1, diagram of the human 1, diagram of the human respiratory System?respiratory System?

• Oxygen is needed Oxygen is needed by the cells in by the cells in your body to carry your body to carry out the important out the important job of aerobic job of aerobic respiration. respiration. Carbon dioxide is Carbon dioxide is produced by this produced by this reaction and reaction and cannot be allowed cannot be allowed to build up. to build up.

• Your body therefore needs a constant Your body therefore needs a constant supply of oxygen and a way of supply of oxygen and a way of removing the waste carbon dioxide. removing the waste carbon dioxide. These jobs are carried out by your These jobs are carried out by your respiratory system. Blood will then respiratory system. Blood will then carry oxygen to the cells and carbon carry oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide away from them via the dioxide away from them via the circulatory system. The human circulatory system. The human respiratory system consists of lungs respiratory system consists of lungs and associated structures.and associated structures.

2, How the air travel 2, How the air travel thought the respiratory thought the respiratory system?system?a) When you breathe in, air is sucked a) When you breathe in, air is sucked

through your nose or mouth and down a through your nose or mouth and down a tube called the wide pipe or trachea. The tube called the wide pipe or trachea. The

living of your nose and trachea make living of your nose and trachea make slippery liquid called Mucus.slippery liquid called Mucus.

This warms and moiters the air. So it can This warms and moiters the air. So it can travel move easily along the passages. It travel move easily along the passages. It also traps dirt and germs n the air. Tiny also traps dirt and germs n the air. Tiny hair called Cilia waft the mucus away hair called Cilia waft the mucus away from your lings to ward your nose and from your lings to ward your nose and

throat.throat.

b) An explanation of how b) An explanation of how the respiratory system the respiratory system assists in gas exchange?assists in gas exchange?• Alveoli are sacs with walls only one Alveoli are sacs with walls only one

cell thick. There are around 500 million cell thick. There are around 500 million of these in your lungs, giving you a of these in your lungs, giving you a total surface of about 80 square total surface of about 80 square meters. Each alveolus lies close to the meters. Each alveolus lies close to the wall of a capillary. Capillaries are the wall of a capillary. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels of all, also smallest blood vessels of all, also being one cell thick. This means there being one cell thick. This means there is very little distance for gases to is very little distance for gases to cross between the lungs and the cross between the lungs and the bloodstream.bloodstream.

• the capillaries, making the blood the capillaries, making the blood oxygen-rich again. Similarly, carbon oxygen-rich again. Similarly, carbon dioxide (with high concentration indioxide (with high concentration in

• the blood) diffuses into the alveoli. the blood) diffuses into the alveoli. Red blood cells to the heart moist Red blood cells to the heart moist lining air out air in diffusion of lining air out air in diffusion of carbon dioxide wall of the alveolus carbon dioxide wall of the alveolus from the heartfrom the heart

c) An accurate explanation c) An accurate explanation of how gas exchange of how gas exchange occurs in the Alveoli?occurs in the Alveoli?• Gases cross over from the alveoli into Gases cross over from the alveoli into

the capillaries by diffusion. the capillaries by diffusion. Substances naturally move into areasSubstances naturally move into areas

• of lower concentrations and this is of lower concentrations and this is what the oxygen does: it moves from what the oxygen does: it moves from high concentrations in the alveoli into high concentrations in the alveoli into blood returning from the cells with blood returning from the cells with little oxygen in it. Oxygen therefore little oxygen in it. Oxygen therefore diffuses intodiffuses into

Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis

• 2, Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited 2, Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited condition. It affects organs in the condition. It affects organs in the body, particularly the lungs and body, particularly the lungs and digestive system, which become digestive system, which become clogged with sticky mucus, making it clogged with sticky mucus, making it difficult to breathe and digest food. difficult to breathe and digest food.

Cystic fibrosis symptomsCystic fibrosis symptoms

• 3, Cystic fibrosis is a "multi-system" 3, Cystic fibrosis is a "multi-system" disease, meaning that it affects disease, meaning that it affects many body organs. However, most of many body organs. However, most of the symptoms are to do with the the symptoms are to do with the lungs and the digestivelungs and the digestive

• 4, Cystic fibrosis affects over 7,500 4, Cystic fibrosis affects over 7,500 people in the UK and is most people in the UK and is most common in Caucasian people. People common in Caucasian people. People with cystic fibrosis have a shorter life with cystic fibrosis have a shorter life expectancy, with the average being expectancy, with the average being around 31 years.around 31 years.

TreatmentTreatment

• 5, There is currently no cure for 5, There is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis. There is a lot of cystic fibrosis. There is a lot of research under way to try to find a research under way to try to find a cure for cystic fibrosis lung disease cure for cystic fibrosis lung disease through gene therapy. Current through gene therapy. Current treatments aim to control the treatments aim to control the symptoms and have two main aims:symptoms and have two main aims:

• to improve nutrition by providing to improve nutrition by providing supplements containing enzymes to supplements containing enzymes to help digestion help digestion

• to reduce chest infections with to reduce chest infections with frequent physiotherapy and either frequent physiotherapy and either occasional or continuous antibiotics occasional or continuous antibiotics

CausesCauses

• 6, Cystic fibrosis is an inherited, or genetic, 6, Cystic fibrosis is an inherited, or genetic, condition.condition.

• Cystic fibrosis occurs because of a faulty Cystic fibrosis occurs because of a faulty gene called the cystic fibrosis Tran gene called the cystic fibrosis Tran membrane conductance regulator - or CFTR membrane conductance regulator - or CFTR gene. Cystic fibrosis is an autonomic gene. Cystic fibrosis is an autonomic recessive disorder. This means that in order recessive disorder. This means that in order to develop the condition you need to inherit to develop the condition you need to inherit two cystic fibrosis genes, one from your two cystic fibrosis genes, one from your mother and one from your father. If you mother and one from your father. If you inherit only one cystic fibrosis gene, you are inherit only one cystic fibrosis gene, you are called a carrier and do not have symptoms.called a carrier and do not have symptoms.

•

Illustration showing how cystic fibrosis is inheritedIllustration showing how cystic fibrosis is inherited• When both parents are carriers, with each When both parents are carriers, with each

pregnancy there is a:pregnancy there is a:• 1 in 4 chance of having a child with cystic fibrosis 1 in 4 chance of having a child with cystic fibrosis • 1 in 2 chance of having a child who is a carrier 1 in 2 chance of having a child who is a carrier • 1 in 4 chance of having an unaffected child 1 in 4 chance of having an unaffected child • There are several different types of genetic There are several different types of genetic

mutation which are associated with different mutation which are associated with different degrees of severity of the disease.degrees of severity of the disease.

Some Picture of the Some Picture of the Respiratory system. Respiratory system.

From Where I took it.From Where I took it.

• I find the answers from textbook, a I find the answers from textbook, a little be from book called Cystic little be from book called Cystic Fibrosis / Genetic Disease and Fibrosis / Genetic Disease and disorders and also from internet. The disorders and also from internet. The web site is web site is http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/Mhttp://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheets/Cystic_fibrosis.htmlosby_factsheets/Cystic_fibrosis.html

• Written by: Mohammad ZAki Written by: Mohammad ZAki BahadoriBahadori