1.Heading ALGAL TURF SCRUBBERSYSTEMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

2. HOW THE ALGAL TURF SCRUBBER SYSTEM WORKS ATS SURGER AND DISTRIBUTION The ATS consists of a suitablyprocesses. slopedsubstrate,typicallyplasticCarbondioxide,nitrogen, geomembrane,overlain with anphosphorus andother elements attachmentgrid, upon whichnecessary for metabolic growth are pollutant-laden waters are discharged rapidlyremoved from the water and an algal turf is cultured.column through biological uptake.Wavesurge motionis Removal of these compounds results incorporated into the headwaters of in water quality changes within the the ATS to enhance the exchangeATS, including elevation of pH of metabolites between algal cellsconcentrations. and the water medium. Pulsed flow Employingapatented is provided via aself-siphoning precipitation process, ATS systems surger. offer thebenefit of low-costATS surger and distribution systems providesThe algal turf consists of dense chemical precipitation of pollutants. flow at linear hydraulic loading rates of 10mats of small anatomically simple Throughcontrol ofoperating to20 gal lf -1 min-1 algae less than several centimeters inparameters such as flow rates, micro height. and macro nutrients concentrationsAs water travels downthe and biomassrecovery rates, ATS,pollutants are recovered pollutants such as phosphorus are through both biological and physicalprecipitated onto the algal cell walls,SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION then recovered along with harvested biomass, thereby further enhancing BIOMASS PROCESSING AREA phosphorus treatment capacity and reducing system treatment costs. BIOMASS RECOVERYEFFLUENT FLUME STATION Physical removal also occurs on the ATS throughparticulate trapping or filtration within the web of algal filaments.ATS SURGERS (TYP) Critical to performance of the ATSsystem, culturedalgal biomass isroutinely harvested.INFLUENT FLUME Routine recovery serves to optimize EFFLUENTpollutant recovery, avoid succession RETURN LINEto macroalgae and macrophytes and PUMP STATION eliminatelong-termliabilities associated with on-site storage of SOURCE WATER pollutants typical of conventional treatment wetland systems. 3. BENEFITS OF THE ALGAL TURF SCRUBBER SYSTEM LOW TREATMENT COSTS HydroMentiasAlgal Turfnitrogen and phosphorus, ATSScrubber (ATS) technology was systems offer treatment for a widedevelopedbyDr. WalterAdey,variety of toxic compounds includingDirector of Marine Laboratories atmetals and chlorinated compounds.the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Adey HydroMentias proprietary REDUCED LAND REQUIREMENTSdevelopedthe ATSwhilebiomass managementtechniquesresearching low nutrient ecological allowcost-effective and efficientsystems at the Smithsonian. recovery and management of the Optimized for nutrient uptake andalgal biomass. Recovered biomasspollutant precipitation, the ATS can be readily processed into high PROVEN PERFORMANCEcan reduce nitrogen and phosphorusquality compost, organic fertilizer orconcentrations andloads while livestock feed, and in the futurerequiring 90% to 99% less land than biofuel.comparabletreatmentwetlandThrough recovery andsystems.managementofthe biomass, the REDUCED LONG-TERM LIABILTIIES Due to its small footprint and ATS eliminates potential long-simple and cost-effective term liabilities commonly associatedconstruction, the ATS offers a withsystemsthat store capturedlower-cost alternative for nutrient pollutants.pollutioncontrolthan either Withovertwodecadesoftreatmentwetlands or chemical research and commercial application, MARKETABLE END PRODUCTStreatment.the ATS offersprovenand In addition to recovery of excesssustainable treatment performance.A 2.5 acre ATS can provide nutrient control for over 10 million gallons per day. 4. ALGAL TURF SCRUBBER PHOSPHORUS CONTROL FLEXIBLE DESIGN 1000.00The Algal Turf Scrubber can beS154 Second Stage (WHS Pretreatment, ATS-300', Ci=330-50 ppb) EAA-Everglades (ATS-50', Ci=80-30 ppb) designed and constructed to meet aS154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb)wide range of phosphorus controlS154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb)objectives.P Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )100.00 -1S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb)ATS units have been applied to -2 surface water runoff, agricultural and municipaleffluents withtotal 10.00 phosphorus concentrationsranging from 80 to 8000 parts per billion (ppb).1.00Whether your treatment objective is reducing total phosphorus loads or achievinga specificoutflow0.10 phosphorus concentration, the ATS1.0 10.0 100.01000.0 system can be optimized to meet-2-1 P Loading Rate (g m yr ) your needs.Capableof consistently and reliablyreducingphosphorus concentrations to below the most stringent TMDLobjectives,the ATS is the ideal surface water 1.00 S154 Second Stage (WHS Pretreatment, ATS-300', Ci=330-50 ppb) treatment technology. EAA-Everglades (ATS-50', Ci=80-30 ppb) S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb) S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb) DESIGN ADVANCEMENTS S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb) Recentadvancementshave TP Out (mg l ) -1 resulted in significant increases in 0.10 areal removal rates even at relatively lowinflowphosphorus concentrations.Capable of recovering phosphorus at rates greater than 1,000 lbs/acre-ATS/ yr, these advancementsallow for 0.01 significantreductionsinthe0.11.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 -2-1treatment facility footprint. The netP Areal Removal Rate (g m yr ) results are both lower capital and operating costs for the ATS. 5. ALGAL TURF SCRUBBER NITROGEN CONTROL 25,000 LOAD VERSUS CONCENTRATION S154 ATS Single Stage Floway - South2,500(HLR = 100 cm/day or 365 m/yr) As with phosphorus, the Algal 20,000 S154 ATS Single Stage Floway - NorthTurf Scrubber can be designed and N Areal Removal Rate (lbs acre yr )(HLR = 200 cm/day or 730 m/yr) -1N Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )-12,000 constructed to meet a wide range of -1S154 ATS Single Stage Floway - Central(HLR = 450 cm/day or 1642 m/yr))-2nitrogen control objectives. 15,000 ATS units have been applied to1,500surface water runoff, agricultural and 10,000 municipaleffluentswith total1,000nitrogen concentrations ranging from1 to 18 parts per million (ppm).5,000Whether your treatment objective500 is to reduce your AWT effluent toallowdischarges to localsource000 5001,000 1,500 2,0002,500 3,0003,5004,0004,500 5,000waters or load reduction to meet the -2 -1N Loading Rate (g m yr )new TMDL requirements, the ATSTotal Nitrogen Inflow Concentrations Range from 1.1 to 2.7 mg/lsystem can be optimized to meetyour needs.LOW-LEVEL TREATMENT25,000 ATS systems are capable of S154 ATS Single Stage Floway - South 2,500 providing consistent, cost-effective (HLR = 100 cm/day or 365 m/yr) 20,000S154 ATS Single Stage Floway - Central (HLR = 450 cm/day or 1642 m/yr))nitrogen reduction, even with the N Areal Removal Rate (lbs acre yr ) -1 N Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )lower nitrogen concentrations often-1 S154 ATS Single Stage Floway - North 2,000 -1 (HLR = 200 cm/day or 730 m/yr)-2present in surface water runoff. 15,000 Designed tooperateathigh1,500LinearHydraulicLoadingRates(LHLR), high nitrogen areal removal 10,0001,000 rates can be achieved for a widerange of point and nonpoint source5,000 applications, includinglake500restoration projects. The result is that the ATS 0 0offers the lowestcost treatment0 5001,0001,500 2,000 2,500 3,0003,500TNIN (ppb)technology for nitrogen control. Total Nitrogen Inflow Concentrations Range from 1.1 to 2.7 mg/l 6. TREATMENT FACILITY LAND REQUIREMENTS POLLUTANT AREAL REMOVAL RATES900 Biological treatment systems including820.7 treatment wetlands and Managed Aquatic PlantSystems (MAPS) have been800 repeatedly shown to offer the lowest cost alternatives for nonpoint source pollution control. However, with these systems, land700requirements become a critical selection factor, both in terms of overall costs and land availability. For many of todays600applications, sufficient land simply is not P Removal Rate (lbs/acre-yr) available for construction of a treatment wetland system. It is here that ATS system benefits500 provide a distinct advantage over treatment419.3wetland systems. Operated at significantly higher hydraulic loading rates, ATS400systems offerequivalenttreatment performance while requiring a fraction of the land area. 300 COST-EFFECTIVE POLLUTANT RECOVERY223.0 Recent advancement have demonstrated the versatility ofthe ATS system.200 152.7 Operational data have shown that increases in hydraulic loading rates of over 400%, have resulted in minimal loss in percent100removal of priority pollutants. Dependent onproject specific4.9 6.010.7 objectives, HydroMentias engineers can0 design anATS systemtooptimizeConstructed Wetlands - Everglades STAs HMI - Single Stage ATS - HLR 92 cm/dayHMI - Single-Stage ATS - HLR 157 cm/day HMI - Single-Stage ATS - HLR 368 cm/dayConstructed Wetlands - Orlando EasterlyNatural Wetlands - WCA-2AHMI - Two-Stage WHS-ATS pollu tan tre moval w hi leachieving designatedoutflow pollutant concentrations. Comparative phosphorus areal removal rates for ATS and treatment wetland systems 7. COMPARATIVE TREATMENT COSTS LOW COST POLLUTANT CONTROL Pollutant control strategies for point and nonpoint source pollution include a wide variety of approaches including on- site best management practices, chemical treatment, filtrationand biological treatment. Selection of the best approach is$62.00often determined based on treatment costs.Treatment costs are reduced through $70.00numerous benefits of theAlgal Turf Scrubber, including:Small footprint$60.00Reduced design costsFast constructionSimplified operation$50.005 0 -y r P re s e n t W o rth C o s t ($ /lb P -R e m o v e d ) Marketable by-products Assessing phosphorusand nitrogen $28.68 control options using a 50-yr present worth$40.00 cost shows the clear cost savings that can be achieved when using the ATS system. With both lower initial capital costs and$30.00 long-term present worth costs, the ATS technology saves money, both short and long-term.$20.00BY-PRODUCT VALUESNot included in referenced costs are$10.00 the potential revenues generated by the sale of the high quality organic fertilizer/ compost product produced from the ATS$0.00 operation. Bulksales of high-qualityTreatment WetlandAlgal Turf Scrubber organic fertilizers can exceed $50/ton. A [1] HydroMentia. April 2005. Single Stage Algal Turf Scrubber Present Worth Cost & By-Product Market typical ATS operation produces 50 to Analysis. (TPIN=200 ppb, TPOUT=146ppb, 27.0% Removal, 56,000 AF/yr, Pumping Costs Included) [2] USACE, SFWMD, HDR. October 2003. Lake Okeechobee Watershed Project Draft PIR, Water Quality 100 tons of organic fertilizer per ton of Treatment Ranking (TPIN=261 ppb, TPOUT=100 ppb, 61.6% Removal, 97,500 AF/yr)phosphorus recovered.In the future, biofuel production may offer even greater revenue generation potential. 8. BIOMASS MANAGEMENT AND PROCESSINGEFFICIENT BIOMASS RECOVERY MAPSoil Typical Analysis Toreduce operatingcosts,HydroMentiadevelopedaproprietary Nitrogen (N) 2.0 technique for recovering algal biomass in Phosphorus (P2O5)1.0whichprocesswaterconveys severed Potassium (K2O)0.5 Sulfur (S) 0.2%biomass to a central harvesting station. Calcium (Ca) 1.5%A four-wheel all terrain vehicle or Magnesium (Mg) 0.25% tractor with attached implement is used to Moisture 40%sever algal biomass from the growingmatrix. Thesevered materialisthenconveyed via process water to a receivingflume, where it isrecovered byanautomatic rake at a centralized harvestingstation.Thesedesign efficienciesallow a End products made from the harvested algae include compost (above),single operator to recover biomass from livestock feed and biofuel (below).approximately one acre of ATS in lessthan one hour.Withalgalbiomassrecovery scheduled once every 7 to 14days, minimal labor is required to maintainthe ATS at optimal performance. COST- EFFECTIVE PROCESSING Recovered material is conveyed to abunker or transport trailer, where it isavailable for further processing.High in nutrient content, algal biomasscan be processed into a high-grade organicfertilizer/compost,livestockfeed orbiofuel.Organic fertilizerproduced withinATS systems are suitable for a broadrange of fertilizer markets. As a livestockfeed, processed algae is typically 20 to30% crude protein, offering a protein-richhigh quality feedingredient for themassive U.S. agricultural marketCurrently in development are systemsfor processing the conversion of algalbiomass to energy products, includingbiodiesel and ethanol. 9. ALGAL TURF SCRUBBER APPLICATIONS BROAD RANGE OF APPLICATIONSLAKE RESTORATIONServing as an artificial kidney, ATS offers cost savings for a ATS units can be designed to broad range of water treatment recover incoming pollutant loads to applications.meet TMDL mandates while reducingnutrient pollutants stored within lake STORMWATER RUNOFFsediments. 30 MGD Aquaculture Facility located in The net result is a reduction of Nonpoint source applications that Okeechobee, Floridain-lakenutrientconcentrations, involve nutrientpollutantsareimproved water clarity, and enhanced especially well-suited for the ATS nutrient discharges. As the lowest-littoral zone communities and with the systems capacity to treat co s t a l te r n a t i v e s for n u tr i e n t fisheries. large volumes of water contaminated recovery, ATS systems are well with relatively low concentrations of suited for agricultural applications.GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES pollutants. ATS systems can be designed to meet the most stringentShort start-up periods allow the INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS of TMDL objectives.ATS to operate on a seasonal basisDue to the rapid rate of algaefor reduced operational costs, or for WASTE WATER TREATMENT production and recovery within the application in northern climates. ATS unit, trace metals present in ATSoffersan exciting source waters may be incorporatedATS APPLICATIONS opportunity for advanced treatmentinto recovered biomass. Many of ofdomesticwastewaters.Since these trace metals serve as necessaryStormwater Treatment wateris alimited re s o u r c e and valuable micronutrients for algal Phosphorus throughout the country, secondary orgrowth. Recovered fromthe Nitrogen tertiary treated wastewater can betreatment system and processed as an Tertiary Treatment polished with an ATS unit, makingorganic fertilizer/compost,these Nutrients the water clean enoughto be trace elements become a beneficial discharged to local surface waters.Agricultural resource. This eliminates the need for disposalApplied to industrial wastes, a CAFO PHYTOREMEDIATION OF METALS via deep well injection and spray Runoff high-production, high-pHscrubber irrigation.Industrial unit can effectively recover, through algal uptake and precipitation, a wide Nutrients AGRICULTURAL Metals variety of organicandinorganic ATS serves as an agriculturalcompounds. Lake Restoration solution to an agricultural problem 10. ALGAL TURF SCRUBBER SYSTEMS FORPOLLUTIONCONTROLHYDROMENTIA, INC. Post Office Box 367Ocala, Florida 34478352.237.6762 telephone 352.237.0944 facsimile www.hydromentia.com U.S. Patent Nos. 4,333,263 ; 4,966,096 ; 5,097,795 ; 5,715,774 ; 5,778,823 ; 5,851,398 ; 6,572,770