE,Open doc

Network infrastructureNetwork infrastructure PCS,W irelessPCS,W ireless--POTSPOTS


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Application ServicesApplication Services

ConsumerConsumer--toto--Business TransactionBusiness Transaction

--(We call this transaction market place transaction)(We call this transaction market place transaction)

BusinessBusiness--toto--Business TransactionBusiness Transaction--(We call this transaction market link transaction)(We call this transaction market link transaction)

Intra Organizational TransactionIntra Organizational Transaction

(We call this transaction market Driven(We call this transaction market Driventransaction)transaction)


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Informational Brokerage & ManagementInformational Brokerage & Management

a) Dealing with information on interneta) Dealing with information on internet

b) Addresses the issue of adding value to information thatb) Addresses the issue of adding value to information that

is retrieved (Exis retrieved (Ex--Foreign exchange trading)Foreign exchange trading)c) Brokerage function is the support for datac) Brokerage function is the support for data

management and traditional transaction servicesmanagement and traditional transaction services


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Interfaceand support ServicesInterfaceand support Services

Will provide interface for electronic commerceWill provide interface for electronic commerceapplication such as interactive catalogs and supportapplication such as interactive catalogs and supportdirectory servicesdirectory services function necessary for informationfunction necessary for information

search and accesssearch and access

Directories operate behind the scenes and attempt toDirectories operate behind the scenes and attempt toorganize the enormous amount of information andorganize the enormous amount of information and

transaction generated .transaction generated .


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SecureMessaging & StructuredSecureMessaging & Structured

Document Interchange ServicesDocument Interchange Services Messaging is the software that sits between the networkMessaging is the software that sits between the network

infrastructure and the clients or electronic commerceinfrastructure and the clients or electronic commerceapplication ,masking the pecularities o.f environment.application ,masking the pecularities o.f environment.

Also defined as framework for the total implementation ofAlso defined as framework for the total implementation ofportable application.portable application.

Messaging is that it is not associated with any particularMessaging is that it is not associated with any particularprotocol.protocol.


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Middle Ware ServicesMiddle Ware Services

Middleware is the ultimate mediater betweenMiddleware is the ultimate mediater between

diverse software programs that enables them todiverse software programs that enables them totalk to one another.talk to one another.

Middle ware is the computing shift fromMiddle ware is the computing shift fromapplication centric to data centric.application centric to data centric.


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Anatomy ofEAnatomy ofE--CommerceCommerce

We will revisit various parts of the infrastructure.We will revisit various parts of the infrastructure.In the following fig. we will examineIn the following fig. we will examine EE-- commerce applicationcommerce application Multimedia contentMultimedia content Multimedia storage servers.Multimedia storage servers. Information delivery systems.Information delivery systems. Network service providers.Network service providers.-- serve as access points.serve as access points.

Multimedia Content:Multimedia Content:--Considered as both fuel& traffic for EConsidered as both fuel& traffic for E--Commerce applicationsCommerce applications-- it mimics the naturalit mimics the natural

way how people communicate.way how people communicate.

Multimedia storage servers EMultimedia storage servers E--Commerce applications:Commerce applications:--These are large information warehouses capable of handling variousThese are large information warehouses capable of handling various

contet.e.g.:contet.e.g.:-- books ,newspapers, catalogs, movies , games etc.books ,newspapers, catalogs, movies , games etc.They serve upon request , can handle large scale distribution, guaranteeThey serve upon request , can handle large scale distribution, guarantee

security & compute reliability.security & compute reliability.


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EE--Commerce & MediaConvergenceCommerce & MediaConvergence

Alliances & merging of companies has made eAlliances & merging of companies has made e--marketplace a reality.marketplace a reality. Media convergence:Media convergence:-- conversion of text, voice, data, image, graphics & fullconversion of text, voice, data, image, graphics & full

motion video into digital content.motion video into digital content.

Technological advances driven by phenomenon of convergence:Technological advances driven by phenomenon of convergence:--

1) convergence of context :_conversion of all information digital information1) convergence of context :_conversion of all information digital information

2) Convergence of transmission.2) Convergence of transmission.3) Convergence of information access devices e.g.:3) Convergence of information access devices e.g.:--internal fax machine, modeminternal fax machine, modem

&video monitor.&video monitor.

Market condition driving the convergence:Market condition driving the convergence:--1)1)Availability of low cost, high performance, component technologyAvailability of low cost, high performance, component technology

e.g.:e.g.:-- semiconductors, storage &display devicessemiconductors, storage &display devices2) Entrepreneurs:2) Entrepreneurs:-- ready to spend on new enabling technologyready to spend on new enabling technology

applicationapplicationboth product & services.both product & services.3) Aggressive regularity actions that introduce competition in the3) Aggressive regularity actions that introduce competition in the

monopoly market.monopoly market.


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Market forces influencing the IMarket forces influencing the I--WayWay

Demand & requirements of market participantsDemand & requirements of market participants

Users that eventually support the IUsers that eventually support the I way:way:-- Users setting up onUsers setting up on--line servers .line servers .

End users & businessmen paying for informationEnd users & businessmen paying for informationproducts/services.products/services.

Information service providers who provide information ofInformation service providers who provide information ofgoods & services.goods & services.

Value added providers including 3Value added providers including 3rdrd party brokers who addparty brokers who addvalue by packaging or building on services provided byvalue by packaging or building on services provided byothers.others.


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Strategic alliances & the IStrategic alliances & the I--way infrastructureway infrastructure

To ensure construction of a broadly useful ITo ensure construction of a broadly useful I--way,strategic planningway,strategic planningshould take into account the needs of the communication,should take into account the needs of the communication,

entertainment, & information sector.entertainment, & information sector.

Alliances reduce risk, spread costs, & allow firms to acquire costlyAlliances reduce risk, spread costs, & allow firms to acquire costly

expertise in different areas instantly.expertise in different areas instantly.


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Components of IComponents of I--wayway

Three components make up the IThree components make up the I--

Way:Way:--

Consumeraccessequipment.Consumeraccessequipment.

Local or Accessroads, or on ramps.Local or Accessroads, or on ramps.

Global information distribution network.Global information distribution network.


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NetworkAccess LocalOnNetworkAccess LocalOn--Ramps Global informationRamps Global information

Equipment Distribution networksEquipment Distribution networks

Consumer/buConsumer/bu

sinesssiness

premisespremises

equipmentequipment

TelecomTelecom--basedbased

infrastructureinfrastructure

Cable TVCable TV--based infrastructurebased infrastructure

WirelessWireless


Commercial onCommercial on--lineline


BackboneBackbone

communicationcommunication

and satelliteand satellite

networksnetworks


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NETWORKACCESSNETWORKACCESS

EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

SET TOP BOXES:SET TOP BOXES: AAkey hardware platform for Ikey hardware platform for I--waywayaccesswill be cable converteraccesswill be cable converterboxes,also known assetboxes,also known asset--toptopboxes,and converter boxesandboxes,and converter boxesand

converters/disc ramblersconverters/disc ramblers

IP SETIP SET--TOP BOXESTOP BOXES::IPsetIPset--top box devices havetop box devices have

almost limitlessapplications,almost limitlessapplications,which arewhy the operatingwhich arewhy the operatingsystem platforms they are basedsystem platforms they are basedon need to bescalableandon need to bescalableandflexible.flexible.


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LOCAL ONLOCAL ON--RAMPSRAMPS

TelecomTelecom--Based Infrastructure:Based Infrastructure:--it is based on analog voice frequencyit is based on analog voice frequencysystems and digital Tsystems and digital T--carrier systems. Today much of the infrastructure iscarrier systems. Today much of the infrastructure isbased on fibers.based on fibers.

Cable TVCable TV--Based Infrastructure:Based Infrastructure:--it is based on broadband coaxialit is based on broadband coaxialnetwork which uses a series of amplifiers and coaxial cables through out thenetwork which uses a series of amplifiers and coaxial cables through out thedistribution network.distribution network.

Wireless InfrastructureWireless Infrastructure::-- it is based on cellular microwave and specializedit is based on cellular microwave and specializedmobile radio data networks. The two components of wireless infrastructuremobile radio data networks. The two components of wireless infrastructureare :are :

SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio)

MDN (Mobile Data Networks) MDN (Mobile Data Networks)


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Commercial OnCommercial On--Line service : They provide customers withLine service : They provide customers withboth the eboth the e--commerce application as well as the Ramps to accesscommerce application as well as the Ramps to accessthe Ithe I--way. The benefit of computer based onway. The benefit of computer based on--line approach isline approach isthat services are packaged better and appear less complex thenthat services are packaged better and appear less complex thenother infrastructure options.other infrastructure options.


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NETWORKSWITCHES,NETWORKSWITCHES,

ROUTERS AND HUBSROUTERS AND HUBS SWITCH:SWITCH:AAnetwork switchnetwork switch isaisa

computer networkingcomputer networking devicedevice thatthatconnectsconnectsLAN segmentsLAN segments..

ROUTERS:ROUTERS:Arouter is connectedArouter is connected

to at least two networks, commonlyto at least two networks, commonlytwotwo LANsLANs ororWANsWANs ora LAN andora LAN anditsitsISPsISPs network. Routersarenetwork. Routersarelocated atlocated at gatewaysgateways, the places, the placeswhere two ormore networkswhere two ormore networksconnect.connect.

HUB:HUB: Hubsare commonly usedHubsare commonly usedto connectto connect segmentssegments ofaofaLANLAN..A hub containsmultipleA hub containsmultipleportsports..

RoutersRouters


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GLOBAL INFORMATIONGLOBAL INFORMATION

DISTRIBUTION NETWORKDISTRIBUTION NETWORK

The initiative for National Information Infrastructure (NII) andThe initiative for National Information Infrastructure (NII) andthereafter for theGlobal Information Infrastructure (GII)thereafter for theGlobal Information Infrastructure (GII)

LongLong--Distance Networks:Distance Networks: LongLong--Distance connectivity isDistance connectivity isavailable via cable (fiber or coavailable via cable (fiber or co--axial) owned by longaxial) owned by long--distance ordistance orinterexchange carriers (IXCs). Fiber optics are capable of providinginterexchange carriers (IXCs). Fiber optics are capable of providinga higher bandwidth the satellites, but it is also immune toa higher bandwidth the satellites, but it is also immune toelectromagnetic interferenceelectromagnetic interference

Satellite Networks:Satellite Networks: Satellite networks do have someSatellite networks do have someadvantages over the terrestrial networks. They are accessible fromadvantages over the terrestrial networks. They are accessible fromany spot on the globe; can provide broadband digital services,any spot on the globe; can provide broadband digital services,including voice, data, and video, to many points without the cost ofincluding voice, data, and video, to many points without the cost ofacquiring rightacquiring right--ofof--way and wire installation; and can add receivingway and wire installation; and can add receivingand transmitting sites without significant additional costs.and transmitting sites without significant additional costs.


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Global Information DistributionGlobal Information Distribution

The GID system is a service that maintains aThe GID system is a service that maintains aconsistent networkconsistent network--wide database. All of the switcheswide database. All of the switchescontribute to the database and all of the switchescontribute to the database and all of the switchesextract information from it. The GID system ensuresextract information from it. The GID system ensuresthat every switch has an upthat every switch has an up--toto--date copy of all thedate copy of all the

information in the database.information in the database. The GID system is represented by a process onThe GID system is represented by a process on

every NP in the network.every NP in the network.

Each GID process serves several clients thatEach GID process serves several clients that

produce and consume information.produce and consume information. A GID process issues an update whenever a clientA GID process issues an update whenever a client

contributes new information.contributes new information.

The GID also has mechanisms for quickly initializingThe GID also has mechanisms for quickly initializinga GID database when a new switch enters thea GID database when a new switch enters the

network.network.


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Global Information DistributionGlobal Information Distribution

The GID system is a service that maintains aThe GID system is a service that maintains aconsistent networkconsistent network--wide database. All of the switcheswide database. All of the switchescontribute to the database and all of the switchescontribute to the database and all of the switchesextract information from it. The GID system ensuresextract information from it. The GID system ensuresthat every switch has an upthat every switch has an up--toto--date copy of all thedate copy of all the

information in the database.information in the database. The GID system is represented by a process onThe GID system is represented by a process on

every NP in the network.every NP in the network.

Each GID process serves several clients thatEach GID process serves several clients thatproduce and consume information.produce and consume information.

A GID process issues an update whenever a clientA GID process issues an update whenever a clientcontributes new information.contributes new information.

The GID also has mechanisms for quickly initializingThe GID also has mechanisms for quickly initializinga GID database when a new switch enters thea GID database when a new switch enters the

network.network.


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What does Global InformationWhat does Global Informationdistribution can do?distribution can do?

People and companies are jumping onto thePeople and companies are jumping onto the

Internet faster than any other communicationInternet faster than any other communication

medium because they realize a successfulWebmedium because they realize a successfulWeb

site can:site can:1. Create a leading1. Create a leading--edge image.edge image.

2. Enhance customer communications and service2. Enhance customer communications and service

3. Increase visibility and market expansion3. Increase visibility and market expansion

4. Execute online sales and service transactions4. Execute online sales and service transactions6. Lower communication costs (long distance phone6. Lower communication costs (long distance phone

calls, faxes, and overnight deliveries)calls, faxes, and overnight deliveries)


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Who's Online?Who's Online?

Tens of thousands of companiesTens of thousands of companies -- millionsmillions

of individuals (45 million individuals is theof individuals (45 million individuals is the

latest figure I have seen)! People arelatest figure I have seen)! People are

accessing the Internet, hungry foraccessing the Internet, hungry for

information about every subjectinformation about every subjectimaginableimaginable


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How Does the GID Fit In?How Does the GID Fit In?

1. As an advertising and public relations1. As an advertising and public relations

mediummedium

2. As a direct sales medium2. As a direct sales medium

3. As an internal communications medium3. As an internal communications medium

4. As a customer service and technical4. As a customer service and technicalservice delivery mediumservice delivery medium


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As a Direct Service Delivery MediumAs a Direct Service Delivery Medium

1. Suitable where the customer does not1. Suitable where the customer does not

have to be present in person to be servedhave to be present in person to be served

(counseline.com psychological services)(counseline.com psychological services)

2. Expandable to worldwide market2. Expandable to worldwide market

potentialpotential

3. Naturally applicable for informotion3. Naturally applicable for informotion

services mediurnservices mediurn


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Where Can the GID Leads You?Where Can the GID Leads You?

. State. State--ofof--thethe--art communications for a stateart communications for a state--ofof--thethe--art companyart company2 International communications for an2 International communications for an

international company new selling channelinternational company new selling channel--national and international in scopenational and international in scope3. Added efficiency of ordering process lets3. Added efficiency of ordering process letssales reps concentrate on relationships andsales reps concentrate on relationships andpersonal service, not ordering detailspersonal service, not ordering details

4. Usability by reps to place orders from the field4. Usability by reps to place orders from the fieldfor automated processingfor automated processing


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6. Maximization of benefits and conquering of6. Maximization of benefits and conquering of

HQ/subsidiary organization limitationsHQ/subsidiary organization limitations

7. Time and space constraints eliminated7. Time and space constraints eliminated--plentyplenty

of room for all products and sales messagesof room for all products and sales messages8. Reduced reliance on expensive catalog8. Reduced reliance on expensive catalog

paper, printing, and distribution costspaper, printing, and distribution costs

9. Full compatibility with existing investment in9. Full compatibility with existing investment in

electronic artelectronic art


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PUBLICPOLICYISSUESPUBLICPOLICYISSUES

SHAPING THE ISHAPING THE I--WAYWAY

The government plays a crucial role in defining the IThe government plays a crucial role in defining the I WayWay

There are seven Major issues:There are seven Major issues:-- CostCost

Subsidies.Subsidies.

Allocation of scare resourcesAllocation of scare resources

RegulationRegulation

Universal accessUniversal access Information privacy policyInformation privacy policy

Social & religious barriersSocial & religious barriers


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Public Policy & GlobalConnectivityPublic Policy & GlobalConnectivity

The various policy implications:The various policy implications:-- Access to local infrastructureAccess to local infrastructure

GlobalsubsidesGlobalsubsides

Cost & pricing of universalaccess transmission capacityCost & pricing of universalaccess transmission capacity Adoption of technology standardsAdoption of technology standards


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What is INTERNETWhat is INTERNET

Internet is information distribution system spanning severalInternet is information distribution system spanning several

continents.continents.

Internet is not a network ,but it is a combination of networks.Internet is not a network ,but it is a combination of networks.

Interconnected computers include stand alone computers ,LANsInterconnected computers include stand alone computers ,LANs

,MANs,WANs.,MANs,WANs.

On the basis of language spoken by host computers Internet can beOn the basis of language spoken by host computers Internet can be

divided into two classifications: (a)divided into two classifications: (a) Academic Internet Academic Internet

Business InternetBusiness Internet


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When you connect to the Internet, your computerWhen you connect to the Internet, your computer

becomes part ofa networkbecomes part ofa network


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SIX STAGES OF GROWTH :SIX STAGES OF GROWTH :

Evolution of purpose over the years:Evolution of purpose over the years:--________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Typeand scope of network ExamplesTypeand scope of network Examples

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Experimental networking ARPANETExperimental networking ARPANET DisciplineDiscipline--specific research CSNET,MILNET, HEPnet,specific research CSNET,MILNET, HEPnet,

MFEnetMFEnet Generalresearch networking Early NSFNET, BITNETGeneralresearch networking Early NSFNET, BITNET

Privatization and commercialization Present NSFNETPrivatization and commercialization Present NSFNET Restricted public data networks NationalResearch andRestricted public data networks NationalResearch and

EducationEducation Forresearch and education Network(NREN) and HPCCForresearch and education Network(NREN) and HPCC

National information infrastructure Information superhighwayNational information infrastructure Information superhighway(I_WAY)(I_WAY)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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NSFNETNSFNET

NSF ( national science foundation):NSF ( national science foundation):--

1)1) NSF can built its own network ,based on APRANETs IPNSF can built its own network ,based on APRANETs IPtechnologytechnology

2)2) Mid level networks act like coMid level networks act like co--operates that distribute data fromoperates that distribute data fromnational backbone to campuses. Initially connected five supernational backbone to campuses. Initially connected five super

computing centers with 5 kbps,telephone leased linescomputing centers with 5 kbps,telephone leased lines

3)3) Due to rapid growth in traffic , the old network was replaced withDue to rapid growth in traffic , the old network was replaced with

faster telephone lines called T1 lines with capacity 1.544 Mbps infaster telephone lines called T1 lines with capacity 1.544 Mbps in

turn by T3turn by T3 with 45 Mbps.with 45 Mbps.


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State & Campus NetworkState & Campus Network

1)1) Campus networks include universities and college campuses researchCampus networks include universities and college campuses research

laboratories; private companies and educational sites .laboratories; private companies and educational sites .

2)2) State networks is to provide local connectivity and access to wideState networks is to provide local connectivity and access to widearea services for campus networks.area services for campus networks.

Movement of information on the internet:Movement of information on the internet:--

NSFNET is need for variety of application e.g.NSFNET is need for variety of application e.g.--mail provide a waymail provide a way

of sending person to person messages almost instantaneously .of sending person to person messages almost instantaneously .


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Nationalresearch andNationalresearch and

educational networkeducational network1)1) NSFNET has evolved into the national research and educationNSFNET has evolved into the national research and educationnetwork (NREW).network (NREW).

2)NREW activities can be broadly split into two classification ;2)NREW activities can be broadly split into two classification ;

a) Establishment and development of new network architecture fora) Establishment and development of new network architecture forvery high bandwidth networks (vBNS)very high bandwidth networks (vBNS)

b) research to yield insight into the design and development of gigabitb) research to yield insight into the design and development of gigabitnetwork technolgy.network technolgy.


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Newarchitecture for NSFNETNewarchitecture for NSFNET

backbonebackbone1)1) The previous NSFNET backbone architectureThe previous NSFNET backbone architecture

contained thirteen core nodal stationcontained thirteen core nodal station

2)2)

They have been replaced by three priorityThey have been replaced by three prioritynetwork access point (NAPs ) connected bynetwork access point (NAPs ) connected bybandwidth network running at 155 Mbpsbandwidth network running at 155 Mbps

replacing 45 Mbps.replacing 45 Mbps.


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The concept of the paperless e-book became a reality in the late 1990s

with the marketing of several devices. These machines allow users to

download texts from the Internet and read them on a portable, handheld

display. The RCA REB1100 model e-book shown here is about the sizeof a paperback. It lasts 20 to 40 hours between battery charges, holds a

minimum of 8,000 pages of text, and includes an internal modem for

downloading books.


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