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8/9/2019 Presentation for Cirdap-Edited by Lia
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Macro Micro Lingkages in ProjectMacro Micro Lingkages in Project
Planning an Indonesian Case inPlanning an Indonesian Case in
Tsunami Rehabilitation ProjectTsunami Rehabilitation Project
I S K A N D A RDeputy for Economic and Business DevelopmentRehabilitation and Reconstruction Executing Agencyfor Aceh and Nias (BRR)
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Housing
Infrastructure
120,000 housing units destroyed
2260 bridges rendered un-passable
6.611 fishermen in Aceh killedAll major harbors destroyed
About 25.000 hectares Mangrovearea destroyed
Fishery
Industries
Education
Health
150,000 students lost educationfacilities
1823 teachers killed17,228 students killed
2112 schools destroyed
690 health centers destroyed
LivelihoodsWithout reconstruction, GDP in Acehwould decline by 14% between
2004 and 2005
THE DAMAGE
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AND DESTROYED OVER 800 KM OF COASTLINE
San Diego
Paris London
San Fransisco 800 km
320 km
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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
BRR TO RESTORE ACEH-NIAS ANDBUILD BACK BETTER
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ANDAGRICULTURE/FISHERIESREVITALIZATION
MICRO-MACRO LINKAGES
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BRR TO RESTORE ACEH-NIAS AND BUILD BACKBETTER
To restore livelihoods and strengthencommunities in Aceh and Nias by designingand implementing a coordinated,community-driven reconstruction anddevelopment program with the highest
professional standards
BRR Mission
4-Years Vision
To build dignified, transparent,democratic and prosperous Aceh andNias societies
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COMMUNITY CONSENSUS IS A KEY FORBOTTOM-UP APPROACH
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397
391
307
1
679
320
982
USD million
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS SHOWN GREAT GENEROSITY
Red Cross
Bi-lateral donors
Multi-lateral donors*
United Nations
Govt. of Indonesia(debt moratorium)
NGOs
Total value $3.6B
MDTF
391
450
1,203
1,414
600
982
2,100
Approved projects Commitments/MOUs
$7.1B
* Includes EU, ADB, IDB, IOMSource: BRR Project Concept Note database, BRR Commitments/MOUs/Pledges database
05budget
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7
67
65
49
18
208
215
303
367
384
Economicdevelopment
Cross sectoral
Institutional building
Education
Health
Infrastructureand housing
Religion, Social,and Culture
Secretariat
Spatial planning
Not allocated
1,941
USD million
Total value $3.6B
MAIN FOCUS HAS BEEN ON HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Source: BRR Project Concept Note database
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2005 GOVERNMENT BUDGETPROJECTS
NEED TO BE MONITORED AND ACCELERATED
400
110
45
Budgetapproval
Intenderprocess
Started
Government budget projectMillion Dollars
Local government projectsfunded by 4 trillion Rp debtmoratorium allocation slowto start
BRR hiring technicaladvisors to review projectdesigns and monitorprocurement process
BRR reserves right to takeover direct implementationof projects in event ofserious delays orirregularities
Governmentbudget
monitoring&
acceleration
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TARGETS BYTHE END OFTHIS YEAR
Get all IDPs out of tents
Build 30,000 housesProvide water and sanitation to 35,000Issue 50,000 land titles
Strengthen existing roads & bridges (to carry 20 tontrucks)
3 ports rehabilitatedSea wall protection in Banda Aceh
150 new or rehabilitated schools; 200 under construction2 hospitals and 130 health facilities completed (25Puskesmas, 30 Pustu, 75 Polindes)
Rehabilitation or distribution of 10,000 boatsRehabilitation of 35,000 hectares of farmlandRecovery of 4,800 SMEs
Complete training for 460 project leaders andadministrators, and head of technical offices from all
Kabupatens
IDPs
Housing& land
Infrastructure
Education &Health
EconomicDevelopment
InstitutionDevelopment
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Villageplanning
Temporaryshelter
Permanent housingShelter WorkingGroup creating
alignment onstandardsClear targets agreedwith 20 organisationsresponsible for 80%of construction
Emergency
infrastructure
Monitoring
system
BRR IS COORDINATING 5MAIN EFFORTS TO HELP ACHIEVE TARGETS
2005TARGETS
Village planningPlanning, communitymapping and land titlingstandards set (piloted withUSAID)
Training starting for NGOsand facilitators for villagemapping and planning
BPN accepts community
planning for land titlingand have now sent 180staff
Emergency infrastructureRehabilitate key
infrastructure, facilitiesessential for transport andlogistics over next 6m
World Bank funds managesFast implementation
methodsNGOs, UN carry out work
MonitoringInfrastructureBRR rolls out monitoringand evaluation system
All stakeholders need toprovide activityinformation
Advisory Committee onInformation Management& Monitoring (UNIMS,World Bank, etc.) RAND
system online
Temporary shelterGet 67.000 IDPs out oftents and upgrade existingshelters by mid December
UNORC manages programIFRC leads implementation,importing temporaryshelters
IOM+Atlas+UNJLC: logistics
NGOs: assist shelterconstruction and upgrading
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MONITORING SYSTEMWILLMAKE USE OF5 CHANNELS
Projectprogressreporting
Communitymonitoringmechanism
ComplaintsHandlingMechanism
BRR
NGOs,Donors
Bupati/Bappeda
Camat Camat
Villages
Impactsurveys
1 2 3 4RandomFieldChecks
5
Surveyor
consul-tants
Govt.projects
PO
boxes,SMS,e-mail
Statistics
Bureau,donors,
academics, etc.
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GEOGRAPHIC GAPS ALSO EXIST CERTAIN KECAMATAN
MAY BE LACKING PROGRAMS
* Source: Camat survey by Garansi of 77 affected kecamatan
All sectors have plan or activity
1 or 2 sectors have no plan or activity
At least 3 sectors have no plan oractivity
No data
LegendKecamatan without plan or activity
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KEYPERFORMANCE ISSUES
Slow pace of 2005 governmentprojectsGovernmentprojects
Local and centralgovernment departmentsto speed up fund flows &implementationNot always using community-
driven approachVariable quality and equity ofoutputs
Non-registration
NGOs NGOs to adopt code ofconduct and register with
BRR
Risk of corruptionLack of transparency into fundusage
Governance &transparency
All stakeholders to cooperatewith BRR Anti-CorruptionUnit and KPK, e.g.,encourage use of complaintsmechanism
Issue Action required
Lack of consolidated, verifiabledata on reconstructionactivities
Information All stakeholders tocollaborate with BRR-ledmonitoring processes
Lack of awareness of programsamong IDPs&local communities
Bupati and Camats not alwaysinformed
Participation All stakeholders to invest incommunication withbeneficiaries & government
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RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
AGRICULTURE / FISHERIES REVITALIZATION
Low farmer/fishermen productivity
Low farmer/fishermen income
Low farmer/fishermen individual productivity
SECTORLABOR PRODUKTIVITY INDEX
YEAR2003 YEAR2004
Agriculture, Fisheries,Forestry
0.32 0.31
Industry 2.80 2.78
Industry related toagriculture, fisheries, andforestry
2.61 2.64
Condition beforeTsunami
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Even lower farmer/fisher productivity
Damaged agricultural land and fish pond Loss of fishing boat
Loss of agricultural machinery
(hand tractor, thresher, etc)
Loss of livestock
Condition afterTsunami
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Build back better
Revitalization of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestry (promoted by Indonesian
President)
Opportunity to start implementation of theprogram in NAD and Nias
Possibly become a role model for otherprovince in Indonesia
Rehabilitation andreconstruction
Strategy Community base development
Commodity base program
Market orientation
Integrated approach
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Micro-Macro Linkages
The concept of micro-macro linkages:
different from a way it is commonly used
Common : a) The effectiveness of the micro-level initiatives such asat the village level are successfully replicated in other
areas and thus have a beneficial impact much greaterthan in the original program area.
b) The degree to which micro-level initiatives have afavorable effect on macro policies.
Sources : Assessment of Micro-Macro Linkages in PovertyAlleviation: South Asia prepared by the United NationsDevelopment Program Evaluation Office in October 2003.
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Our discussion : examining the relationships between thebenefits produced by Micro-levelinitiatives/projects and the existing ofcomplementary Macro-level initiatives.
Our basic the benefits/productivity of many types ofhypothesis: micro-level initiatives can be enhanced by
complementary macro-level initiatives.
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Problem in RR: The productivity of micro livelihood activities invillages is limited by insufficient linkages/supportfrom macro activities
Soon after the Tsunami, NGOs acted quickly with various programs tohelp villagers restore their livelihoods.
Major areas of endeavor were:
1. Cash for work schemes helping farmers to clear their lands of debrisbrought by the tsunami and repair irrigation and drainage channels;
2. Provision of agricultural ingredient inputs to farmers such as seeds,fertilizers, pesticides, etc.;
3. Provision of machinery and equipment to farmers such as handtractors, tillers, threshers, hand tools;
4. Replanting of trees especially coconuts and mangroves;
5. Replacement of fishersboats, equipment, and landing sites assistsmall businesses to become re-established through grants and micro-credit;
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6. Rehabilitation of household and cottage industries;7. Training persons to enable them to earn incomes as service
providers or employeessuch as to become bricklayers, carpenters,mechanics, seamstresses, preparing foods of various types, fishdrying and other processing.
The potential benefits from most
of these micro livelihood activities
are limited by insufficient supportivemacro activities.
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A Strategy for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Fast respond from NGOs with their livelihood programs need to be
supported by macro program.
The BRR recognizes that through its
debt moratorium funds it can fund
macro activities that will have a very
positive effect on the benefits
realized from the micro livelihoods
funds.
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The success of the agricultural livelihood activities is affected by themacro support activities.
High quality seeds will increases productivity
But need support from agricultural inputs:
- such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides,- in the case of rice paddy to have good control
over the irrigation water supply.
Thus the BRR puts a very high priority on rehabilitating theroad network serving rural areas
If the roads serving the farmers has not been repaired:
- the costs of their inputs will be high,- the price of their produce will be low,
- uneconomic for farmers to increase their productivity
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Irrigation system is greatlyaffected by:
- rehabilitation of the irrigationchannel and system by NGO
- deforestation upstream anderosion
For this reason the BRR:not just concerned with thecondition of the irrigation afterrehabilitation by NGOs inspecific villages,
but also with the condition of the relevant parts of the connected riverbasin.
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Chemistry of the soils:
Change significantly after the Tsunami,especially in its salinity.
In some cases the NGOs went ahead withtheir land rehabilitation and support forreplanting programs without being aware ofserious soil chemistry problems.
Because of this, the BRR is supporting aprogram to have soil experts survey theseareas and make recommendations for
treating the land before replanting it, ormaking recommendations about the types ofplants that are suitable.
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Other macro factors affecting farmers
productivity: titles to their land, the quality of research and its
application the prevention of plant and animal
diseases
quality agricultural extension services the healthiness of the environment inwhich the farmers live
In these cases usually actions at a larger than village scale are requiredto address problems and increase potentials.
The BRR in its programs is providing support in these ways to the villagefocused livelihood programs.
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Rehabilitation of Aquaculture Activities
The rehabilitation of fish pondsincluding water supply anddrainage channels is also acommon livelihood activity incoastal areas.
Macro external factors also greatly
affect their success:
Shrimp hatcheries and nurseriesto supply the baby shrimp
Nearby cold storage, processing,and marketing facilities arerequired to support theaquaculture activities of thefarmers.
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Rehabilitation ofFishing Activities
The rehabilitation of fishing activities including: the replacement of fishersboats, Provision of equipment, and landing sites
But:Not sufficient for success.
Other facilities needed (supported by BRR): processing and cold storage facilities well developed transportation network
to get the fish to market fuel service stations.
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Rehabilitation of Household and Cottage Industries
Rehabilitation of household and cottage industries (HCI) can also behampered by external macro factors.
The existence of a sufficiently developed road network
to lower the costs of raw materials and to increase the produced product price
The availability of reasonably priced, reliable and good qualitysupplies of electricity.
Availability of micro-retailers to sell their products.
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Business development services:
Can substantially improve their competitiveness,
Can greatly complement village livelihood activities,
Fortunately in Aceh:
Swiss Contact and the International Finance Corporation throughtheir PENSA program will be helping to increase the supply of these
services.
General business climate
The costs of licensing to operate (time and money). Avoid licensing when possible, unless control is essential
One stop service centers is crucial, such as the small businessregional forums (FORDA) and the PENSA program
Law and order are also very important. E.g. theft of produce.
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Employment ofPersons Trained is Dependent on
Macro / External Factors
Livelihood programs often include training activities for employment bothwithin and outside the village. In the case of training for outsideemployment clearly policies and programs affect the employmentdemand for the trainees.
If the persons trained are not the best trained and most productive, then apolicy of setting high minimum wage rates will make it difficult for themto secure the jobs relative to more highly trained persons. In the case ofAceh, employers may prefer to bring in more highly trained personsfrom other provinces.
Clearly also the types of skills developed through the training must matchthe composition of demand for these skills in the marketplace outside ofthe village. Individual livelihood training programs in villages may notbe knowledgeable about the overall supply and demand for particulartypes of skills in the larger marketplace.
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Thank You