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Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltThe German National Metrology Institute
www.ptb.de
Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltThe German National Metrology Institute
www.ptb.de
ScienceScience IndustryIndustry
KuratoriumKuratoriumNobel LaureatesNobel Laureates Business LeadersBusiness Leaders
SocietySociety
BMUBMU AssociationsAssociations
Legal MetrologyLegal MetrologySMESMEBMZBMZ
BMWiBMWi
• technology enabler
• science driver
• neutral, reliable broker
TechnologyTechnology
providing the national providing the national measurement infra-structure
- 3 -
…a selection of highlights:…a selection of highlights:
Geiger counterGeiger counter
Coincidence techniqueCoincidence technique
Quartz clocksQuartz clocks
Cesium clocksCesium clocks
Quantum Hall resistanceQuantum Hall resistance
Black-body radiation (~1900)Black-body radiation (~1900)
T1646 °°°°C
Quantum Mechanics: Max PlanckQuantum Mechanics: Max Planck
Meißner-OchsenfeldMeißner-Ochsenfeld
Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltThe German National Metrology Institute
www.ptb.de
Metrology as core missionMetrology as core mission
• today
…and in the future
• yesterday
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
• Budget: ~170 Mio. €+ ~34 Mio. € 3 rd party
• ~60 % research
• ~ 130 PhD students
• ~2000 employees
www.ptb.de
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
• Metrology for Industry
• Metrology for Harmonisation • Metrology for Harmonisation
• Metrology for Society
• Fundamental Metrology
• Metrology for Society
• Metrology for Industry
www.ptb.de
- 7 -
length
electr. currenttemperature
amount ofsubstance
luminousintensity
mass
time
SI: The International System of UnitsSI: The International System of Units
Established in 1960: CGPMEstablished in 1960: CGPM
- 8 -
electr. currenttemperature
amount ofsubstance
lengthlength
electr. current temperature
amount ofsubstance
massmass
timetime
SI: The International System of UnitsSI: The International System of Units
luminousintensity
…not anideal
situation!
Officially: K K K K since 1889
…with the help of fundamental constants we
have the possibility of establishing units of
length, time, mass, and temperature, which
necessarily retain their validity for all times and
cultures, even extraterrestrial and nonhuman…
- 9 -
…for all times and cultures……for all times and cultures…
- 11 -
The New SI: PTB contributionsThe New SI: PTB contributionsThe international Avogadro experimentThe international Avogadro experiment
Count the number of atoms: 3 in 100 million! Count the number of atoms: 3 in 100 million!
- 12 -
New SI: KilogramNew SI: Kilogram• 1 measurement < 2⋅⋅⋅⋅10-8 (required)
• 2 measurements < 5⋅⋅⋅⋅10-8 (required)
• 2 independent techniques
� PTB now masters most
relevant technologies
���� Avogadro goes further���� Avogadro goes further
���� bought 28Si for 4 spheres���� bought 28Si for 4 spheres
���� we envisage ∆∆∆∆h/h ~ 1⋅⋅⋅⋅10-8���� we envisage ∆∆∆∆h/h ~ 1⋅⋅⋅⋅10-8
���� Watt balances did improve 2014!���� Watt balances did improve 2014!
Towards the new definitionTowards the new definition
�Realisation�Realisationin 2018
- 13 -
The New SI: PTB contributionsThe New SI: PTB contributions
Mise en pratique CCEM 2009/11:
(b) using a single electron tunneling (SET) or similar device,…
- 14 -
New SI: Fundamental ConstantsNew SI: Fundamental Constants
Mise en pratique CCEM 2009/11:
(b) using a single electron tunneling (SET) or similar device,…
- 15 -
New SI: The AmpereNew SI: The Ampere
Mise en pratique CCEM 2009/11:
(b) using a single electron tunneling (SET) or similar device,…
= 100 pA @ ~1 GHz
∆∆∆∆/////I ~ 10-6
semiconductor
SET
integrated error correctionI = ⟨⟨⟨⟨n⟩⟩⟩⟩⋅⋅⋅⋅e⋅⋅⋅⋅f
Count number of electrons: few in 100 million! Count number of electrons: few in 100 million!
- 16 -
The New SI: PTB contributionsThe New SI: PTB contributions
The dissemination of PTB time:
• Modem service 1200 accesses per day
• Internet Information Service (ntp)300 million accesses per day
• DCF77 low-frequency transmitterHundreds of millions of receivers in
Germany and Europe
Time: Our most famous productTime: Our most famous product
future: optical clocks future: optical clocks
����systematic uncertainty: ≈ 5⋅⋅⋅⋅10−−−−18
Yb+Yb+
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
• Metrology for Industry
• Metrology Harmonisation
• Metrology for Society
• Fundamental Metrology
• Metrology Harmonisation
• Fundamental Metrology
- 18 -
Metrology for Health: Lab MedicineMetrology for Health: Lab Medicine
no. Analyte Quantity Acceptable relative deviation of a single result, of the relative root mean square
Acceptable relative deviation in interlaboratory
tests
range of measurement Type of target value
from to unit
20 erythrocytes cell concentration
4% 8% 1,5 7 1/pL RMV
26 haematocrit volume ratio 5% 9% 10 60 % STV
27 haemoglobin mass ratio 4% 6% 20 200 g/L RMV
39 leucocytes cell concentration
6.5% 18% 2 30 1/nL RMV
56 thrombocytes cell concentration
7.5%8.5%13.5%
13%15%18%
>300>15040
700300150
1/nL1/nL1/nL
STV
Guideline of the German Medical Association for Quality Assurance of Quantitative Measurements in Laboratory Medicine
(Deutsches Ärzteblatt, Jg. 105, 15. Februar 2008, A 321 - A 355, Table B1a)
external quality control: ~ 3000 Laborsmandatory participation since 2002
RMV = reference method value, STV = target value specific for the particular test method
PTB is the only referencePTB is the only reference
laboratory worldwide
- 19 -
Metrology for Health: Flux CytometryMetrology for Health: Flux Cytometry
Diluted BloodSample
Sheath Fluid (Water)
Laser Beams
Flow Channel(250 µm)
SampleStream
Flow Cell(Quartz)
Forward Light Scatter
� Simultaneous detection RBC, WBC, Plt
� Interaction time 2 µs
� Analysis of typical 5000 cells / s
� Fluorescence sensitivity ~ 500 fluorochromes
G: GranulocytesLy: LymphocytesM: Monocytes
FLS: Forward Light ScatterOLS: Orthogonal Light Scatter
Orthogonal Light Scatter,Fluorescence
90°± 26°
3°- 17°
Thrombozyten
Lympho-
zyten
- 20 -
G: GranulocytesLy: LymphocytesM: Monocytes
FLS: Forward Light ScatterOLS: Orthogonal Light Scatter
Metrology for Health: Flux CytometryMetrology for Health: Flux Cytometry
- 21 -
Health: Protein AnalyticsHealth: Protein Analytics
Challenges in quantitative measurements for proteins
progesteron (386.7g/mol)
C- reactive protein (~ 125.000 g/mol)
classical Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (ID-MS) is often not feasible: relative mass resolution mostly not sufficient
- 22 -
growth hormone:hGH
T6
T12
T6*
T12*
*isotope markedvariant as internal standard
take the challenge: quantify characteristic enzymatic fragments
Health: Protein AnalyticsHealth: Protein Analytics
- 23 -
5
10
15
20
25
30
µg/L
A
B
kit 44 (Lumineszenz)kit 66 (Photometrie)kit 36 (Radioimmuno-)kit 77 (‘Lumineszenz’)
IDMS-reference value
Daten: Referenzinstitut für
Bioanalytik, dgkl-rfb.de 12.3±0.5
determination by using
T6 und T12 3 Aliquote/Probe
(A and B)
U (k=2) ~ 5%
Growth hormone (hGH, 22k variant) in blood serum
6.9±0.4
IDMS Referenzwert:Henrion et al. AG 3.12
the first approved the first approved
primary method for
proteins in serum
worldwide
Health: Protein AnalyticsHealth: Protein Analytics
- 24 -
Metrology: Society & IndustryMetrology: Society & Industry
Operation safety for 7 Tesla MRTOperation safety for 7 Tesla MRT
EMRP-Project: "MRI Safety"� 2012 – 2015� PTB, INRiM, VSL, King's College
High spectroscopic resolution� Neuro-transmitters in brain� Charite
High-field MRTHigh-field MRTUltra-low field MEGUltra-low field MEG ��������
Berlin Magnetically Shielded Room:• Residual static field ~ 1nT
• Passive magnetic shielding 7-layers
• Active shielding coil system
- 25 -
Metrology: Society & IndustryMetrology: Society & Industry
High-field MRTHigh-field MRTUltra-low field MEGUltra-low field MEG ��������
Berlin Magnetically Shielded Room:• Residual static field ~ 1nT
• Passive magnetic shielding 7-layers
• Active shielding coil systemSQUID with NMR coilsSQUID with NMR coils
304 channel SQUID304 channel SQUID
• image magnetic nano-particles• image magnetic nano-particles
• image magnetic fields in the brain• image magnetic fields in the brain
- 26 -
Industry: from Mega-Newton….Industry: from Mega-Newton….
16,5 MN-facilityat PTB
16,5 MN-facilityat PTB
30 MN-facilityat MPA BS
30 MN-facilityat MPA BS
- 27 -
16,5 MN-facilityat PTB
16,5 MN-facilityat PTB
30 MN-facilityat MPA BS
30 MN-facilityat MPA BS
traceability bytraceability bybuild-up-system
• 30 MN-system delivered 2012
• Extension to 50 MN-system now under test
Industry: from Mega-Newton….Industry: from Mega-Newton….
- 28 -
slice pendulum
tungsten wireLaser
interferometer
..to Nano-Newton & Extra Dimensions..to Nano-Newton & Extra Dimensions
…non-Newtonian forces ?
A. A. Geraci et al, PRL 2010
- Nano force & transfer standard
- Interaction forces:
- Casimir force
- Light forces
- Gravity at small distances
- 29 -
• Calibrate Laser-tracker, -radar, -scanner, indoor- GPS…
Quelle: Leica Geosystems
Quelle: Automated Precision • PTB services• In-Situ-calibration of length references
(U = ± 5 µm)• Length invariant reference length throug
test instructions according to guide lines• 3D length deviation E
(Laser tracker specification: e.g. E ≤ ± (20 µm + 5 µm/m) )
Industry: From Large Dimensions…Industry: From Large Dimensions…
ConstructionMeasurement Volume: 10 m x 3 m x 6 mLength invariant reference lengths via
temperature stabilised CFK-rodstension-free mount at wall
• For quality in heavy-machine construction
- 30 -
investigating the roughnessinvestigating the roughnessprofile of injection nozzles
PTB Profilscanner
..to the Scanning of Micro Structures..to the Scanning of Micro Structures
- 31 -
Research & Industry: ITER BolometerResearch & Industry: ITER Bolometer
all line of sights for Bolometerall line of sights for Bolometer
• calibration: 1,46 eV – 25 keV
• using synchrotron radiation:
5 beam lines: BESSY II, MLS
- 32 -
Light: Future Market & ResearchLight: Future Market & Research
Wi40- light bulb
halogen light bulb
LED traffic light
- 33 -
Light: Future Market & ResearchLight: Future Market & Research
Characterisation of LEDs and OLEDsCharacterisation of LEDs and OLEDs
60 in a row!
- 34 -
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
• Metrology for Industry
• Metrology for Society
• Fundamental Metrology• Fundamental Metrology
• Metrology for Society
• Metrology for Industry
• Metrology for Harmonisation • Metrology for Harmonisation
- 35 -
Verification authorities
(federal states)Calibration laboratories
(DAkkS GmbH)
Uniformity of Metrology Uniformity of Metrology
Units and Time Act,
Section 6, subsection 2
National Standards
PTB
Reference StandardsVerification Authorities,
Accredited Calibration Laboratories
Working StandardsIn-Plant Calibration Laboratories
In-Plant Test Equipment
ProductsConfidence, acceptance, reliability, neutrality:Recognized by all participants on the market!
- 36 -
Stand August 2007
bilateralregionalregional indirekt
54 Projects:in 81 countriesin 4 continents
International: Technical CollaborationInternational: Technical Collaboration
50 years of expertise in many developing
countries
� long term, sustainable PTB policy
in line with the BMZ strategy
… from the very beginning up to highest precision…
- 37 -
PTB‘s Mission … since 126 YearsPTB‘s Mission … since 126 Years
»Progress and reliability in metrology«
Improved measurement procedures
Better scienceBetter protection
Better products
Quality infrastructure and harmonisation
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
www.ptb.de
Metrology as core missionMetrology as core mission
• today
• yesterday
…and in the future
• Science in Metrology
• Economy & Society
- 39 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
• Economy & Society
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
� Strengthen collaboration � Strengthen collaboration with universities
���� Identify high-impact,���� Identify high-impact,high-visibility projects
High-Impact & Visibility MetrologyHigh-Impact & Visibility Metrology
- 40 -
- Are the constants constant?
• Science in Metrology
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
� Strengthen collaboration � Strengthen collaboration with universities
���� Identify high-impact,���� Identify high-impact,high-visibility projects
High-Impact & Visibility MetrologyHigh-Impact & Visibility Metrology
AvogadroOptical clocks
Electrical quantum metrology
- additional funding
- running time: 5 years
- evaluation of progress: 3 years
- well-defined goals
- mentored by the PTB presidium
Three light-house projects
Institute of Fundamental
Physics for Metrology
- Theory-chair at
TU Braunschweig
Institute of Fundamental
Physics for Metrology
- Theory-chair at
TU Braunschweig
- 41 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
� Strengthen collaboration � Strengthen collaboration with universities
���� Identify high-impact,���� Identify high-impact,high-visibility projects
AvogadroOptical clocks
Electrical quantum metrology
- additional funding
- running time: 5 years
- evaluation of progress: 3 years
- well-defined goals
- mentored by the PTB presidium
Three light-house projects
Institute of Fundamental
Physics for Metrology
- Theory-chair at
TU Braunschweig
Institute of Fundamental
Physics for Metrology
- Theory-chair at
TU Braunschweig
- 42 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
� Strengthen collaboration � Strengthen collaboration with universities
���� Identify high-impact,���� Identify high-impact,high-visibility projects
- 43 -
Symmetry Breaking: Ion CrystalsSymmetry Breaking: Ion Crystals
Ubiquitous: Early Universe, materials, …. Ubiquitous: Early Universe, materials, ….
- 44 -
Symmetry Breaking: Ion CrystalsSymmetry Breaking: Ion Crystals
“Double Inhomogeneous“Double InhomogeneousKibble-Zurek Mechanism”ki
nk d
ensi
ty
Nature, Communications (accepted)
Dynamics of kink formationDynamics of kink formation
Quantum phase transitionsQuantum phase transitions
quench time
Theory: 8/3Theory: 8/3
Experiment: 2.7 ±±±±0.3Experiment: 2.7 ±±±±0.3
Simulation: 2.63 ±±±±1.3Simulation: 2.63 ±±±±1.3
- 45 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
� Strengthen collaboration � Strengthen collaboration with universities
���� Identify high-impact,���� Identify high-impact,high-visibility projects
- 46 -
Nano MetrologyNano Metrology
EURO 5b & 6 emission standard
→ new measurement techniques
for soot particles
• Validation of different soot-particle
measurement techniques
• Preparation of type approvals of
new soot-particle measurement
devices
� Particle size: 10 nm to 220 nm
� Turbidity coefficient variable over 3, particle-number over 5 decades
� Correlation between turbidity coefficient and particle massconcentration; determination ofcounting efficiency
• Stable aerosols for soot particle measuring devices
� PTB: Unique test bench worldwide:
ultra-stable adjustable soot
generators
EMRP- ENV02 / PTB - ASA
� 2011 – 2014 / since 2010
Free-Electron LasersFree-Electron Lasers
- 47 -
Free-Electron LasersFree-Electron LasersThe European X-FELThe European X-FEL200 nm
Resolution: ~30 nmResolution: ~30 nm
Nano MetrologyNano Metrology
- 48 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
� Strengthen collaboration � Strengthen collaboration with universities
���� Identify high-impact,���� Identify high-impact,high-visibility projects
Resolution: ~30 nmResolution: ~30 nm
Nano MetrologyNano Metrology
- 49 -
Collaboration with UniversitiesCollaboration with Universities
• PhD students: 132
• Teaching units: 32
���� in collaboration with about 30 universities
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
# D
okto
rand
en
- 50 -
Techn. University BraunschweigTechn. University Braunschweig
Metrology Initiative Braunschweig - MIB
PhD-Programs
MIB Board
PTB: strategic partner
Research Teaching
~ 30 Mio. € funding ����building and
equipment
- 51 -
PTB: strategic partner
Research
~ 30 Mio. € funding ����building and
equipment
Metrology Initiative Braunschweig - MIB
Techn. University BraunschweigTechn. University Braunschweig
- 52 -
Techn. University BraunschweigTechn. University Braunschweig
Metrology Initiative Braunschweig - MIB
PhD-Programs
MIB Board
PTB: strategic partner
Research Teaching
W. v. SiemensJunior ResearchGroup
nano opticsnano magnetic systemsfunctional nano particles
- 53 -
Techn. University BraunschweigTechn. University Braunschweig
Metrology Initiative Braunschweig - MIB
PhD-Programs
MIB Board
PTB: strategic partner
Research Teaching
W. v. SiemensJunior ResearchGroup
IGSM 2.0: 2014+
2014 to
2023
- Master study course“Metrology &
Quantum Physics”
- Institut: „FundamentalPhysics for Metrology“
nano opticsnano magnetic systemsfunctional nano particles
- 54 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
• Economy & Society
Smart GridsSmart Grids - Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
- The German turn in energy supply
- The Grand Challenges
Metrology: Green EnergyMetrology: Green Energy
- The 4th industrial revolution: Ind 4.0
- Shaping metrology: Europe & World
- 55 -
Metrology: … Grand ChallengesMetrology: … Grand Challenges
Smart GridsSmart Grids
Future LightFuture Light Bio FuelBio Fuel
Gas GridsGas Grids
Quantum Communication
Quantum Communication
ExhaustExhaust
Solar LightSolar Light
Climate ModelsClimate Models
HealthHealth
Metrology: Green EnergyMetrology: Green Energy
- 56 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
• Economy & Society
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
- The German turn in energy supply
- The Grand Challenges
- The 4th industrial revolution: Ind 4.0
- Shaping metrology: Europe & World
- 57 -
The 4th Industrial RevolutionThe 4th Industrial Revolution
Smart factories, services, cities, grids, metering,…
PTB is involved for measuring devices
- with plug-and-play interfaces
- in communication networks
- in embedded systems
- with download capabilities
- using cryptography
- MID-conformity,….
→ New standards
→ Traceability
- 58 -
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
• Economy & Society
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
- The German turn in energy supply
- The Grand Challenges
- The 4th industrial revolution: Ind 4.0
- Shaping metrology: Europe & World
- 59 -
Metrology in Europe: EMPIRMetrology in Europe: EMPIR
2013 2015 20182016
Horizon 2020
20192014 2017 2020
EMPIREMPIR
• approved EU-Parliament
& Council in May 2014
• General Agreement
approved in summer 2014
• Formal Start: spring 2015
• coordination of national metrology research programmes
22 participating states in EMRP
28 participating states in EMPIR
• jointly agreed strategic research agenda
• implemented by EURAMET e.V.
• highly integrated
• Duration: 2014 to 2020
• Funding: 600 Mio. €
• New: Innovation
Standardization
Capacity Building
• Open for more external partners!
- 60 -
Metrology in Europe: EMPIRMetrology in Europe: EMPIR
Aspheres: Key components of modern imaging systems
Stakeholders: UPOB – Int. Forum für Asphärenmetrologie/-fertigung
Requested by industry: traceable dimensional characterization
- 61 -
Metrology in Europe: EMPIRMetrology in Europe: EMPIR
Example Project: Standards for aspheres & measurement
technique for European industryIND-10, 2011 to 2014
• 15 partners from 7 countries
• 2 PTB-divisions and PTB-coordination
• 2 measurements methods, 2 training courses,
3 PTB-patents
• 2,9 Mio € total founding
- 62 -
Metrology in Europe: FutureMetrology in Europe: Future
Synchronize European
Metrology:
(ii) Distributed new
services networks
(i) Coordinated Research
EMPIR & follow up
(iii) Conventional services
- 63 -
Braunschweig
Ultra-precise fiber linksUltra-precise fiber links
- Are the constants constant?
The Future of MetrologyThe Future of Metrology
• Science in Metrology
• Economy & Society
- Test Quantum Electrodynamics
- Fundamental symmetries?
- Nano metrology / extra dimensions?
- The German turn in energy supply
- Shaping metrology in Europe
- Shaping world-wide metrology
- The Grand Challenges
Shaping world-wide metrologyShaping world-wide metrology
- 64 -
Shaping world-wide metrologyShaping world-wide metrology
Ultra-precise fiber linksUltra-precise fiber links
GermanyBraunschweigFrance
- 65 -
Shaping world-wide metrologyShaping world-wide metrology
France
Ultra-precise fiber linksUltra-precise fiber links
Europe
Watching the climateWatching the climate
- 66 -
Shaping world-wide metrologyShaping world-wide metrology
Watching the climateWatching the climatePartners:
Collaborators:
SI traceability required at highest precision!SI traceability required at highest precision!
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
www.ptb.de
Metrology as core missionMetrology as core mission
• today
• yesterday
…and in the futureNr. 1 in Germany!
- 68 -
End