Presentation 2.4: Forest biorefining and implications for future … · 2007-03-08 · Presentation 2.4: Forest biorefining and implications for future wood energy scenarios Jack

Presentation 2.4: Forest biorefining and implications for future wood energy scenarios Jack N. Saddler Position: Professor & Dean Organization/Company: University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The diversification of the forest products industry to include bioenergy may be characterized by evolution of a number of co products. The biorefinery concept, which considers energy, fuels, and chemical or material production within a single facility or cluster of facilities, may be the route forward for the forest industry that provides optimal revenues and environmental benefits. Forest-based biorefining platforms may use traditional or innovative platforms. A review of biorefineries in other sectors is followed by an examination of potential co products. A number of existing pilot or demonstration facilities exist around the world today, and many of these are described. The growth of biorefining in developed regions creates a technology transfer opportunity that could be facilitated through an FAO-led network similar to IEA Implementing Agreements or Tasks.

149

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC

Forest biorefining and implications for

future wood energy scenarios

W.E. Mabee, J.N. SaddlerForest Products Biotechnology, Department of Wood Science

Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia4043-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4

[email protected]

International Seminar on Energy and the Forest Products IndustryRome, Italy: October 30 2006


Outline

1. Defining biorefining in the global context

2. Forest-based biorefining platforms

3. Potential coproducts from the forest-based biorefinery

4. Examples of pilot and demonstration sites

5. Summary & Recommendations

151


Definitions

Lignocellulose-based biorefinery:Combination of bioenergy, 2nd-gen biofuel, bioproducts

1st-generation biofuelsCommercial, based on food or foodstuff waste

2nd-generation biofuelsNon-commercial, based on non-food (including forest biomass)Can be used in conventional infrastructure

3rd-generation biofuelsNon-commercial, non-conventional


Agricultural biorefinery

Cleaning

WET MILLING DRY MILLING

Steeping

Milling

Washing

Starch

Gluten Sep.

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Yeast Recycle

Distillation

Cleaning

Milling

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

DistillationEthanol recovery

Starch

CORN

Centrifuge

Distillers Dried Grains (DDG)

Syrup

Distillers WetGrains (DWG)

Syrup,Sweetner

CO2

Yeast

CO2

Gluten

Fibre

Germ

Corn oil

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Bioethanol Production

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

(000,000 litres/a)

Brazil

World Bioethanol Production

USA & Canada AsiaEU

Sources: (1) FO Licht. 2005.(2) Fulton, L. 2004. International Energy Agency, Paris.


Outline






153


Biorefining Platforms

BIOMASS

BIOENERGY

BIOFUELS

BIOPRODUCTS

ThermochemicalPlatforms

BiologicalPlatforms

TraditionalPlatforms

Structuredseparation

Fast separation& reconstitution


Pulp and paper ‘refinery’

Impregnation

SULPHITE PULPINGCHEMI-MECHANICAL

(BCTMP) PULPING

Pulping

Washing

Bleaching

Drying

Papermaking

Paper

WOOD

Sulphite Liquor

Recovery

Cycle

Pulp

40-55% Yield

Lignosulphonates

Impregnation

Refining

Washing

Pulp

70-85% Yield

Spent Sulphite

Liquor

Silvichemicals

Energy

KRAFT PULPING

Impregnation

Pulping

Washing

Black Liquor

Recovery

Cycle

Energy Pulp

48-60% Yield

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Price of Purchased Power

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Rus

sia

Bra

zil

Can

ada

Indon

esia

USA

Chi

na

Chi

le

Japan

EUR/MWh

European average weighted on P&Pb capacity


Paper production growth vs. power

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Market pulp, paper, board production

Primary energy consumption

Electricity consumption

Relative to 1990 figures

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Outline







Brazil - Sugar

Sources: (1) FAOStat 2006; www.fao.org(2) Bolling, C. and Suarez, N.R. (2001). USDA/ERS – SSS-232.

SUGAR

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

Hexoses

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Brazil - Sugar

0

100

200

300

400

500

1975 1985 1995 2005

Sugarcane production by product

(million metric tonnes)

Sugar

Ethanol

Sources: (1) FAOStat 2006; www.fao.org(2) Bolling, C. and Suarez, N.R. (2001). USDA/ERS – SSS-232.

SUGAR

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

Hexoses


United States - StarchSUGAR STARCH

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Hexoses

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United States - Starch

0

100

200

300

1980 1990 2000

Corn production by product

(million metric tonnes)

Animal Feed

Ethanol

Food, Bioproducts

Trade

Residual

SUGAR STARCH

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Hexoses


Oil refinery

0

5

10

15

20

25

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Oil Demand by Sector(million barrels per day)

Transportation

Industrial

ElectricityRes'l/Comm'l

Traditional oil refining:

~68-70% transportation sector (i.e. gasoline, diesel)

~21% industrial processing

~5% ind. plastics, chemicals(over 2,000 refinery products)

~4% residential/ commercial heating

<3% electricity generation

Source: (1) EIA. 2005. Annual Energy Review. US oil demand by end-use sector. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/Dem_image_US_cons_sector.htm

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LIGNOCELLULOSE

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Biological platform

PentosesHexoses

Lig

nin

Cell

ulo

se

Hem

icell

ulo

se

Extr

act

ives

BIOFUELS BIOENERGY

BIOPRODUCTS


Thermochemical biorefineryBIOMASS

Fast pyrolysis

Chemicals

FractionationUpgrade Gasify Reform

Synthesis

Hydrogen

Methanol,Fischer-

Tropsch, etc.

Turbine

Bio-oil

Boiler

Heat Electricity

Fast pyrolysis

to Bio-oil

BIOFUELSBIOENERGY BIOPRODUCTS

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BioproductsCompany

NatureWorks, DuPont, Cargill

BIO

LOG

ICAL

Bulk polymers:Polylactide (PLA), 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 1,3-propanediol, etc.

Williams Lake

Bioenergy Facility, etc.Bioenergy:

electricity, steam, combined heat & power (cogen), district heating, wood pellets, etc.

Choren, etc.Biofuels:bio-oil, methanol, ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch, BTL, etc.

Iogen, Abengoa, etc.

TH

ERM

OCH

EMIC

AL

Biofuels:ethanol, bio-hydrogen, etc.

DuPont, etc.Platform chemicals:Glycerol, furfural, levulinic acid, succinic acid, etc.

Codexis, etc.Nutraceuticals:xylitol, arabitol, etc.


Outline






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Iogen Corporation

Bioconversion commercial development facility in Ottawa

$29 million in collaboration with Royal Dutch Shell (2003)

$30 million investment by Goldman Sachs (2006)

40 ton/day of straw, grasses and corn stalks

Preparation for $300-400 million full-scale facilities


Lignol Innovations

Organosolv pulping originally developed by G. E. and Repap($200 million)

Products include (1) unique, pure lignin with developed markets, (2) furfural, and (3) cellulose-to-ethanol

Benefits of focus:– 3 key products can

minimize risk – Resources devoted to

primary goals– Further co-products

will strengthen business later

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SunOpta Bioprocess Group

Focus on steam-explosion pretreatment, including a continuous digestor

Owns/operates 3 biomass conversion facilities producing dietary fibre

Partnered with AbengoaBioenergy in developing 2 pilot biomass-to-ethanol facilities (Spain, USA)


Tembec Chemical Group

Part of Tembec’s sulphite pulp mill on the Ottawa River

Mix of hardwood and softwood feedstocks for pulping

Produces lignosulfonates, resins, and ethanol from spent sulphiteliquor

Produces about 17 million litres EtOH annually, sold primarily in the food sector

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Etek Etanolteknik AB (Sweden)

Bioconversion pilot facility in Örnsköldsvik

$15 million investment by four primary shareholders

500 l per 24 hours (equivalent to 2 tonnesinput material)

Research and development centre


Abengoa (Spain, USA)

Castilla y Leon (start 2004)

– 200 million litres/a EtOH;

– 2.5% lignocellulosic-based

– Co-products: Dried Distillers Grains, CO2 for food

York, Nebraska 2

– Starch pilot plant (2004)

– Biomass pilot plant (2005) (corn stover)

– $36.1 million ($US) project with DOE

Partnership with SunOpta

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NREL (USA)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, DOE

Bioconversion pilot facility in Golden, CO

1 tonne per day capacity

National centre for R&D activities


Outline






164


Conclusions

The biorefinery concept can maximize returns and improve the economic performance of bioenergy technologies

Greatest historical increases in energy demand are for transportation fuels

Most advances have been made in ‘developed’ regions; we need a network to transfer technologies to ‘developing’ partners


IEA Bioenergy Task 39

SwedenGuido Zacchi, Bärbel Hahn-Hägerdal

FinlandTuula Makinen

DenmarkBirgitte K. Ahring, Lisbeth Olsson

GermanyAxel Munack

AustriaManfred Wörgetter

The NetherlandsJohn Neeft, René Wismeijer

United KingdomTony Sidwell

IrelandBernard Rice

NorwayTBC

CanadaBill Cruickshank

United StatesLarry Russo, Mike Ladisch

JapanShiro Saka (TBC)

AustraliaSteve Schuck (TBC)

European CommissionKyriakos Maniatis

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Acknowledgements

IEA Bioenergy Task 39 Natural Resources CanadaBIOCAP Canada Foundation

Don O’Connor, Bill CruickshankForest Products Biotechnology Colleagues and collaborators

Questions?

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Documents

Presentation 2.4: Forest biorefining and implications for future … · 2007-03-08 · Presentation 2.4: Forest biorefining and implications for future wood energy scenarios Jack