Present Scenario of Fresh Water in This World

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Serampore SANGHAMSerampore SANGHAM

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1.0 Scarcity of water in the World 1.0 Scarcity of water in the World

© Serampore SANGHAM© Serampore SANGHAM



Present scenario of Fresh water in this worldPresent scenario of Fresh water in this world

2/3 of earth surface is made up of water so when astronauts viewed the earth it looked blue2/3 of earth surface is made up of water so when astronauts viewed the earth it looked blue

Out of whichOut of which97 % water is Saline water and 3 % Fresh water97 % water is Saline water and 3 % Fresh water

Out of 3 % Fresh waterOut of 3 % Fresh water

a) Icecaps & Glaciers = 68.7 %a) Icecaps & Glaciers = 68.7 %

b) Ground water = 30.1 %b) Ground water = 30.1 %

c) Surface water = 0.3 % of which 87 % Lakes, 11% Swamps and 2% Riversc) Surface water = 0.3 % of which 87 % Lakes, 11% Swamps and 2% Rivers

d) Others = 0.9 %d) Others = 0.9 %

Lets consider that total quantity of water in the Earth is 1000 ml or 1 Litre then:Lets consider that total quantity of water in the Earth is 1000 ml or 1 Litre then:

1) Ocean1) Ocean = 972 ml= 972 ml

2) Fresh Water2) Fresh Water

i) Icecaps and Glaciers = 23 mli) Icecaps and Glaciers = 23 ml

ii) Ground waterii) Ground water = 4 ml= 4 ml

iii) Surface water = 2 dropsiii) Surface water = 2 drops

iv) Water in Air and Soil = 1 dropiv) Water in Air and Soil = 1 drop




Present scenario of Fresh water in this worldPresent scenario of Fresh water in this world A statistics of Water A statistics of Water

Total Global water = 1400 MM Tr. LitresTotal Global water = 1400 MM Tr. LitresTotal Fresh water = 35 MM Tr. LitresTotal Fresh water = 35 MM Tr. Litres0.76 % total Fresh Water are most easily accessible and used as a source of 0.76 % total Fresh Water are most easily accessible and used as a source of

waterwater Every year 0.11 MM Tr. Litres of precipitation falls on land and 92% of this is lost Every year 0.11 MM Tr. Litres of precipitation falls on land and 92% of this is lost

due to surface runoff, evaporation etc.due to surface runoff, evaporation etc. By 2025 an estimated 3 bn people will be living below water stress thresholdBy 2025 an estimated 3 bn people will be living below water stress threshold

(Annual per capita water availability 1.7 MM litres)(Annual per capita water availability 1.7 MM litres) Between 1995Between 1995-- 2025 global population and per capita water consumption are2025 global population and per capita water consumption are

projected to grow at Compound Annual Growth Rate (C AGR) of 1.16%projected to grow at Compound Annual Growth Rate (C AGR) of 1.16%and 0.67 % respectivelyand 0.67 % respectively

Dense populated and developing regions of the World, such as Asia and AfricaDense populated and developing regions of the World, such as Asia and Africa

are expected to face maximum water stress.are expected to face maximum water stress.

© © Serampore SANGHAMSerampore SANGHAM



Present scenario of Fresh water in this worldPresent scenario of Fresh water in this worldIndia vs. China from 2000India vs. China from 2000--20502050

Country Year Domestic Industrial Agriculture C AGR Per capitaCountry Year Domestic Industrial Agriculture C AGR Per capita( Bn. Ltr) (Bn. Ltr) (Bn. Ltr) % consumption( Bn. Ltr) (Bn. Ltr) (Bn. Ltr) % consumption

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________IndiaIndia 2000 93 115 1158 80.9 Ltr.2000 93 115 1158 80.9 Ltr.

0.56%0.56%2050 227 441 1745 167 Ltr.2050 227 441 1745 167 Ltr.

__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

China 2000 105 382 1024 82.7 Ltr.China 2000 105 382 1024 82.7 Ltr.0.94 %0.94 %

2050 219 822 1151 155.4 Ltr.2050 219 822 1151 155.4 Ltr. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________This increment of water demand is due to :This increment of water demand is due to : Increase of population & urbanizationIncrease of population & urbanization Change of consumption pattern of the population towards use of moreChange of consumption pattern of the population towards use of more

water intensive productswater intensive products Rapid industrial growth.Rapid industrial growth.





According to assessment of International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka in 2007 According to assessment of International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka in 2007a) About 1.2 Billion people live in Physical Water scarcity ( Where there is not enough watera) About 1.2 Billion people live in Physical Water scarcity ( Where there is not enough water

to meet all demands that needed for ecosystems for functional effectively)to meet all demands that needed for ecosystems for functional effectively)b) About 1.6 Billion people live in areas, experiencing Economic Water Scarcity ( This is dueb) About 1.6 Billion people live in areas, experiencing Economic Water Scarcity ( This is due

to lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity or inadequateto lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity or inadequateinfrastructure )( Source: Molden D (ED)infrastructure )( Source: Molden D (ED)-- Water for Food, Water for LifeWater for Food, Water for Life-- pp--II)II)

c) Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about 884 Millions ( Progress for Drinkingc) Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about 884 Millions ( Progress for DrinkingWater & Sanitation WHO/UNICEF, JulyWater & Sanitation WHO/UNICEF, July-- 08 p08 p--25)25)

d) Inadequate access to water for Sanitation & Waste disposald) Inadequate access to water for Sanitation & Waste disposal-- 2.5 billions people out of 2.5 billions people out of which 1.8 billions are in Asia( Source : Update Nos. WHO/UNICEF JMP Report,08)which 1.8 billions are in Asia( Source : Update Nos. WHO/UNICEF JMP Report,08)

e) 87 % of total sewage is not treated in Afghanistan before being discharged into that e) 87 % of total sewage is not treated in Afghanistan before being discharged into that countrys rivers & waterways ( Source : Press release of WHO dated 20.3.08)countrys rivers & waterways ( Source : Press release of WHO dated 20.3.08)

f) For Children under age of 5, waterborne diseases are the leading cause of death.f) For Children under age of 5, waterborne diseases are the leading cause of death.

g) 50 % of World Hospitals bed are occupied by the patients suffering from waterborneg) 50 % of World Hospitals bed are occupied by the patients suffering from waterbornediseases.diseases.h) 88 % of waterborne diseases are caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitationh) 88 % of waterborne diseases are caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation

and poor hygiene.and poor hygiene.





It takes about 3000 litres of water converted from liquid to vapour to produce enough foodIt takes about 3000 litres of water converted from liquid to vapour to produce enough foodto satisfy one persons daily dietary use.to satisfy one persons daily dietary use.

The present population is about 6.5 Billions. So to produce food for them, requirement of The present population is about 6.5 Billions. So to produce food for them, requirement of water for today would fill a canal having 10m deep X 100 m wide with a length of 7.1 millionwater for today would fill a canal having 10m deep X 100 m wide with a length of 7.1 millionkilo meters. This length is enough to circle the Globe 180 times.kilo meters. This length is enough to circle the Globe 180 times.

Projected population in 2050 is about 9 Billions. So choosing to eat fewer cereals, more meat Projected population in 2050 is about 9 Billions. So choosing to eat fewer cereals, more meat and vegetable could add an additional 5 million kilo meters to our virtual canal.and vegetable could add an additional 5 million kilo meters to our virtual canal.

Average Rainfall of this World is 850 mm Average Rainfall of this World is 850 mm

World wide consumption of water is doubling every 20 yearsWorld wide consumption of water is doubling every 20 years-- more than twice the rate of more than twice the rate of populationpopulation

As per Dr. Peter Gleick the average consumption of water was around 50 litres/ capita/day As per Dr. Peter Gleick the average consumption of water was around 50 litres/ capita/day




2.0 Scarcity of water in India 2.0 Scarcity of water in India




Present scenario of Fresh water in IndiaPresent scenario of Fresh water in IndiaStatisticsStatistics

Total Reserve =Total Reserve = 1853 Tr. Litres1853 Tr. Litres

Non usable water =Non usable water = 777 Tr. Litres777 Tr. Litres Usable water =Usable water = 1076 Tr. Litres out of which 36% Ground water1076 Tr. Litres out of which 36% Ground water

and remaining 64% Surface waterand remaining 64% Surface water

Annual Precipitation= Annual Precipitation= 4000 Tr. Litres4000 Tr. Litres

Uses : a) Domestic = 5 %, b) Industrial = 6% & c) Agriculture= 89%Uses : a) Domestic = 5 %, b) Industrial = 6% & c) Agriculture= 89%

Population :1.21 Bn. in 2011 and projected population in 2050 is 1.66 BnPopulation :1.21 Bn. in 2011 and projected population in 2050 is 1.66 Bn Urban Population : 29.2 % in 2007 and projected 55.2% in 2050 of totalUrban Population : 29.2 % in 2007 and projected 55.2% in 2050 of total

populationpopulation

Par capita income : $ 468 in year 2007 & projected $ 17366 in 2050Par capita income : $ 468 in year 2007 & projected $ 17366 in 2050

Industrial Contribution to GDP : 78 % in 2007 while 92% in 2050 (Proj.)Industrial Contribution to GDP : 78 % in 2007 while 92% in 2050 (Proj.)

Increase of water intensive crops : 80 % increase between 2000Increase of water intensive crops : 80 % increase between 2000--20502050

Major crops :Wheat, Rice & Sugarcane (about 91% of total crop in 2008)Major crops :Wheat, Rice & Sugarcane (about 91% of total crop in 2008)

Water demand for production of crop/MT : a) Wheat=1654 Cum,Water demand for production of crop/MT : a) Wheat=1654 Cum,b) Rice = 2580 Cum & c) Sugarcane = 159 Cumb) Rice = 2580 Cum & c) Sugarcane = 159 Cum

Demand of food grain : 178 MM Mt in 2000 & 241 MM Mt in 2050 (Proj.)Demand of food grain : 178 MM Mt in 2000 & 241 MM Mt in 2050 (Proj.)

©Serampore SANGHAM

©Serampore SANGHAM



Present scenario of Fresh water in IndiaPresent scenario of Fresh water in India

* Traditionally, India has been well endowed with large fresh water* Traditionally, India has been well endowed with large fresh water

reserves but the increasing population and over exploitation of reserves but the increasing population and over exploitation of Ground and Surface water over past few decades has resultant inGround and Surface water over past few decades has resultant inwater scarcity in some regions.water scarcity in some regions.

* Growth of Indian Economy is driving increased water usage across* Growth of Indian Economy is driving increased water usage across

sectors. Waste water is increasing significantly and in absence of sectors. Waste water is increasing significantly and in absence of proper measures for treatment and management, the existingproper measures for treatment and management, the existingfresh water reserves are being pollutedfresh water reserves are being polluted

* Increased urbanisation is driving an increase in par capita water* Increased urbanisation is driving an increase in par capita waterconsumption. Urbanisation is also driving a change in consumptionconsumption. Urbanisation is also driving a change in consumptionpattern and increased demand of water intensive Agriculture cropspattern and increased demand of water intensive Agriculture crops

and Industrial products.and Industrial products.* Over exploitation of Ground water in certain states has resultant in* Over exploitation of Ground water in certain states has resultant in

long term decline in water levels with associated adverselong term decline in water levels with associated adverseconsequences such as land subsidence and pollute the Groundconsequences such as land subsidence and pollute the Groundwater quality.water quality.





One of every three persons is facing water problemOne of every three persons is facing water problem

Water is rationed twice a week in Bangalore.Water is rationed twice a week in Bangalore. 30 minutes/day supply of water in Bhopal.30 minutes/day supply of water in Bhopal.

250 tankers make 2250 trips for supplying of drinking water at Chennai.250 tankers make 2250 trips for supplying of drinking water at Chennai.

Routinely water cut in Mumbai from January to June.Routinely water cut in Mumbai from January to June.

Some areas of Hyderabad get water once in three days.Some areas of Hyderabad get water once in three days.

Queue of people are found in midnight in Vypuri, an island off theQueue of people are found in midnight in Vypuri, an island off themainland of Kochi.mainland of Kochi.

Due to CocaDue to Coca--cola plant at Plachimida severe water crisis is noticed incola plant at Plachimida severe water crisis is noticed inadjoining district. People of some places of Kottayam district adjoining district. People of some places of Kottayam district hesitate to offer a glass of water to a visitor. In upper Kottanaduhesitate to offer a glass of water to a visitor. In upper Kottanadudistrict people collect water from a distance of 3district people collect water from a distance of 3--4 Km.4 Km.

In summer, some parts of Rajasthan, people have to walk more thanIn summer, some parts of Rajasthan, people have to walk more than14000 Km per year for collecting water.14000 Km per year for collecting water.





Water, most Commercial Product Water, most Commercial Product

In some parts of Rajasthan people collect water from a distance of 3In some parts of Rajasthan people collect water from a distance of 3--44Km. In drought condition women and girls are trudging still further. ThisKm. In drought condition women and girls are trudging still further. Thistime loss in fetching water can very well translate in financial gain. If time loss in fetching water can very well translate in financial gain. If opportunity costs were taken into account, it would be clear that in most opportunity costs were taken into account, it would be clear that in most

rural areas, household are paying for more for water supply than the oftenrural areas, household are paying for more for water supply than the oftennormal rates charges in urban areas. Also the cost of fetching water whichnormal rates charges in urban areas. Also the cost of fetching water whichis equivalent to 150 million Women Day each year is covered into a lossis equivalent to 150 million Women Day each year is covered into a lossfor National Exchequer into a whopping 10 Billion Rupees per year.for National Exchequer into a whopping 10 Billion Rupees per year.

( Source : Roy 2004)( Source : Roy 2004)





Need and Shortfall of water in 12 major citiesNeed and Shortfall of water in 12 major cities

City Need ( M Ltrs/ day) Shortfall (M Ltrs./day)City Need ( M Ltrs/ day) Shortfall (M Ltrs./day) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

DelhiDelhi 38303830 880880LucknowLucknow 560560 120120KolkataKolkata 22682268 690690

JaipurJaipur 349349 313313JabalpurJabalpur 239239 4545BhopalBhopal 335335 7070IndoreIndore 318318 134134

Visakhapartnam Visakhapartnam 305305 146146MumbaiMumbai 40004000 10301030

HyderabadHyderabad 956956 186186ChennaiChennai 300300 105105BangaloreBangalore 840840 135135

( Source Aiyar, India Today (N.D0 09.06.2006)( Source Aiyar, India Today (N.D0 09.06.2006)





Par Capita availability of waterPar Capita availability of water

Year Population (Million) Water available/capita Cum Year Population (Million) Water available/capita Cum ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

19511951 361361 5117511719551955 395395 47324732

19911991 846846 2209220920012001 10271027 1820182020252025 13941394 1341134120502050 16401640 11401140

_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ India 16 % of World population has only 2.45 % of worlds landIndia 16 % of World population has only 2.45 % of worlds land

resources and 4% of worlds Fresh Water resources.resources and 4% of worlds Fresh Water resources.

( Source Ministry of Water Resource, Govt. of India)( Source Ministry of Water Resource, Govt. of India)





Quality of water availableQuality of water available

Fluorosis :Fluorosis : High Iron content High Iron content SalinitySalinity

Andhra Pradesh Some district of Assam 31% of Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Some district of Assam 31% of RajasthanHaryanaHaryana Orissa HaryanaOrissa HaryanaGujarat Gujarat Southern Part of West BengalSouthern Part of West BengalOrissaOrissaPunjabPunjabRajasthanRajasthan

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu Arsenic ArsenicUttar Pradesh South Eastern part of West BengalUttar Pradesh South Eastern part of West BengalKarnatakaKarnatakaMadhya PradeshMadhya Pradesh MercuryMercury Position of Position of India*India*Maharastra Haryana a) Quality: 120 out of 122 countriesMaharastra Haryana a) Quality: 120 out of 122 countriesBihar Gujarat b) Quantity : 133 out of 180 countriesBihar Gujarat b) Quantity : 133 out of 180 countriesDelhi Andhra Pradesh (BDesh=40, Sri Lanka=64, Nepal=78Delhi Andhra Pradesh (BDesh=40, Sri Lanka=64, Nepal=78

Pakistan= 80)Pakistan= 80)

( Source IIT, Kharagpur/*Indian Express 6.3.03)( Source IIT, Kharagpur/*Indian Express 6.3.03)





Status of Quality problem of Water in IndiaStatus of Quality problem of Water in India

Nature of quality problem Nos. of affected villageNature of quality problem Nos. of affected village ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

Excess fluorideExcess fluoride 3698836988Excess ArsenicExcess Arsenic 35533553

Excess SalinityExcess Salinity 3259732597Excess IronExcess Iron 138670138670Excess NitrateExcess Nitrate 40034003Other element Other element 14001400

_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

( Source : Chand 2002)( Source : Chand 2002)

Ministry of Rural Development claims that more than 95% villages of IndiaMinistry of Rural Development claims that more than 95% villages of Indiaare under Government water supply scheme but independent reportsare under Government water supply scheme but independent reportsshow scarcity of water is about half of the villages of India.show scarcity of water is about half of the villages of India.





Withdrawal of Ground waterWithdrawal of Ground water

* The Agriculture Sector in India is the single largest user of water* The Agriculture Sector in India is the single largest user of waterresources for as much as 80% of total annual withdrawal.resources for as much as 80% of total annual withdrawal.

* India having highest irrigated area in the world ( 55.14 out of 255.46* India having highest irrigated area in the world ( 55.14 out of 255.46million hectare) . Instead of focusing on long term solutions, everymillion hectare) . Instead of focusing on long term solutions, everygovernment has found it is easier to allow exploration of groundgovernment has found it is easier to allow exploration of ground

water, it meant less investment and for the sake of popularity it iswater, it meant less investment and for the sake of popularity it isfree to farmer. It causes long term damage as the pump culturefree to farmer. It causes long term damage as the pump culturehas wrought havoc on the Hydrological Cycle. Ground water havehas wrought havoc on the Hydrological Cycle. Ground water haveplunged more than 206 district, where pumping of under groundplunged more than 206 district, where pumping of under groundwater is now more than double the rate of aquifer recharge fromwater is now more than double the rate of aquifer recharge fromrainfall.rainfall.




% of Water Usage for Domestic Activities in India

28, 29%

20, 20%19, 19%

16, 16%

7, 7%4, 4% 3, 3% 2, 2% Bathing

ToiletWashing Clothes

Washing Utensils

House Cleaning

Drinking

Cooking

Others



Indias Water Food Print (lts/kg) For Key Domestic Product Indias Water Food Print (lts/kg) For Key Domestic Product Compare to GlobalCompare to Global

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1400016000

18000

20000

Chicken Milk Cotton Egg

Amount in World (Lts/Kg)

Amount in India(Lts /Kg)




Water, different from other crisisWater, different from other crisis

The major difference between the water and energy crisis is, that there isThe major difference between the water and energy crisis is, that there isno known substitute for water to satisfy direct demands of people, but no known substitute for water to satisfy direct demands of people, but there are many known substitutes for petroleum in producing energy.there are many known substitutes for petroleum in producing energy.Similarities, present energy crisis and expected water crisis emphasis onSimilarities, present energy crisis and expected water crisis emphasis onincreasing scarcities and increasing cost. Thus increasing scarcity of waterincreasing scarcities and increasing cost. Thus increasing scarcity of wateris likely to bring profound effects upon Economical Progress, Employment,is likely to bring profound effects upon Economical Progress, Employment,Income Distribution and Debt.Income Distribution and Debt.





Effect of Arsenic in Ground WaterEffect of Arsenic in Ground Water

Studies in the arsenic affected zone have shown that the concentrationStudies in the arsenic affected zone have shown that the concentrationincreases with depth reaching at peak around 100increases with depth reaching at peak around 100--125 feet down and gets125 feet down and getsreduced as it reaches to 400 feet. Groundwater arsenic contamination byreduced as it reaches to 400 feet. Groundwater arsenic contamination byarsenic was first reported in 1983 in West Bengal when 63 people werearsenic was first reported in 1983 in West Bengal when 63 people werereported suffering from arsenic poisoning. In May 2000, nine district inreported suffering from arsenic poisoning. In May 2000, nine district inWest Bengal had arsenic levels in ground water above the permissible unit West Bengal had arsenic levels in ground water above the permissible unit of World Health Organization (WHO). The maximum permissible limit forof World Health Organization (WHO). The maximum permissible limit forarsenic in drinking water is 0.05 milligram per litre (mg/l).arsenic in drinking water is 0.05 milligram per litre (mg/l). l). In 77 percent samples the arsenic level was found to be higher than the permissiblelimit, Arsenic crisis or arsenic toxicity develops after two to five years of exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water.

Arsenic causes DIFFUSE MELANOSIS ( Skin begins darken) leads toSPOTTED MELANOSIS ( darken spot in chest, back and limps) followed by

KERATOSIS ( skin becomes hard and fibrous with hard boils and Ulcers).Diffuse or Nodular KERATOSIS is a sign of moderate to severe toxicity.This can lead to formation of GANGRENE or even C ANCER This maycauses complications in Liver, Spleen Enlargement, Cirrhosis of Liver,Neuropathy affecting and Skin Cancer.





Presence of Arsenic in Ground WaterPresence of Arsenic in Ground Water

Every new survey shows that the arsenic trail is far from being completely known.It certainly seems to be creeping along the basins of rivers of Ganga andBrahamputra. The extent of arsenic contamination now includes several states inIndia. The recent studies prove the presence of the contaminant in several states:West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand.

In Ekwana Rajpur village of Balia district, water is found to have 73 parts perbillion ( ppb) while the limit is only 10 ppb, more than 7 times of the prescribedlimit. In Rajnandan gaon district in Chattisgarh, about 8% samples had arsenicabove 50 ppb, 5 times higher than the standard limit. In Bhojpur district of Biharmore than 57% people in a village are drinking water which has arsenicconcentration above 50 ppb, scenario is equally bad in Buxar . The menace hasalso spread to Jharkhand, where in Sahibganj district, 30% samples had arsenicabove 10ppb, prone to arsenic poisoning.





Level of Arsenic in Ground Water in West BengalLevel of Arsenic in Ground Water in West Bengal

District Year of Survey Agency Level of contamination (ppb)District Year of Survey Agency Level of contamination (ppb)

MaximumMaximum MinimumMinimum

_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Malda Since 1988 Jadavpur University 1904 <3Malda Since 1988 Jadavpur University 1904 <3

Murshidabad Since 1988 Jadavpur University 3003 <3Murshidabad Since 1988 Jadavpur University 3003 <3Nadia Since 1988 Jadavpur University 3200 <3Nadia Since 1988 Jadavpur University 3200 <3

2424--Pgs (N) Since 1988 Jadavpur University 4772 <3Pgs (N) Since 1988 Jadavpur University 4772 <3

2424--Pgs (S) Since 1988 Jadavpur University 3700 <3Pgs (S) Since 1988 Jadavpur University 3700 <3

Kolkata Since 1988 Jadavpur University 825 <3Kolkata Since 1988 Jadavpur University 825 <3

Howrah Since 1988 Jadavpur University 622 <3Howrah Since 1988 Jadavpur University 622 <3Hooghly Since 1988 Jadavpur University 600 <3Hooghly Since 1988 Jadavpur University 600 <3

Bardhaman Since 1988 Jadavpur University 2230 <3Bardhaman Since 1988 Jadavpur University 2230 <3





Level of Arsenic in Ground Water in other StatesLevel of Arsenic in Ground Water in other States

Arsenic is found in different district of different states of India by UNICEF Arsenic is found in different district of different states of India by UNICEFand Jadavpur University during since 1999.and Jadavpur University during since 1999.

In Bihar : Patna, Bhojpur, Buxar, Saran ( Chapra) and Vaishali whereIn Bihar : Patna, Bhojpur, Buxar, Saran ( Chapra) and Vaishali where

presence of Arsenic is found at high to very high levelpresence of Arsenic is found at high to very high level

In Uttar Pradesh : Arsenic contamination is found at high level in BalliaIn Uttar Pradesh : Arsenic contamination is found at high level in Balliadistrict.district.

In Assam : Moderate contamination is found in Dhemaji and KarimganjIn Assam : Moderate contamination is found in Dhemaji and Karimganj

district district

In Jharkhand : Sahibganj district In Jharkhand : Sahibganj district

In Chattisgarh : Rajnandgaon district In Chattisgarh : Rajnandgaon district

© Serampo© Serampore SANGHAMre SANGHAM




Effect of Fluoride in Ground WaterEffect of Fluoride in Ground Water

Fluorosis is another crippling and painful disease caused due to excessintake of fluoride through water. Fluorine and Fluoride compounds arelisted by U.S. Agency for Toxic substance and disease registry as one of the top 20 among 275 substances that pose the most significant threat tothe human health. There is no treatment for fluoride related humandisorders. Safety lies only in the prevention (Sarkar 2004)

In India, Flurosis has spread over 19 states. According to WHO nearly 66million i.e about 9.4% of the total rural population are in the grip of fluorosis. Though the prescribed limit of fluoride is 1.5 mgl, but fluoridelevel is as high as 48 mgl have been reported. The states where theground water is contaminated include Andhra pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnatka, Chandigarh, Punjab,Haryana, Delhi, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and North Eastern Region.

Fluoride Toothpaste is now banned in all over the World.

© Serampore SANGHAM




% of population of different states affected in Fluoride contamination% of population of different states affected in Fluoride contamination

* A.P* A.P = 18.1 %= 18.1 % * Rajasthan* Rajasthan = 20.60 %= 20.60 %* Bihar* Bihar = N.A= N.A * Tamil Nadu* Tamil Nadu = 12.40 %= 12.40 %

* Delhi* Delhi = 1.14%= 1.14% * U.P* U.P = 7.00 %= 7.00 %

* Gujarat * Gujarat = 10.1 %= 10.1 % * West Bengal* West Bengal = 2.10 %= 2.10 %

* Haryana* Haryana = 10.9 %= 10.9 % * Assam* Assam = N.A= N.A

* J. K * J. K = N.A= N.A _________________________________ _________________________________* Karnataka* Karnataka = 13.4 %= 13.4 % All India All India = 6.90 %= 6.90 %

* Kerala* Kerala = N.A= N.A

* M.P* M.P = 2.10 %= 2.10 % ( source : UNICEF 2001)( source : UNICEF 2001)

* Maharastha* Maharastha = 0.20 %= 0.20 %

* Orissa* Orissa = 9.20 %= 9.20 %* Punjab* Punjab = 8.90 %= 8.90 %





Different states affected in Fluoride contaminationDifferent states affected in Fluoride contamination

Hundreds of villages of southern bank of the Bamhmaputra River areHundreds of villages of southern bank of the Bamhmaputra River areaffected with Fluoride contamination. The most affected district of Assamaffected with Fluoride contamination. The most affected district of Assamis Karbiis Karbi--Anaglong. Anaglong.

West Bengal is not in the list. But survey report shows a large area of West Bengal is not in the list. But survey report shows a large area of Birbhum district Birbhum district-- Nalhati, Suri, Rampurhat and Sainthia are under theNalhati, Suri, Rampurhat and Sainthia are under the

threat of Fluoride contaminationthreat of Fluoride contamination32 districts of Rajasthan are affected. Out of them Nagaur, Bhilwara,32 districts of Rajasthan are affected. Out of them Nagaur, Bhilwara,

Ajmer, Pali, Jalore, Barmer and Charu are the worst affected. Ajmer, Pali, Jalore, Barmer and Charu are the worst affected.

The worst affected block is Liliya of Amreli district in Gujarat The worst affected block is Liliya of Amreli district in Gujarat





Pesticide contaminationPesticide contamination

According to experts, pesticides are the most difficult toremove from water. Pesticides enter surface and groundwateras runoff from crops and they even pollute fresh water bodies

like rivers, lakes and estuaries. Incidentally, Delhi uses asmuch as 62 metric tonnes of pesticides while farmers in UP and Haryana use 7569 metric tonnes and 5025 metric tonnesannually. The rivers Yamuna and Ganga flowing through this

region are already carrying huge amounts of pesticides whenthey enter Delhi. The DJB, in fact, does not have thesophisticated equipment needed to remove pesticide residuefrom water. (Sharma and Patranobis 2003)






Cancer, liver and kidney damage, neurological andreproductive disorders are just a few of fatal andchronic health condition one can end up fromprolonged consumption of such contaminated water.

The most alarming fact about pesticide and effluent pollution of water is that young children are moresensitive to the effects of toxic chemicals becausethey eat and drink more per body weight and have

faster metabolism than adults. Most people are saidto receive up to 12 percent of their lifetime dose of toxic chemicals in the first year of their life(Sharmaand Patranobis, 2003)






A huge proportion of the rural population suffers due to chloride, zinc,nitrate and sulphide pollution. The gravity of the problem can beunderstood from the fact that nitrate is present in68 districts of 12 states,

chloride in 17 districts of 5 states, sulphide in 3 districts of one state, ironin 26 districts of seven states, zinc in six districts of 3 states and chromiumin one district of one state (Patel 2003)

To add to the pesticide load in the water, there are industrial effluents

being dumped into the river everyday. There are paper and sugarindustries and distilleries besides glass, nickel and chromium plants, alongthe river all-contributing to the pollution of the river.

©Serampore SANGHAM




Scarcity of water for Multi National Soft Drinks CompanyScarcity of water for Multi National Soft Drinks Company

In a water-stressed India, two companies are able to extract nearly a combined billion litres of potable water per day toearn Rs. 4000 crore a year ( two thirds of the Rs. 6000 crore

industry) while communities living near the companies operations are forced to do with depleted, contaminated, andunhealthy local supplies. With few government regulations tocurb water over extraction practices and inadequateenvironmental monitoring to catch and penalise polluting

practices, villagers living near the 55 plants operating underthe Coca-Cola Company and the 38 plants operating underPepsiCo India Holdings Pvt. Ltd. are forced to witness dailythe decline in quantity and quality of their precious waterresources.

©Serampore SANGHAM





The villagers-especially the women-of Plachimada in the state of Keralaillustrate the extent of suffering that foreign multinationals inflict whentheir water extraction and pollution practices are not properly regulated.Living near one of Coca-Colas largest bottling plants, commissioned inMarch 2000 to produce 1,224,000 bottles of Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite,

Limca, Thums Up, Kinley bottled water, and Mazza fruit drinks, villagerswatched as the company extracted some 1.5million litres a day. Theextraction of water by the company from 65 bore wells with electric pumpsdepleted the ground water supplies from 150 to 500 feet. Suddenly,communities that had previously enjoyed sufficient water supplies foundthemselves with an extreme water scarcity. As a result of the depletedwater resources; the livelihood of 2,000 farm families was destroyed.

©Serampore SANGHAM





In the town of Mehdiganj, located 20km from the holy city of Varanasi inthe state of Uttar Pradesh, villagers are protesting against the unjust practices of the plant near their home. The Bharat Coca-Cola BottlingNorth East Private Limited, operating under the Coca-Cola Company since

1999, is designed to produce 600 bottles per minute of Coca-

Cola brandbeverages.5 The companys extraction of millions of litres of water a day

has contributed to a 40-foot drop in community water resources. While theloss of groundwater may not appear significant in contrast to the drop ingroundwater levels in Plachimada, women in Mehdiganj see the loss of water as a sign of what is to come and they worry daily if there will beenough water to supply their familys needs. They are also aware that, like

in Plachimada, Coca-Cola factories have contaminated water supplies afterdumping wastewater into empty bore wells that leaked toxins into localwater resources.

©Serampore SANGHAM





The massive extraction of water by the beverage industry in India is shockingwhen see in contrast to the inadequate and unsafe water supplies that women andfamilies struggle to meet the requirements of daily life. The reason for thediscrepancy is that, in India, there are no Laws on groundwater extractionthat distinguish between the secondary water use of industry (to facilitatethe creation of non-potable products) and the primary use of water by thebeverage industry for the sale of products that contain water as their maincomponent. Unlike in Europe, where industry is not allowed to drawgroundwater, in India beverage companies can deplete groundwater levelsfor a pittance. In Tamil Nadu, for instance, industry is charged around 2 to4 paise per litre. According to P.C Chako, the Ground Water Authoritys

executive engineer,Palakkad division,

Pepsico has been buying water at Rs. 10.60 for 1,000 litres, WBIIDC, Raninagar Division, is selling Rs.9.00

for 1000 litres to Coca-cola, when the market price for a litre of brandedmineral water is Rs. 12.

©Serampore SANGHAM




Water PrivatisationWater Privatisation

Water Privatisation has suddenly come to mean big bucks in India. With water resourcesin the country fast depleting and the government throwing up its hands, at least five globalCorporates are ready to tap the over $ 2,000 million market. They have already set up shopsin several States and are confident of seeing their projects approved, with the centralgovernment literally rolling the red carpet to welcome them. (Shiva and Jalees 2003)

To facilitate private partnerships, the ministry of urban development in May 2003 releaseda set of guidelines to State governments for creating a welcoming atmosphere in thedrinking water sector.

Neither the guidelines nor the National Water Policy, 2002, which advocates more privateinvolvement in the water sector bother to see the result of such corporatisation elsewhere inthe world. As in Bolivia, where riots broke out in the city of Cochabamba after a 35 per cent increase in water bills, such experiment have been contentious almost everywhere. Accordingto a study compiled by David Hall, director of the Public Services International Research Unit at the University of Greenwich, privatization of water of the Philippines, Germany, Brazil,Nairobi and Argentina have led to a tremendous increase in water prices, triggering publicoutrage. Making profit on peoples most basic needs is the dream of many corporateexecutives. (Shiva and Jalees 2003)

©Serampore SANGHAM




WaterPrivatisationWaterPrivatisation

Serious questions are raised when the public properties are given to thecorporations. Public funds bear the burden of public accountability(Dhawan, 2003).

As no one can survive without water, the multinational water companies

have discovered a profitable market. The biggest multinational watercompanies come from Europe Vivendi, Suez-Lyonnaise, Thames Water.

Vivendi is the worlds largest water service provider through its subsidiary,Generale des Eaux, and operates in 90 countries. Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux

has operations in 120 countries, supplying water to 72 million people. Thewater industry is expanding rapidly the range of their activities and thegeographic reach of their services. (Shiva and Jalees 2003)

©Serampore SANGHAM




Myth and Reality in WTO & World Bank New PolicyMyth and Reality in WTO & World Bank New Policy

Myth 1: New Policies (NP) would increase investments in the sector.

Reality: The Portuguese government financed the building of a new watertreatment plant in Matsulu, Nelspruit. The South African Government constructedit, and operated it for one year. After this it was given as a gift to the watermultinational, Biwater as per the understanding. The MNC is currently increasingprices in Nelspruit, even through this company contributed nothing to the project.

Myth 2: NP ( New Policies) would lead to more efficient Water Sector.

Reality: The people of Nairobi, Kenya, for example, were forced to fork out over R (Rands) 160 million when Nairobis water was privatised to Frenchmultinational, Generales Des Eaux. Soon after the company, they decidedto install a new (but not budgeted for) R 1.5 billion billing and revenuecollection service. Although the Mayor complained, the company

proceeded and put water prices up by 40 per cent in order to pay for thenew system. During this time, 3,500 municipal workers were replaced by45 foreign staff who earned massive salaries from a total R 13.6 million inthe second year of the contract, rising to R 31.2 million per year by theend of the contract.

©Serampore SANGHAM





Myth 3: NP would provide clean water.

Reality: The most recent example is the World Bank role in creating theconditions that caused the current cholera epidemic in South Africa.

Myth 4: NP would provide equitable access to water.Reality: The World Banks insistence on full cost recovery service cut-offsto those unable to pay forced a number of communities to access uncleanwater sources in South Africa recently. The World Bank has funded somerural water schemes in Ghana. These have failed because the Bankdemanded that rural communities pay upfront cash amount towardsconstructing the water system. The policy has resulted in excluding poorcommunities incapable of paying from enjoying their right to consumepotable water, says the C AP-Ghana of Water.

©Serampore SANGHAM





Myth 5: NP would provide sustainable water services.Reality: Biwater, which privatised Nelspruits water, withdrew from a Zimbabweanwater privatisation project when it became clear that citizens could not pay thetariffs that would be required for Biwater to make a profit.

Myth 6: NP would mean less corruption.Reality: The World Banks preference for massive projects led to the exceedinglyand unnecessary expensive (and fatally corrupt) Lesotho Highlands dam project,which caused water price to jump, forcing even more communities to be a cut off.Twelve multinationals are being prosecuted for paying bribes in connection withhuge water engineering contracts for the water supply scheme. [The trial began inLesotho Government for what is expected to be a very complex and costly trial.]

Myth 7: NP would make water sector economically viable.Reality: The World Banks preference for massive projects led to the exceedinglyand unnecessary expensive (and fatally corrupt) Lesotho Highlands dam projects,which caused water prices to jump, forcing even more communities to be cut off.

©Serampore SANGHAM





Myth 8: NP will create competitive market, to the advantage ofconsumers.Reality: Water and Sanitation sectors by their very nature createmonopolies in their respective service areas. There are only four Europeanmultinationals that have the monopoly worldwide on water for profit. Oneof these, French Vivendi, has recently started raising water prices in thepoorest countries of the world because they need extra cash to inject intoa Hollywood studio they acquired recently.Myth 9: NP has been successful elsewhere.

Reality: In Europe, water privatisation has been failing for decades, andin several towns water has been re- municipalized or taken back fromwhichever multinational messed up the service.

In Africa, recent research conducted by London-based GreenwichUniversitys Public Service International Research Unit uncovered that where water was privatised, it was as disastrous as the Europeanexperience.

©Serampore SANGHAM



Present scenario of Fresh water in BurdwanPresent scenario of Fresh water in Burdwan

Burdwan District is the 1Burdwan District is the 1st st . District in the state to start convergence between. District in the state to start convergence betweenNREGS & Roof top rain water harvesting. On 30.07.2009, 31 Technical Assistant of NREGS & Roof top rain water harvesting. On 30.07.2009, 31 Technical Assistant of 31 Blocks organised a programme at District NREGS Cell. The main object of that 31 Blocks organised a programme at District NREGS Cell. The main object of that programme was:programme was: To meet the ever increasing demand of waterTo meet the ever increasing demand of water To reduce the runoff which chokes storm drain.To reduce the runoff which chokes storm drain. To avoid flooding of road.To avoid flooding of road. To augment the ground water reserve.To augment the ground water reserve.

To reduce ground water pollution.To reduce ground water pollution. To reduce soil erosion.To reduce soil erosion. To supplement domestic water requirement during summer and scarcity.To supplement domestic water requirement during summer and scarcity.

For that 4 nos. Practical Training were organised in a) BDOFor that 4 nos. Practical Training were organised in a) BDO-- KatwaKatwa--1, b) BDO1, b) BDOGalsiGalsi--II, c) BDOII, c) BDO-- MemariMemari-- II & d) BDOII & d) BDO-- Barabani.Barabani.

A complete structure was also constructed in BDO A complete structure was also constructed in BDO-- GalsiGalsi--II having 10 KLII having 10 KL



3.0 Rain Water Harvesting

©Serampore SANGHAM



Rain Water Harvesting

Capturing rainwater where it falls or capturing the run off also

taking measures to keep water clean without allowingpolluting activities to take place in catchments.

Harvesting can be done though variety of ways:Capturing run off from Roof top

Capturing run off from catchmentsCapturing seasonal flood water from local streamsConserving water through water shed management





Artificial Recharge to Ground Water

Artificial recharge to ground water is process by which theground water aquifer is augmented at a exceeding that obtaining under natural condition or replenishment. It is man-made scheme or facility that adds water to natural aquifer bythe following process:

By filtered well

By filtered pit

By abundant Tube well etc.© Serampore SANGHAM




Advantages of collection of rain water for personal consumption.

Rain water provides a source of water at the point where it is consumed.It is owners operated and managed

It provides an essential reserve in time of emergency and/ or break downof Public water supply system particularly in disaster.

Construction technique is simple, economical and local people can easily

be trained.Flexible technology- poor household can start with a single small tankand add more when they can afford them.

The physical and chemical properties of rain water is superior to surfaceand /or ground water.

Running cost is very low

Construction, operation and maintenance are not labour intensive.Ideal for drinking water in heavy metal or pesticide contaminated zones,as prevention is only medicine there.





Disadvantage of collection of rain water for personal consumption.

Success of Rain Water Harvesting depends upon frequency and amount of rain fall

Low storage capacity will limit the project.

Regular checking is required to avoid contamination where rain water isused as drinking waterCare to be taken that storage tank should not be breeding ground for

mosquitoes.




4.0 The Projects4.0 The Projects

© © SeramporeSerampore SANGHAMSANGHAM



Project Project

Ground floor planGround floor plan



Project Project

First floor planFirst floor plan



Project Project

ElevationElevation



Project Project

ElevationElevation



Project Project

Roof PlanRoof Plan



Project Project

DetailsDetails

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Project Project

DetailsDetails

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Project Project DetailsDetails

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5.0 Project Cost 5.0 Project Cost (based on P.W.D Schedule of Rates)(based on P.W.D Schedule of Rates)



Project Cost Project Cost

1.0 Earth work in excavation for Tank1.0 Earth work in excavation for Tank

a) upto1.5 m deptha) upto1.5 m depth = 30 Cum @ Rs. 73.30/Cum= 30 Cum @ Rs. 73.30/Cum 2199.002199.00b) up to 3.0 m depthb) up to 3.0 m depth = 24 Cum @ Rs. 119.00/Cum= 24 Cum @ Rs. 119.00/Cum 2856.002856.00

2.0 Brick Flat soling2.0 Brick Flat soling = 25 Sqm @ Rs. 265.00/Sqm= 25 Sqm @ Rs. 265.00/Sqm 7950.007950.00

3.0 P.C.C 1:3:63.0 P.C.C 1:3:6 = 2 Cum @ Rs. 4170.00/Cum= 2 Cum @ Rs. 4170.00/Cum 8340.008340.00

4.0 R.C.C M4.0 R.C.C M--20 grade20 grade = 14 Cum @ Rs. 5675.00/Cum 79450.00= 14 Cum @ Rs. 5675.00/Cum 79450.00

5.0 Shuttering5.0 Shuttering = 92 Sqm @ Rs. 310.00/Sqm= 92 Sqm @ Rs. 310.00/Sqm 28520.0028520.006.0 Pressure Grouting6.0 Pressure Grouting = 50 Nos. @ Rs. 250.00/Each 12500.00= 50 Nos. @ Rs. 250.00/Each 12500.00

7.0 Flooring I.P.S7.0 Flooring I.P.S = 22 Sqm @ Rs. 272.00/ Sqm= 22 Sqm @ Rs. 272.00/ Sqm 5984.005984.00

8.0 Reinforcement8.0 Reinforcement = 1650 Kg @ Rs. 55.00/ Kg= 1650 Kg @ Rs. 55.00/ Kg 90750.0090750.00

9.0 Plastering & rendering9.0 Plastering & rendering = 95 Sqm= 95 Sqm @ Rs. 145.00/ Sqm 13775.00@ Rs. 145.00/ Sqm 13775.00

10.0 Epoxy Anti bacterial paint10.0 Epoxy Anti bacterial paint = 117 Sqm @ Rs. 300.00/Sqm 35100.00= 117 Sqm @ Rs. 300.00/Sqm 35100.00

11.0 P.V.C pipe line & UV tube11.0 P.V.C pipe line & UV tube L.SL.S 40000.0040000.00

__________ __________

TotalTotal 327424.00327424.00




Project Cost Project Cost

Operational CostOperational Cost

Same as operational cost of Pump from Underground Reservoir of aSame as operational cost of Pump from Underground Reservoir of aBuilding, which does not have any additional cost. The main difference isBuilding, which does not have any additional cost. The main difference isto unplug the First Flush Diverter after shower and reto unplug the First Flush Diverter after shower and re--fixing the same infixing the same inposition after cleaning the First Flush Diverter pipe. Apart from that cost of position after cleaning the First Flush Diverter pipe. Apart from that cost of electricity of UV tube fitted in Rain water collecting tank, for a maximum 5electricity of UV tube fitted in Rain water collecting tank, for a maximum 5minutes.minutes.

Hence operational cost is negligible.Hence operational cost is negligible.

The construction cost is about 0.6 % only of total building cost.The construction cost is about 0.6 % only of total building cost.© Serampore SANGHAM© Serampore SANGHAM



DepreciationDepreciation

Depreciation of P.V.C Pipes and fitting = 10 % per YearDepreciation of P.V.C Pipes and fitting = 10 % per Year

Depreciation of Pump and motorDepreciation of Pump and motor = 12.5 % per Year= 12.5 % per Year

Depreciation of Epoxy paint Depreciation of Epoxy paint = 12.5 % per Year= 12.5 % per Year

Depreciation of other Civil structure = 2 % per YearDepreciation of other Civil structure = 2 % per Year© Serampore SANGHAM© Serampore SANGHAM

P j t B fitP j t B fit



Project Benefit Project Benefit

Availability of water from roof Availability of water from roof

Our project is a Guest House having 12 Nos Double Bedded Room and 6Our project is a Guest House having 12 Nos Double Bedded Room and 6

Nos. single bedded room.Nos. single bedded room.Considering 50 % of double bedded along with an extra guest and 100%Considering 50 % of double bedded along with an extra guest and 100%are being occupied ( Average) by the Guest.are being occupied ( Average) by the Guest.

Apart from Guest, considering there are10 nos. residential employees in Apart from Guest, considering there are10 nos. residential employees inthe Guest House and 5 nos non residential employees.the Guest House and 5 nos non residential employees.Total Guest and residential employees= 28 Nos. and they are consumingTotal Guest and residential employees= 28 Nos. and they are consuming

150 Litres / capita/ day150 Litres / capita/ dayConsumption of 5 nos. non residential employees @ 50 litres /Capita/ dayConsumption of 5 nos. non residential employees @ 50 litres /Capita/ daySo total consumption of water for Guest and employees = 4450 LitresSo total consumption of water for Guest and employees = 4450 LitresConsumption for Gardening, Laundry etc = 1550 LitresConsumption for Gardening, Laundry etc = 1550 LitresTotal (Avg.) consumption of water of the Guest House / day= 6000 Litres.Total (Avg.) consumption of water of the Guest House / day= 6000 Litres.

Area of Roof= 560 Sqm. Area of Roof= 560 Sqm.

Average Annual rain fall / year= 1440 mm Average Annual rain fall / year= 1440 mmTotal Rain water = 806.4 KLTotal Rain water = 806.4 KLConsidering 60 % efficiency of Rain Water Harvesting system, so collectionConsidering 60 % efficiency of Rain Water Harvesting system, so collectionof total rain water= 484 KL or 484000 Litres.of total rain water= 484 KL or 484000 Litres.The rain water can meet the demand of water of that Guest House for 80The rain water can meet the demand of water of that Guest House for 80days.days.


P j t B fitP j t B fit



Project Benefit Project Benefit

More days by recycling bathing water to W.C CisternMore days by recycling bathing water to W.C Cistern

To make more efficient harvesting of rain water we may collect theTo make more efficient harvesting of rain water we may collect thebathing water to another tank. From that tank we may supply water to thebathing water to another tank. From that tank we may supply water to thecistern of Water Closet.cistern of Water Closet.Water required for bathing = 28.29 % of total consumptionWater required for bathing = 28.29 % of total consumption

Water required for toilet = 20.20% of total consumptionWater required for toilet = 20.20% of total consumptionSo by recycling the bathing water to toilet flushing about 20.20% of totalSo by recycling the bathing water to toilet flushing about 20.20% of totalconsumption will be reduced. So 20 % 6000 litres= 1200 Litresconsumption will be reduced. So 20 % 6000 litres= 1200 LitresHence consumption will be = 4800 Litres/ dayHence consumption will be = 4800 Litres/ dayTherefore, Rain water can meet water demand of that Guest House forTherefore, Rain water can meet water demand of that Guest House for100 days100 days




We insist you not to save water but not to waste waterWe insist you not to save water but not to waste water

Replace shower head and faucet aerators with water efficiency model.Replace shower head and faucet aerators with water efficiency model.Use a water filled close plastic bottle in toilet cistern to operate using lessUse a water filled close plastic bottle in toilet cistern to operate using less

waterwaterPut spray nozzle on the end of hose for car washing and plant bathing.Put spray nozzle on the end of hose for car washing and plant bathing.Use native plants in garden that require less water.Use native plants in garden that require less water.

Do not let the water run while brushing teeth or washing your face, useDo not let the water run while brushing teeth or washing your face, usemug.mug.

Only run Dish washer and Washing machine when they are full.Only run Dish washer and Washing machine when they are full.Fix leaks immediately. A slow drip or leak can easily waste more thanFix leaks immediately. A slow drip or leak can easily waste more than

2000 litres of water per month.2000 litres of water per month.




We recommendWe recommend

Implement policies to make Rain Water Harvesting mandatory with newImplement policies to make Rain Water Harvesting mandatory with newconstruction projectsconstruction projects

Efficient water usage practices through community based educationEfficient water usage practices through community based educationprogramme.programme.

Encourage investment in recycling and mandatory treatment of wasteEncourage investment in recycling and mandatory treatment of wastewater.water.

Statistics of yield of crop to be kept not only per Hectare but also perStatistics of yield of crop to be kept not only per Hectare but also perCum consumption of water.Cum consumption of water.

Supply drinking water from Rain water harvesting system in Arsenic,Supply drinking water from Rain water harvesting system in Arsenic,Fluoride, and Pesticide contaminated zones apart from hugeFluoride, and Pesticide contaminated zones apart from hugeinvestment for removing the same.investment for removing the same.




We must rememberWe must remember

That this environment we have borrowed from our next That this environment we have borrowed from our next generation. Development of our civilization means we gift ageneration. Development of our civilization means we gift abetter world to our next generation for their live in. But so farbetter world to our next generation for their live in. But so farthe water is concern, we just rob their air, water and otherthe water is concern, we just rob their air, water and other

natures gift day by day, considering all those for us and just natures gift day by day, considering all those for us and just only for us. We are accountable to our next generation, whichonly for us. We are accountable to our next generation, whichmay please be notedmay please be noted




Thank you Thank you


Documents

Present Scenario of Fresh Water in This World