Presentation 10th February 2010 in Ljubljana

1) Introduction by Gustav R. Grob

GEOCOGEN Concept and International Potential

2) Dr. Gustav Hans Weber (phys.)

The Thermodynamic Process and Life Expectation

3) Martin Weber, MSc (chem.)

The Chemistry of Geothermal Systems

High Temperature Isolating Concrete

followed by project team implementation discussions

Why use geothermal heat ?

99% of the solid rock layer has at least 1000°C

0.1% of the solid rock is cooler than 100°C

The average rock temperature gradientis about 30°C per km depth world-wide

The geothermal heat is composed ofabout 1/3 residual heat from the creationof planet Earth and about 2/3 from continousrenewable and sustainable magma generation

.

Energy Cost Comparison

Energie-Kostenwahrheit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nucle

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Gas F

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Oil F

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Coal F

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Bio

mass

Hydro

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Ocean W

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Win

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Geo T

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EC

PV

ENERGIE SYSTEM

EU

RO

CE

NT

S /

kW

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Extra Risk

External Cost

Carbon Credit

Max Net Cost

Min. Net Cost

Energy Cost Comparison¢/kWh

Use of geothermal heat around the world

Global Geothermal Industry Evolution by Market, 1970–2015

GEOCOGEN

Types of Geothermal Power Plants

o HDR Hot Dry Rock, removes heat from hot dry rockwith delivered water by injection or by gravity

o Single Flashoverheated steam with one cycle through the turbine

o Double Flashoverheated steam with two cycles through the turbine

o ORC Organic Rankine Cycle - one volatile component

o Kalina-process uses mixture of ammonia and water

Binary HDR System removes heat from hot dry rock by compressed water

Problem: Kirchhoff‘s law of the easiest way

Earth Quake Risk !

Conventional Low Power Binary System Unterhaching, Bavaria

Examples of Conventional Geothermal Power Plants

Place

Germany

geoth. Power

MW

electr.Power MW

tempe- rature °C

rate ofOutput

m3/h

depthm

workingsince

Schönebeck 10 1 150 50 4294 2008Neustadt-Glewe 1.3-3.5 0.21 98 119 2250 2003Bruchsal 4 0.5 118 86 2500 2009Landau 22 3 159 70 3000 2007Insheim ? ? 155 ? 3600 2010Unterhaching 30 3.4 122 540 3577 2008Sauerlach 80 8 ? 140 600 5000 2010Dürrnhaar 50 5 ? 135 400 4000 2010Kirchstockach ? ? 130 ? 4000 2010

AustriaAltheim (A) 18.8 0.5 105 300-600 2146 2000Bad Blumau (A) 7.6 0.18 107 80-100 2843 2001

Evolution of Geothermal Energy

Evolution of Geothermal Energy

The four Geothermal Energy Generations

from 8000 BC from 1910 from 1960 from 2010

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation Ancient Power plants Power plants GEOCOGEN

thermal bath with natural fed by drilled with closed heat sources heat sources water cycle

natural random random artificial without artificial discoveries hydro geology hydro geology overpressure

(also heat pumps) (co-generation) geographically geographically !! Earth quake risks !! no dangers limited limited with deep boreholes can be built to hot springs to volcanic using high hydraulic nearly everywhere

areas overpressures (all underground) (geologic (hydraulic fracturing) very big anomalies) relatively small power & heat

energy yield production kW category only MW class lower MW class GW class Examples: Examples: Examples: Potential:

Baden Iceland Riehen BS * worldwide Abano Terme New Zealand Soultz unlimited Hungary Philippines Landau * in the proximity Hot Springs Hawaii Cornwall of energy consumers Spa Lardarello Staufen * (short distances) virtually free heat 0,05-0,20 $/kWh 0,10 – 0,90 $/kWh 0,02 – 0,04 $/kWh * partly total loss *

Original Brunnschweiler System

Deep Hot Rock Geothermal Energy

Borehole systems a) Hydraulic fracturing by high pressure Hot-dry Rock system with safely controlled

with relatively small energy yields closed primary water cycle in insulated wells or andb) Boreholes to geothermal aquifers secondary steam turbine cycle with co-

open systems with limited energy generation for district heating, AC, industry and greenhouses

Advantages:No yields by hazard !

Super performance (GW).No fuels or waste problems.

Excavated materials re-used.Base load power plus heat

Energy cost: 2–4 €¢/kWh

Disadvantages:

a) Water is finding way of lowest resistance= limited Energy yield

b) Only in hydro geologic strata often far from consumers.

Often high energy transport cost.

Often limited to heat production only.

Energy cost:

5-10 €¢ /kWh

New thermal drilling methods

Advantages of geothermal deep well energy co-generation

Produces electricity and heat - suitable also for cooling Much lower net cost than any other energy source Can be built near agglomerations and substations Less energy transmission line cost – hence also less transmission losses than other power plants Invisible, no air or water pollution and no noise Ideal power source for clean electric vehicles No radiation risks or other health hazards Creates new clean sustainable jobs No waste disposal problems ! Long life base-load plant

Typical locationsExample NRW Subsitution of Nuclear & Coal

Finite Nuclear Power (to be replaced)

Radioactive contamination of Europe

including Chernobyl fallout.

Map showing Caesium-137 contamination in Belarus, Russia

& Ukraine. Curies per km2 (1 curie = 37 gigabecquerels).

Applications

Electricity Heat By-Products Si etc.

District Heating Spas Agriculture Process Heat

Costing

USD Minimum Maximum

(1) Investment per GigaWatt 2'000'000'000 4'000'000’000 (2) Electricity sales p.a. @ 0,06 / 0,08 USD/kWh * 480'000’000 640'000'000

(3) Heat sales p.a. @ 0,02 / 0,04 USD/kWh * 160'000'000 360'000’000 (4) Total annual sales 640'000'000 1'000'000’000

(5) Depreciation & operations cost 8 % / 12 % of (1) ** 160'000'000 480’000’000 (6) Gross annual profit 480'000'000 520'000’000

Dividend / capital service of (1) before taxes (ROI) 24 % 13 %

Electricity cost 160/8'000 or 480/8000 = 0,02 – 0,06 USD/kWh plus at least the same amount of heat resulting (at mixed costing) in 1 – 3 $cents pro kWh (world record !)

Remarks: * annual production of 8 TWh each of electricity and heat at 91 % systems availability

** 8 % = depreciation over 20 years plus 3 % operations & administration cost 12 % = depreciation over 10 years plus 2 % operations & administration cost

cost comparisons: - Nuclear power 0,08 – 0,13 USD/kWh - Combined cycle gas power plant 0.07 – 0,11 USD/kWh - Electricity whole sales price forecast 0,08 – 0,10 USD/kWh

German and Nordic electricity futures prices

Price trends for oil, coal, gas and CO2 emission allowances

:10 = €c/kWh : 7 = $c/kWh

2009 /2010

The link between electric vehicles and powerThe Smart Grid

GEOCOGEN planning sequence

Detrmination of Team

with Disciplines

Time Schedule

Pre-calculatations

Business Plan Draft

SWOT Analysis

Geologic Surveys

Financing Concept

Feasibilty Checks

Data Analyses

Electrical Engineering

Steam Engineering

Safety Checks

Permit Investigations

Financing

Final Layout

Chemical System

Final Scheduling

Permits & PPA

Vendor Selection

Logistic

Partners (EU etc.)

PPA Signatures

Financing

Site Management

Grid Connection

Company Registration

Commissoning

Start of operation

1st phase pre-

engineering

2nd phase data analysis

field testing

3rd phase

engineering & tendering

4th phase finacing &

implementation

Conclusions and Recommendations

GEOCOGEN is the most economical base load energy system

GEOCOGEN does not harm the health, environment & climate

GEOCOGEN can be installed near the energy consumption

A Swiss-Slovenian interdisciplinary task force is necessary

The EU should support a pilot plant in Slovenia

Engineering can be done in affordable stages

A national start up budget is needed