Upload
pau-valdes-matias
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
1/37
1
Mars attacks!
The role of the centurion in the Roman legion: a computer simulation of combat tactics
Xavier Rubio-Campillo1, Pau Valds, !duard "le
1# "arcelona $upercomputing Centre
# %niversitat de "arcelona
&nternational 'ncient (arfare Conference )1*, 'ber+st+th
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
2/37
$ummar+
%nderstanding roman tacticsThe role of the centurion
Research uestions
The model
!.periments and results
Concluding remar/s
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
3/37
'll te.t and image content in this document is licensed under the Creative Commons 'ttribution-$hare 'li/e 0#) icense2unless otherise specified3# 4ibre5ffice4 and 4The 6ocument 7oundation4 are registered trademar/s# Their respective logosand icons are sub8ect to international cop+right las# The use of these therefore is sub8ect to the trademar/ polic+#
0
%nderstanding Roman tactics
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
4/37
9odels of roman combat
Classicalmodels at unit level:e.change beteen lines
tactical movements in battle
...vs...
9odels based on archaeologicaldataeapons single combat collective combat
technological determinism
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
5/37
The face of battle
Keegan;s Face of battle 213
psichological factor
individual point of vie
Hanson;s Western way of war 21
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
6/37
The face of Romanbattle
Goldsworthy;s model
legionaries tr+ tosurvive, not to /ill
close combat: lessthan 1A-) min
Zhmodikov;s model&mportance ofthroing eapons inbattle
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
7/37
The face of Romanbattle
Sabins+nthetic model comprises:length of the combat
uneual number of casualties
mobilit+ of the fronts
the role of the rear ran/s
short close combat clasheslead b+ aggressivesoldiers 2centurionsB3
Long moments of stalemateith separated fronts2safe position3 hen the e.change pro8ectiles ta/esplace
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
8/37
?
The role of the centurion
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
9/37
Centurions in te.tual sources
Pol+bius 2&& "C3
5bedience
6iscipline'ristocratic ideal
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
10/37
' ne ope: Caesar 2& "C3
Change in their role and representation:
virtus, animvsand fortitvdo
9ore importance in the narration#
7avorable treatment
The+ assume the old aristocratic ideal of the performance in
battle#Conflict beteen disciplinaDvirtus#
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
11/37
CaesarEs problems
Virtusdoesn;t influence battle
Caesar as the main figure in battle#
Virtusithout consiliuminefficient#
Fegative characteriGation:
Cosidius
'riovistus
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
12/37
1
Research uestions
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
13/37
Huestions 2&3: h+ do +ou need deep formationsB
@oldsorth+most common 0 or * ran/s
also multiples of > and ? 2$abin3
(heeler
usuall+ ? ran/s 2Connoll+, Coan, ###3increased to 1 or 1> hen fighting cavalr+
but###what is the fnction of the last ranks of a nit
9ore cohesionB$upport frontlineB
Refresh troopsB
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
14/37
Huestions 2&&3: here are m+ centurionsB
9ost accepted 2Connoll+, @oldsorth+, etc#3far rightof the front line
Coan
center of the front line
but###why were they located in these "ositions
as it fossiliGed trait, legac+ of ellenistic arfareB
did it matterB
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
15/37
Huestions 2&&&3: The role of the centurion
#hy were they so im"ortant
6iscussion disciplinaDvirtus# The+ ere###
$ cohesion factorPreventing unit rupture and flight
%he deadliest warrioreading the charges, forcing the rest to follo
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
16/37
'll te.t and image content in this document is licensed under the Creative Commons 'ttribution-$hare 'li/e 0#) icense2unless otherise specified3# 4ibre5ffice4 and 4The 6ocument 7oundation4 are registered trademar/s# Their respective logosand icons are sub8ect to international cop+right las# The use of these therefore is sub8ect to the trademar/ polic+#
1>
The model
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
17/37
7rom micro behavior to macro d+namics
(e ant to e.plore the importance of the centurion in grandtactics
in/ing to scales of hman behavior is a challengebecause e need to:
6efine a behavior at the individual scale
!.plore the aggregated effects at a collective scale
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
18/37
These t+pe of phenomena, hich are constant in an+ /indof human interaction 2including ar3 are defined asemergent "rocesses#
$gent&'ased Models 2'"9s3 are a t+pe of computersimulation suited for e.ploring emergence:
2a3 !ach individual entit+ is defined as an agent#
2b3 !ach agent is defined ith a internal state andbehavior
2c3 Time is measured as discrete steps#
$imulating emergence
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
19/37
(e ill simulate battles beteen formations ith thousandsof agents forming the front line of a legion 2* cohorts3###
###but e donEt ant to define global behaviorI
The model
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
20/37
'n e.ample
http://c/Users/mewnol7/Desktop/IAWC14/simulation/example2.mp48/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
21/37
Comple.it+ means non-determinism
http://c/Users/mewnol7/Desktop/IAWC14/simulation/mosaic.mp48/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
22/37
The face of the agent: approach
Lucius Vorenus is a virtual soldier, part of the second rank of theRed Legio. Today he is (again! inside a simulation facing thefamous "lue Legion.
#fter some seconds his line begins to advancetowards the enemy$when he is around 15 metersof the enemy he throws hispilum.
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
23/37
%e doesn&t know if he hit somebody$ he doesn&t see anything apartfrom the guys in the first rank. %e is getting stressedbecause aftertrying to breach the enemy they have to fall back some meters.
'ow they attack again, but suddenly the guy in front is killedbythe enemy. #ll the soldiers around him begin to collapse, includingLucius, but there is no way to retreat so he must staywhere he isand face the enemy.
The face of the agent: combat
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
24/37
The face of the agent: outcome
#fter some seconds the line has reordered$ suddenly onecenturion near him charges towards the enemy$ his energy iscontagiousand suddenly the entire centuria is charging.
Lucius kills a panicking soldier in front of him and this opens agap in the enemy line. The eds take advantage of thisopportunity and the enemy line begins to collapse$ victory
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
25/37
6efining Vorenus
!ach agent is defined ith:
$ide
$tress D $tress Threshold
ethalit+
7atigue
The onl+ difference beteen a Centurion and a egionar+ is
the $tress Threshold
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
26/37
Thin/ing
!ach time step Vorenusaverages his stress ith asoldier randoml+ pic/edfrom the ones he sees#
&n addition his an.iet+increases e.ponentiall+ asthe distance ith theenem+ line decreases#
is fatigue affects all hisactions
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
27/37
9ovement is lin/ed tothe relation beteenstress and threshold#
9oving
C b t
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
28/37
Combat
ethalit+ defines theprobabilit+ 2per mil3 ofinflicting a casualt+#
5nce this happenssoldiers near thevictim increase theirstress#
6 i i t
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
29/37
6esign e.periment
(e ant to e.plore:
Centurion stress threshold: from 1 to 2)#1 steps3
Ran/s: *,>,?
Centurion position 2random, 1st ran/, 1st right3
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
30/37
live#die#repeat###
l t
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
31/37
###a lot
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
32/37
'll te.t and image content in this document is licensed under the Creative Commons 'ttribution-$hare 'li/e 0#) icense2unless otherise specified3# 4ibre5ffice4 and 4The 6ocument 7oundation4 are registered trademar/s# Their respective logosand icons are sub8ect to international cop+right las# The use of these therefore is sub8ect to the trademar/ polic+#
0
6iscussion
&nterpreting the results 2&3: formation depth
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
33/37
&nterpreting the results 2&3: formation depth
&ncreasing the number of ran/s is critical hen centurions arenot s"ecially skilled#
6eplo+ing in smaller ran/s is better for "rofessional troo"s2J ider front attac/3#
&nterpreting the results 2&&3: position
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
34/37
&nterpreting the results 2&&3: position
Centurions randoml+ located improve the general cohesionof the unit, but###
###this unit is unable to charge the enem+#
There is no difference beteen centurions on the right orrandoml+ deplo+ed at first ran/
7ossiliGed cultural traitB
'dditional reasons###6eplo+ment maneuversB
7rontline controlB
&nterpreting the results 2&&&3: e.perience
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
35/37
&nterpreting the results 2&&&3: e.perience
High e("eriencedCenturions are more efficient brea/ing theenem+ lines#
Less e("eriencedCenturions have greater impact on troopscohesion#
!.perience in the Roman legion:
'fter = +ears it hasnEt reach its pea/ of performance#
ong service isnEt common in the Roman Republic#
!.ceptions:
ate Republic 2Civils (ars3
$pecific cases: The legions of Cannae#
7inal thoughts: an evolving arrior
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
36/37
7inal thoughts: an evolving arrior
Pol+bius:Centurion leads troops ith little e.perience#
Cohesion becomes decisive in the outcome of the battle#
CaesarTroops ith much more e.perience#
Their impact on battle lies in the charge against the enem+#
The role of the centurion evolved over time, as the t+pe oftroops determined the emphasis in one of the to aspects#
8/11/2019 Presentation Iwa Xrubio-libre
37/37
'll te.t and image content in this document is licensed under the Creative Commons 'ttribution-$hare 'li/e 0#) icense2unless otherise specified3# 4ibre5ffice4 and 4The 6ocument 7oundation4 are registered trademar/s# Their respective logosand icons are sub8ect to international cop+right las# The use of these therefore is sub8ect to the trademar/ polic+#
0=
Than/ +ouI
.avier#rubioKbsc#es
pauvm?*Khotmail#com
ebleKub#edu
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policymailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://wiki.documentfoundation.org/TradeMark_Policyhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/